一株产甘露聚糖酶菌株的分离鉴定及酶的纯化与性质

【目的】筛选性能良好的产碱性甘露聚糖酶的菌株,对菌株进行多项分类鉴定,分离纯化所产甘露聚糖酶并进行性质研究。【方法】利用碱性魔芋粉培养基分离纯化产甘露聚糖酶的嗜碱菌,通过形态特征观察、生理生化测定、16S rRNA序列分析等实验确定菌株的分类地位。利用硫酸铵沉淀、阴离子交换层析和分子筛层析得到电泳纯的酶,分析了酶的最适温度、最适pH、温度和pH稳定性、NaCl以及金属离子等的耐受性。【结果】从我国内蒙古碱湖样品中分离得到一株产碱性甘露聚糖酶的菌株HMTS15,经过多项分类鉴定显示其是与Bacillus agaradhaerens DSM 8721不同的新菌株。菌株HMTS15所产的甘露聚糖酶反应的最适pH为10.0,最适温度75℃。【结论】多项分类结果鉴定菌株为Bacillus agaradhaerens HMTS15。该菌株产生的碱性甘露聚糖酶与同类其他来源的酶相比具有更好的热稳定性和pH适应性,有进一步的研究价值。     

Highly alkaline pectate lyase Pel-4A from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain P-4-N: its catalytic properties and deduced amino acid sequence

The gene for a highly alkaline pectate lyase, Pel-4A, from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain P-4-N was cloned, sequenced, and overexpressed in Bacillus subtilis cells. The deduced amino acid sequence of the mature enzyme (318 amino acids, 34 805 Da) showed moderate homology to those of known pectate lyases in the polysaccharide lyase family 1. The purified recombinant enzyme had an isoelectric point of pH 9.7 and a molecular mass of 34 kDa, and exhibited a very high specific activity compared with known pectate lyases reported so far. The enzyme activity was stimulated 1.6 fold by addition of NaCl at an optimum of 100 mM. When Pel-4A was stored at 50°C for 60 h, striking stabilization by 100 mM NaCl was observed in a pH range from 5 to 11.5, whereas it was stable only around pH 11 in the absence of NaCl. Received: June 10, 2000 / Accepted: October 3, 2000     

Characterization of the Bacillus subtilis WL-3 mannanase from a recombinant Escherichia coli

A mannanase was purified from a cell-free extract of the recombinant Escherichia coli carrying a Bacillus subtilis WL-3 mannanase gene. The molecular mass of the purified mannanase was 38 kDa as estimated by SDS-PAGE. Optimal conditions for the purified enzyme occurred at pH 6.0 and 60 degrees C. The specific activity of the purified mannanase was 5,900 U/mg on locust bean gum (LBG) galactomannan at pH 6.0 and 50 degrees C. The activity of the enzyme was slightly inhibited by Mg(2+), Ca(2+), EDTA and SDS, and noticeably enhanced by Fe(2+). When the enzyme was incubated at 4 degrees C for one day in the presence of 3 mM Fe(2+), no residual activity of the mannanase was observed. The enzyme showed higher activity on LBG and konjac glucomannan than on guar gum galactomannan. Furthermore, it could hydrolyze xylans such as arabinoxylan, birchwood xylan and oat spelt xylan, while it did not exhibit any activities towards carboxymethylcellulose and para-nitrophenyl-beta-mannopyranoside. The predominant products resulting from the mannanase hydrolysis were mannose, mannobiose and mannotriose for LBG or mannooligosaccharides including mannotriose, mannotetraose, mannopentaose and mannohexaose. The enzyme could hydrolyze mannooligosaccharides larger than mannobiose.     

Sequencing of three lambda clones from the genome of alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain C-125

The nucleotide sequences of three independent fragments (designated no. 3, 4, and 9; each 15–20 kb in size) of the genome of alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. C-125 cloned in a λ phage vector have been determined. Thirteen putative open reading frames (ORFs) were identified in sequenced fragment no. 3 and 11 ORFs were identified in no. 4. Twenty ORFs were also identified in fragment no. 9. All putative ORFs were analyzed in comparison with the BSORF database and non-redundant protein databases. The functions of 5 ORFs in fragment no. 3 and 3 ORFs in fragment no. 4 were suggested by their significant similarities to known proteins in the database. Among the 20 ORFs in fragment no. 9, the functions of 11 ORFs were similarly suggested. Most of the annotated ORFs in the DNA fragments of the genome of alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. C-125 were conserved in the Bacillus subtilis genome. The organization of ORFs in the genome of strain C-125 was found to differ from the order of genes in the chromosome of B. subtilis, although some gene clusters (ydh, yqi, yer, and yts) were conserved as operon units the same as in B. subtilis. Received: April 17, 1998 / Accepted: June 23, 1998     

