宁波港典型海域浮游动物种类组成及数量分布特点

根据2009年秋～2010年夏每季采样调查,分析和研究了浙江省宁波港海区浮游动物种类组成和数量分布的四季变化特征。结果表明: 经鉴定浮游动物共有70种,隶属3门35属。其中桡足类的种类最多,占总种数的73.54%; 优势种主要有中华异水蚤、矩形龟甲轮虫、伪长腹剑水蚤、挪威小星猛水蚤、小星猛水蚤属、驼背隆哲水蚤、短角长腹剑水蚤等。浮游动物群体丰度呈现出夏季>秋季>春季>冬季的现象,四季平均丰度分别为2.50×10³ ind/m³、40.16×10³ ind/m³、3.72×10³ ind/m³、1.20×10³ ind /m³。生物量呈现出夏季>春季>秋季>冬季的现象,四季平均生物量分别为88.94 mg/m³、931.22 mg/m³、58.74 mg/m³、24.49 mg/m³。与历史资料以及邻近海域比较发现,浮游动物丰度和生物量小于或接近于东海各海域。生物多样性分析显示,夏季与春秋冬三季生物多样性(H')有显著性差异(P<0.05),夏季具有较高的生物多样性,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')、种类丰富度(D)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)、最大多样性指数(H'max)基本呈现出夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。与邻近海域相比,多样性指数(H')、种类丰富度(D)、最大多样性指数(H'max)呈下降趋势。     

哥斯达黎加外海夏季表层浮游动物种类组成及分布

根据2009年7—8月在东热带太平洋哥斯达黎加外海(4°30’—10°24’N、91°20’—100°00’W)进行茎柔鱼探捕调查期间采集的表层浮游动物资料,对其种类组成、生物量及其分布进行了分析。结果表明,调查海域,鉴定出腔肠动物8目10科17属23种;甲壳动物8目30科43属74种;毛颚动物1目1科1属4种;尾索动物3目3科5属5种;环节动物为1目3科5属6种;软体动物1目1科3属3种;其他浮游动物有头足类的幼体、鱼卵和仔稚鱼以及浮游幼虫。调查海域总生物量和丰度的平均值分别为(124.78±176.83)mg/m3和(848±1219)个/m3,生物量较大的类群主要是甲壳动物的桡足类和毛颚动物的箭虫类其中桡足类的丰度(727个/m3)为最高,其次为箭虫类(373个/m3);出现频率较高的为桡足类、箭虫类、长尾类、头足类和鱼类仔稚鱼。     

长江河口浮游动物的种类组成、群落结构及多样性

于1999年枯水期(2—3月份)、丰水期(8月份)、2000年枯水期(2—3月份)对长江河口浮游动物采样调查,研究了长江河口浮游动物的种类组成、群落结构及多样性并初步探讨了三峡工程对长江河口浮游动物的影响及长江河口水环境的生物监测。调查共发现浮游动物87种,甲壳动物占绝对优势,共59种。在所有浮游动物中挠足类31种。其次为水母类,有9种,此外,枝角类、毛颚类各8种。3次采样浮游动物的优势种主要有河口半咸水种和近岸低盐种类如华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus sinensis)、火腿许水蚤(Schmackeria poplesia)、虫肢歪水蚤(Tortanus vermiculus),真刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera euchaeta)等,还有长江径流带到河口的淡水种如近领剑水蚤（Cyclops vicinus vicinus)、英勇剑水蚤（Cyclops strenuus）、透明溞（Daphnia hyalina)等。一些浮游动物可作为水系指示种,其分布、数量反映了不同水系分布变化,长江河口浮游动物有;类水系指示种。通过对长江河口浮游动物群落聚类分析发现。1999、2000年枯水期浮游动物群落结构相似。可分为河口类群、近岸类群和近外海类群。1999年丰水期只形成近岸和近外海类群。浮游动物种类数由口门内向口门外方向有逐渐增加的趋势。浮游动物种类数由北向南变化趋势一致。大潮与小潮、涨憩与落强等潮汐作用对浮游动物影响往往因采样时间与区域等的不同而不同。对长江河口3次采样的物种多样性指数和均匀度指数进行了计算,结果表明：浮游动物多样性指数1999年枯水期最低,1999年丰水期最高。     

