Interaction of early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1), specificity protein 1 (Sp1), and cyclic adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) at a proximal response element is critical for gastrin-dependent activation of the chromogranin A promoter

Recently, binding of specific protein 1 (Sp1) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) to a GC-rich element at -92/-62 has been identified as a critical step in gastrin-dependent regulation of the chromogranin A (CgA) gene in gastric epithelial cells. Here we demonstrate that binding of early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1) to the distal part of the -92/-62 site is also required for gastrin-dependent CgA transactivation. Gastrin elevated cellular and nuclear Egr-1 levels in a time-dependent manner and also increased Egr-1 binding to the CgA -92/-73 region. Disruption of this site reduced gastrin responsiveness without influencing basal promoter activity, while loss of Sp1 and/or CREB binding sites diminished basal and gastrin-stimulated CgA promoter activity. Ectopic Egr-1 overexpression potently stimulated the CgA promoter, whereas coexpression of Egr-1 with Sp1 and/or CREB resulted in additive effects. Functional analysis of Sp1-, Egr-1-, or CREB-specific promoter mutations in transfection studies confirmed the tripartite organization of the CgA -92/-62 element. Signaling studies revealed that MAPK kinase 1 (MEK1)/ERK1/2 cascades are critical for gastrin-dependent Egr-1 protein accumulation as well as Egr-1 binding to the CgA promoter. Our studies for the first time identify Egr-1 as a nuclear target of gastrin and show that functional interplay of Egr-1, Sp1, and CREB is indispensable for gastrin-dependent CgA transactivation in gastric epithelial cells.     

雌激素通过LRP16基因5′侧翼GC富含区上调其转录的分子机制

LRP16是一个明确的雌激素(E2)反应性靶基因,已往研究在LRP16基因上游调控区鉴定了一个E2反应性1/2ERE/GC富含的ERα作用位点（-676 bp到-214 bp;命名为A区）.为进一步鉴定雌激素上调LRP16基因表达的最大化反应区域,对LRP16基因上游调控区进行缺失突变,通过相对荧光素酶活性分析观察到LRP16基因的一段5′近端侧翼序列（-213 bp到-24 bp;命名为B区）具有明显的E2反应性.通过与A区比较,认为B区最大化的呈递了E2对LRP16基因的转激活效应.序列分析表明,B区缺乏经典的ERE元件,而包含多个富含GC序列.针对Sp1的siRNA实验结果提示,Sp1参与了E2对该区域的转激活.针对GC富含区进一步的缺失突变,及荧光素酶活性分析,识别了一段30 bp（-213 bp到-184 bp）的序列在B区呈递E2反应活性中发挥核心作用.超级凝胶电泳实验结果表明,Sp1蛋白与这段30 bp的DNA序列在体外存在直接结合作用.染色质免疫共沉淀实验结果证实,ERα、Sp1与B区存在E2依赖性相互作用.本文在LRP16的5′侧翼区识别了一段最大化呈递E2活性的DNA片段.机制研究表明,在E2存在条件下,ERα通过Sp1与该区域的直接作用上调LRP16基因的表达.     

Small inhibitory RNA duplexes for Sp1 mRNA block basal and estrogen-induced gene expression and cell cycle progression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells

Small interfering RNA duplexes containing 21-22 nucleotides that mediate sequence-specific mRNA degradation and inhibitory RNA (iRNA) for Sp1 mRNA were used in this study to investigate the role of Sp1 on basal and hormone-induced growth and transactivation in MCF-7 and ZR-75 human breast cancer cells. Transfection of Sp1 iRNA in MCF-7 or ZR-75 cells for 36-44 h decreased Sp1 protein (50-70%) in nuclear extracts, and immunohistochemical analysis showed that the Sp1 protein in transfected MCF-7 cells was barely detectable. In cell cycle progression studies in MCF-7 cells, decreased Sp1 protein was accompanied by a decrease in cells in the S phase and an increase in cells in G(0)/G(1), and estrogen-induced G(0)/G(1) --> S phase progression was inhibited in cells treated with iRNA for Sp1. Sp1 iRNA also specifically blocked basal and estrogen-induced transactivation in cells transfected with a GC-rich construct linked to a luciferase reporter gene (pSp1(3)), and this was accompanied by decreased Sp1 binding to this GC-rich promoter as determined in gel mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. These results clearly demonstrate the key role of the Sp1 protein in basal and estrogen-induced growth and gene expression in breast cancer cells.