Sucrose transport by the alkaliphilic, thermophilic Bacillus sp. strain TA2.A1 is dependent on a sodium gradient

An alkaliphilic Bacillus designated strain TA2.A1, isolated from a thermal spring in Te Aroha, New Zealand, grew optimally at pH 9.2 and 70°C. Sodium chloride (>5 mM) was an obligate requirement for the growth of strain TA2.A1 on sucrose, and growth on sucrose was inhibited by monensin, an ionophore that collapses the sodium gradient (ΔpNa⁺) across the cell membrane. Sucrose transport by strain TA2.A1 was sodium dependent and was inhibited by monensin. The K_t for sucrose tran-sport was 33 μM and the Eadie–Hofstee plot was linear, suggesting one high-affinity uptake system for sucrose. The affinity for sodium was low (0.5 mM), and the Hill plot had a slope of 1.6, suggesting that sodium binding was noncooperative and that the sucrose transporter had more than one binding site for sodium. Based on these results, Bacillus strain TA2.A1 uses a sodium gradient for sucrose uptake, in addition to the sodium-dependent glutamate uptake system reported previously. Received: March 15, 2000 / Accepted: July 17, 2000     

Purification and properties of mangano-superoxide dismutase from a strain of alkaliphilic Bacillus

A mangano-superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) was purified to homogeneity from a strain of alkaliphilic Bacillus for the first time. The purified protein, with an isoelectric point of pH 4.5, had a molecular mass of approximately 50 kDa and consisted of two identical subunits (25 kDa). The N-terminal amino acid sequence was Ala-Tyr-Lys-Leu-Pro-Glu-Leu-Pro-Tyr-Ala-Ala-Asn-Ala-Leu-Glu-Pro-His-Ile-Asp-Glu-Ala. The optimum pH and temperature for the reaction were 7.5 and 35°C, respectively. The properties of the superoxide dismutase were compared with those of the enzyme from thermophilic Bacillus stearothermophilus. Received: September 3, 1996 / Accepted: October 4, 1996     

Purification and properties of a low-molecular-weight, high-alkaline pectate lyase from an alkaliphilic strain of Bacillus

A low-molecular-weight, high-alkaline pectate lyase (pectate transeliminase, EC 4.2.2.2) was found in an alkaline culture of Bacillus sp. strain KSM-P15, purified to homogeneity, and crystallized. The enzyme had a relative molecular weight of approximately 20,300 as measured by sedimentation equilibrium, with a sedimentation coefficient (s20,w0) of 1.73 S. It was a basic protein with an isoelectric point of pH 10.3, and the alpha-helical content was only 6.6%. In the presence of Ca2+ ions, the enzyme degraded polygalacturonic acid in a random manner to yield 4,5-unsaturated oligo-galacturonides and had its optimal activity around pH 10.5 and 50-55 degrees C. It also had a protopectinase-like activity on cotton fibers. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the intact protein (28 amino acids) and its two lysyl endopeptidase-cleaved peptide fragments (8 and 12 amino acids) had very low sequence similarity with pectate lyases reported to date. These results strongly suggest that the pectate lyase of Bacillus sp. strain KSM-P15 may be a novel enzyme and belongs in a new family.     

Thermostable alkaline cellulase from an alkaliphilic isolate, Bacillus sp. KSM-S237

Thermostable alkaline cellulase (endo-1,4-β-glucanase, EC 3.2.1.4) activity was detected in the culture medium of a strictly alkaliphilic strain of Bacillus, designated KSM-S237. This novel enzyme was purified to homogeneity by a two-step column-chromatographic procedure with high yield. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme was Glu-Gly-Asn-Thr-Arg-Glu-Asp-Asn-Phe-Lys-His-Leu-Leu-Gly-Asn-Asp-Asn-Val-Lys-Arg. The enzyme had a molecular mass of approximately 86 kDa and an isoelectric point of pH 3.8. The enzyme had a pH optimum of 8.6–9.0 and displayed maximum activity at 45°C. The alkaline enzyme was stable up to 50°C and more than 30% of the original activity was detectable after heating at 100°C and at pH 9.0 for 10 min. The enzyme hydrolyzed carboxymethylcellulose, lichenan (β-1,3;1,4-linkage), and p-nitrophenyl derivatives of cellotriose and cellotetraose. Crystalline forms of cellulose (Avicel and filter paper), H₃PO₄-swollen cellulose, NaOH-swollen cellulose, curdlan (β-1,3-linkage), laminarin (β-1,3;1,6-linkage), and xylan were barely hydrolyzed at all. Received: April 28, 1997 / Accepted: May 24, 1997     