西太平洋浮游动物种类多样性

西太平洋区是全球海洋生物种源中心,许多类群的最高物种多样性都出现于该区域,因此,在该区开展种类多样性的研究不仅重要和必要,而且具有在跨国尺度上进行综合管理和相互合作的迫切性。本文在西太平洋的浮游动物样品鉴定分类、编目、文献资料整理和分析的基础上,记录和编入西太平洋10个浮游动物类群2,658种(含亚种),隶属于206科675属,其中水螅水母类99科251属697种,栉水母类12科22属59种,浮游软体动物14科35属86种,介形类8科89属416种,桡足类51科156属908种,糠虾类4科58属202种,磷虾类2科8属56种,十足类8科22属105种,毛颚类5科8属48种,被囊类5科26属81种。     

舟山渔场及邻近海域浮游动物种类组成及群落结构特征

海洋浮游动物在海洋生态系统中属于次级生产者,它是海洋经济鱼虾蟹类的重要基础饵料,是形成优良渔场的重要条件,浮游动物的种类组成和数量分布对渔场的形成以及渔业生产具有重要意义1-3。       

渤海浮游动物群落生态特点Ⅰ.种类组成与群落结构

以1959年全国海洋普查浮游动物中网周年标本为材料,对渤海浮游动物的群落结构进行分析.渤海浮游动物群落以近岸广温种为主,主要优势种包括小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)、双毛纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)、强额拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus crassirostris)、拟长腹剑水蚤(Oithona similis)、墨氏胸刺水蚤(Centropages mcmurrichi)、中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、真刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera enchaeta)、强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)等.由于受海流影响,渤海中也有少量暖水性种类出现,包括Euchaeta rimana Bradford 1974、精致真刺水蚤(Euchaeta concinna)、刺尾角水蚤(Pontella spinicauda)、羽环纽鳃樽(Cyclosalpa pinnata)、长吻纽鳃樽(Brooksia rostrata)、锯齿海樽(Doliolum denticulatum)、肥胖箭虫(Sagitta enflata)和介形类.聚类分析和主要成分分析的结果表明:受海流影响,春季(5月份)渤海浮游动物群落可以划分成近岸型、受黄海海流影响的外海型以及过渡类型.夏季(8月份)由于水文条件的差异,群落结构比较复杂.秋、冬季(11月份、2月份)主要是以近岸类型为主,这可能同该海区盛行东北风有关.     

渤海浮游动物群落生态特点Ⅰ.种类组成与群落结构

以１９５９年全国海洋普查浮游动物中网周年标本为材料,对渤海浮游动物的群落结构进行分析。渤海浮游动物群落以近岸广温种为主,主要优势种包括小拟哲水蚤（Ｐａｒａｃａｌａｎｕｓ ｐａｒｖｕｓ）、双毛纺锤水蚤（Ａｃａｒｔｉａ ｂｉｆｉｌｏｓａ）、强额拟哲水蚤（Ｐａｒａｃａｌａｎｕｓ ｃｒａｓｓｉｒｏｓｔｒｉｓ）、拟长腹剑水蚤（Ｏｉｔｈｏｎａ ｓｉｍｉｌｉｓ）、墨氏胸刺水蚤（Ｃｅｎｔｒｏｐａｇｅｓ ｍｃｍｕｒ     

披山岛海区浮游动物种类组成及数量分布特点

根据2007年披山岛海区春季和夏季2个季度浮游动物调查资料,分析和研究了浙江省玉环县披山岛海区浮游动物种类组成和数量分布特点.结果表明:浮游动物共有18种,属3门12属,其中桡足类的种类最多,占总种数的72.22%;主要优势种为中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、瘦拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus gracilis)、针刺拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus aculeatus)和红小毛猛水蚤(Microsetella rosea).浮游动物的平均丰度及生物量均为春季比夏季高,春季的平均丰度为6.55×103个/m3,夏季为6.13×103个/m3;春季的平均生物量为216.49 mg/m3,夏季为98.26 mg/m3.桡足类的生物量占浮游动物总量的75.97%～97.55%,是决定披山岛浮游动物数量分布和变动的主要成分.与历史资料和邻近海域相比较,披山岛海区生物量与其接近或大于东海各海域.春、夏两季生物多样性(H′)有显著性差异(P<0.05),春季具有较高的生物多样性,且远海的生物多样性大于近海.     