Cloning and strong expression of a Bacillus subtilis WL-3 mannanase gene in B. subtilis

A gene encoding the mannanase of Bacillus subtilis WL-3, which had been isolated from Korean soybean paste, was cloned into Escherichia coli and the nucleotide sequence of a 2.7-kb DNA fragment containing the mannanase gene was subsequently determined. The mannanase gene, designated manA, consisted of 1,080 nucleotides encoding polypeptide of 360 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence was highly homologous to those of mannanases belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 26. The manA gene was strongly expressed in B. subtilis 168 by cloning the gene downstream of a strong B. subtilis promoter of plasmid pJ27Delta 88U. In flask cultures, the production of mannanase by recombinant B. subtilis 168 reached maximum levels of 300 units/ml and 450 units/ml in LB medium and LB medium containing 0.3% locust bean gum, respectively. Based on the zymogram of the mannanase, it was found that the mannanase produced by recombinant B. subtilis could be maintained stably without proteolytic degradation during the culture time.     

Analysis of the genome of an alkaliphilic Bacillus strain from an industrial point of view

Bacillus species and other microbes with pH optima for growth higher than pH 9 are defined as alkaliphiles. A large number of alkaliphilic Bacillus strains producing useful enzymes, have been isolated from various environments. Some of these enzymes, such as proteases and cellulases from alkaliphilic Bacillus strains, have been commercialized and have brought great advantages to industry and domestic life. To support further development of the enzyme industry, we initiated analysis of the genome of Bacillus halodurans C-125, which is 4.25 Mb in size, and constructed a physical and genetic map for comparison with the Bacillus subtilis chromosome. Systematic sequencing of the whole genome of Bacillus halodurans C-125 has been automated since the beginning of May 1998, and sequencing of 98% of the whole genome has been done so far. Through genome analysis, it became apparent that the genome organization of alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans C-125 is totally different from that of B. subtilis orthologues. Received: July 11, 1999 / Accepted: December 27, 1999     

芽孢杆菌N1碱性蛋白酶的克隆表达及酶学性质

【背景】蛋白酶广泛应用于制革行业中,酶法脱毛对环境污染较小,但蛋白酶对化学试剂的不稳定性及胶原降解活性限制了其工业应用。【目的】克隆芽孢杆菌(Bacillussp.)N1基因组的碱性蛋白酶基因,实现其在大肠杆菌中的异源表达,并对重组酶酶学性质及脱毛作用进行研究。【方法】利用基因组文库法克隆获得蛋白酶基因aprG,构建重组大肠杆菌(Escherichiacoli)BL21(DE3)pLysS/pET-28a-aprG。异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达该重组酶,以福林酚显色法对其酶学性质进行研究,并将AprG作用于羊皮、兔皮和羽毛。【结果】克隆得到蛋白酶基因aprG,并实现其在大肠杆菌中的表达。重组酶AprG最适反应温度为50°C,最适反应pH为10.0。各种金属离子对AprG活性影响较小,且AprG对表面活性剂和氧化剂、还原剂的耐受性较强。底物特异性分析表明,该酶胶原活性较低。AprG对羊皮和兔皮作用显著,且降解羽毛效果明显。【结论】蛋白酶AprG在制革行业中具有良好的应用前景。     

嗜热枯草芽孢杆菌普鲁兰酶基因的表达与重组酶的性质

克隆嗜热枯草芽孢杆菌WY-34普鲁兰酶基因并在大肠杆菌中进行表达,对重组酶进行纯化和酶学性质研究,根据枯草芽孢杆菌的普鲁兰酶蛋白序列,设计PCR引物对WY-34的普鲁兰酶基因进行克隆及异源表达.对表达蛋白的最适pH、pH稳定性及最适温度、温度稳定性等特性进行研究,并测定重组普鲁兰酶的底物特异性.将普鲁兰酶基因pluA克隆及分析序列后,发现基因长度为2.2 kb,编码718个氨基酸,在大肠杆菌中异源表达.通过Ni-IDA亲和层析一步纯化得到比活力为93.2 U/mg的纯酶,SDS-PAGE和凝胶层析测定的分子量分别为76.2 kD和74.3 kD.酶学性质研究表明,该酶的最适温度为40℃,在温度不高于45℃条件下稳定;最适pH为6.0,同一温度下pH 6.0-9.0范围内处理30 min可以保持80％以上的酶活力,此酶对普鲁兰糖有很强的底物特异性.此重组普鲁兰酶的酶学性质表明此酶具有一定的工业化应用价值.     