崇明东滩潮间带潮沟浮游动物的种类组成及多样性

为了揭示潮间带潮沟水域浮游动物的多样性, 作者于2008年4–12月在崇明东滩选取6条潮沟共18个站点进行4个季节的浮游动物采样调查。检获到浮游动物44种, 隶属于6个类群, 其中桡足类占绝对优势, 达总种类数的79.5%。分析了浮游动物的种类组成、优势种、群落结构及物种多样性等生态特征参数的季节变化。优势种有9种, 春季以细巧华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus tenellus)优势度最高, 夏季以火腿许水蚤(Schmackeria poplesia)优势度最高, 秋季以火腿许水蚤和中华华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus sinensis)优势度较高, 冬季则以四刺窄腹剑水蚤(Limnoithona etraspina)和中华华哲水蚤的优势度较高。多样性指数显示, Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)值以夏冬季较高, 物种丰富度指数(d)值以夏秋季较高, Pielou均匀度指数(J′)值以冬季最高。与崇明岛附近的长江口北港北支水域已有的研究结果相比, 种类组成差异较大, 仅有6个共有种。浮游动物的生态特征与潮汐关系密切, 涨潮时物种多样性略高于落潮时, 涨潮和落潮时优势种的种类及优势度也均呈现出一定差异。盐度、温度、径流及潮流等环境因素对潮沟浮游动物的时空分布产生了重要影响。     

黑龙江的浮游动物及未来水库中浮游动物的可能组成

黑龙江是我国四大河流之一,位于我国东北边境,上游有额尔古枘河和石勒喀河,汇合后从西北向东南蛇行,是中苏两国自争天然分界线。与乌苏里江汇合后,下游全部流经苏联境内,注入鄂霍次克海。     

Effects of Asian dust input on eukaryotic phytoplankton community structure in the open areas in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean

To study the effects of aerosol particulates originated from Asian dust on the growth of eukaryotic phytoplankton in the oligotrophic open ocean, we conducted deck-board incubation experiments in the oligotrophic region of Northwestern Pacific Ocean (NWPO). Our results showed that when dust was added at a concentration of 2?mg/L (Dust-2), the NO₃^–N concentration increased by 3.2 fold, and chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration of nano- and micro-eukaryotic phytoplankton increased, while that of pico-eukaryotic phytoplankton did not change significantly. The microphytoplankton abundance increased but the species number decreased in Dust-2. Community structure of eukaryotic microphytoplankton also changed after dust addition. The abundance of diatoms in Dust-2 (23,072 cells/L) was 4.0 fold of that in the control (5750 cells/L), and 2.4 fold of that in Dust-1 (0.2?mg/L of dust addition) (9425 cells/L) at the 7th day of incubation. Abundance of dinoflagellates decreased in Dust-2, being 42.2% that of the control at the 7th day of the incubation. Effects of dust addition on the growth of phytoplankton differed among the dominant genera: growth of Pseudo-nitzschia and Chaetoceros were promoted while that of Prorocentrum was inhibited, and growth of Thalassiosira, Heterocapsa and Scrippsiella was not influenced significantly. The growth of nano- and pico-eukaryotic phytoplankton was promoted, with the cell abundance in Dust-2 2.4 fold of that in control. Our results indicated that Asian dust-originated aerosol particulates could provide nutrients to the oligotrophic NWPO, increase the marine productivity in the area, and alter the eukaryotic phytoplankton community structure.     

The distribution of chlorophyll a in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean in boreal autumn

The distribution and size fractions of chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean in boreal autumn were investigated during October and November, 2011. Environmental factors, including hydrology and nutrients, that might affect the distribution and size composition were analyzed. A total of 18 stations including 11 CTD stations and 7 navigation stations were selected which stretch from the northwest coast of South America to the area of the central Pacific Ocean south of the Hawaiian Islands (2.77°S–13.02°N, 84.11–154.02°W). The studied area can be divided into two transects: the 6°N transect (124–148°W) and the154°W transect (10–13°N). Results showed that the surface Chl a concentration was higher in the east near the northwest coast of South America (>0.200 mg/m³) and lower in the west (0.100–0.200 mg/m³), and it presented a highly significant negative correlation with sea surface temperature (p < 0.001). There were some differences between the sectional distribution of Chl a concentration between the 6°N and 154°W transects. The high values of Chl a concentration occurred near the surface along the 6°N transect (0–75 m), while they were relatively deeper along the 154°W transect (50–100 m). Iron might be the factor that limited the growth of phytoplankton in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Picophytoplankton (Pico) was the dominant taxa in the surveyed area, particularly in the waters along the two transects (>70% of total Chl a). The Pico to total Chl a ratio was higher in the upper layer (>70%) than in the deeper layer.     

南麂列岛海洋自然保护区浮游动物的物种组成及其多样性

南麂列岛海洋自然保护区是我国首批五个海洋类自然保护区之一。作者根据2004年5月至2005年2月南麂列岛海域的4个季节的调查数据,分析了该区域浮游动物的种类组成、优势种类、生态类群与物种多样性等特征参数的季节变化。调查结果表明,共鉴定出浮游动物69种,隶属于6门12个类群,其中桡足类最多,占39.1%;可划分为5种生态类群,暖水性广布类群和暖温带近海类群为两种主要生态类群;出现优势种类15种,主要有中华哲水蚤(Calanussinicus)、精致真刺水蚤(Euchaetaconcinna)和肥胖箭虫(Sagittaenflata)等。多样性分析显示,除冬季外,其他三个季节Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)值均大于2,且秋季最高,达3.29。相关性分析表明,种类数与水温的正相关性非常显著。与1990年调查结果相比,春季和秋季种类类群及种类数有所减少,这与调查时水温变化有关。研究分析认为,种类组成的季节变化主要受到江浙沿岸流和台湾暖流的影响。     

Dispersal and speciation of skinks among archipelagos in the tropical Pacific Ocean

Summary We examined the potential effects of geography on the distribution and speciation of skinks on tropical Pacific archipelagos. The entire tropical Pacific skink fauna was divided into continental (found also in continental areas), Pacific (endemic to the study area but found within more than one archipelago) and endemic (found within only one archipelago) species categories. The number and proportion of skinks within each species category were determined for each of the 27 archipelagos in the study area. Nine geographic variables reflecting archipelago size, isolation and elevation were estimated for each archipelago. Principal components analysis was used to reduce the nine variables to three uncorrelated composite variables that were interpreted as representing archipelago size, isolation and elevation. Numbers and proportions of skinks in each category within an archipelago were related to the composite geographic variables using multiple linear regression analysis. Archipelago size and isolation were important predictors of both skink diversity and endemism. Results were then compared to diversity and endemism of birds within the study area. Skinks showed an archipelago-wide level of endemism similar to that of birds. On an archipelago by archipelago basis, however, large differences between birds and skinks were evident. In particular, the New Caledonia skink fauna was much more endemic than that of birds. The bird faunas of Hawaii and the Marquesas were nearly completely endemic, while no endemic skinks occurred in these two archipelagos. These differences presumably reflect the relative dispersal powers of skinks and birds and, consequently, rates of colonization and speciation. Differences may also be due partly to morphological conservatism among isolated skink populations and the occurrence of cryptic species that have not yet been identified as separate species. The discovery of such cryptic species, however, is unlikely to increase the endemic skink fauna of Hawaii and other distant archipelagos to a level commensurate with that of birds. Differences in endemism between skinks and birds may also be due to unknown local ecological interactions.     

Ecology and role of zooplankton in the fishery of Lake Naivasha

Taxonomic composition, distribution, community structure and seasonality of Lake Naivasha zooplankton between 1978 and 1980 are described. The ecological status of the zooplankton in relation to prevailing ecological factors and the lakes fishery are discussed. Species composition of the zooplankton community in Lake Naivasha has been remarkably constant since first observations between 1929 and 1931. The community structure and distribution of the zooplankton in the lake varied little from July 1978 to July 1980, however, there was evidence of species succession among the larger zooplankters, especially the cladocerans. In the littoral area zooplankton contribute significantly to the food and production of juvenile fish. There is an absence of fish zooplanktivores in the limnetic area of the lake. Consequently the limnetic zooplankton is not utilised by higher trophic levels.     

New species and new records of Callionymus from the Pacific Ocean (Teleostei: Callionymidae)

Recently obtained material of Callionymus from the Pacific Ocean includes: Callionymus marquesensis sp. n. (Marquesas Islands), characterized within the C. variegatus-group of the subgenus Calliurichthys by its preopercular spine formula of with an upcurved main tip and a bony keel between the points on the dorsal margin, and a spotted dorsal fin without filaments which is higher than the 1st D₂ ray in both sexes; C. pleurostictus Fricke, 1982, record from New Britain and Solomon Islands, with a discussion of competition with C. delicatulus; C.simplicicornis Valenciennes, 1837, record from Society Islands and Marquesas Islands, with a discussion of competition with C. marquesensis; C. obscurus sp. n. (Ambon, Indonesia) which is characterized within the subgenus Spini-capitichthys by its preopercular spine formula with an upcurved main tip and very small ventral serrae, its weakly armed head, and its 7 anal fin rays.