Production of alkaline xylanase by a newly isolated alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain 41M-1

Alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain 41M-1, isolated from soil, produced xylan-degrading enzymes extracellularly. Optimum pH for the crude xylanase preparation was about pH 9, confirming the production of novel alkaline xylanase(s) by the isolate. Xylanases were induced by xylan, but were not produced in the presence of xylose, arabinose or glucose. Xylanase productivity was influenced by culture pH, and production at pH 10.5 was higher than that at pH 8.0. Zymogram analysis of the culture supernatant showed the alkaline xylanase with a molecular mass of 36 kDa.     

Sequence and expression of a xylanase gene from the hyperthermophile Thermotoga sp. strain FjSS3-B.1 and characterization of the recombinant enzyme and its activity on kraft pulp.

A gene expressing xylanase activity was isolated from a genomic library of Thermotoga sp. strain FjSS3-B.1. The sequence of the gene shows that it encodes a single domain, family 10 xylanase. The recombinant enzyme has extremely high thermal stability, activity over a relatively broad pH range, and activity on Pinus radiata kraft pulp.     

Cloning, sequencing and functional expression of cytosolic malate dehydrogenase from Taenia solium: Purification and characterization of the recombinant enzyme

We report herein the complete coding sequence of a Taenia solium cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (TscMDH). The cDNA fragment, identified from the T. solium genome project database, encodes a protein of 332 amino acid residues with an estimated molecular weight of 36517 Da. For recombinant expression, the full length coding sequence was cloned into pET23a. After successful expression and enzyme purification, isoelectrofocusing gel electrophoresis allowed to confirm the calculated pI value at 8.1, as deduced from the amino acid sequence. The recombinant protein (r-TscMDH) showed MDH activity of 409 U/mg in the reduction of oxaloacetate, with neither lactate dehydrogenase activity nor NADPH selectivity. Optimum pH for enzyme activity was 7.6 for oxaloacetate reduction and 9.6 for malate oxidation. K_cat values for oxaloacetate, malate, NAD, and NADH were 665, 47, 385, and 962 s⁻¹, respectively. Additionally, a partial characterization of TsMDH gene structure after analysis of a 1.56 Kb genomic contig assembly is also reported.     

Isolation and characterization of a feather-degrading enzyme from Bacillus pseudofirmus FA30-01

We isolated the feather-degrading Bacillus pseudofirmus FA30-01 from the soil sample of poultry farm. The isolate completely degraded feather pieces after liquid culture at 30°C (pH 10.5) for 3 days. Strain FA30-01 is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium and was identified with B. pseudofirmus based on 16S rDNA analysis. The keratinase enzyme produced by strain FA30-01 was refined using ammonium sulfate precipitation, negative-ion DEAE Toyopearl exchange chromatography, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. The refinement level was 14.5-fold. The molecular weight of this enzyme was 27.5 kDa and it had an isoelectric point of 5.9. The enzyme exhibited activity at pH 5.1–11.5 and 30–80°C with azokeratin as a substrate, although the optimum pH and temperature for keratinase activity were pH 8.8–10.3 and 60°C, respectively. This enzyme is one of the serine-type proteases. Subtilisin ALP I and this enzyme had 90% homology in the N-terminal amino acid sequence. Since this enzyme differed from ALP I in molecular weight, heat resistance and isoelectric point, they are suggested to be different enzymes.     

Sequence analysis of a 32-kb region including the major ribosomal protein gene clusters from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain C-125

Forty-one open reading frames (ORFs) were identified in a 32-kb DNA fragment of alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. C-125. A similarity search using the BSORF database found 37 ORFs with significant sequence similarity to B. subtilis RNA polymerase subunits, elongation factor G, elongation factor Tu, and ribosomal proteins. Each ORF product showed more than 70% identity to those of B. subtilis. Gene organization in the region of str, S10, spc, and the alpha cluster was highly conserved among three strains, C-125, B. subtilis, and B. stearothermophilus.     

褐藻胶裂解酶基因的克隆表达及重组酶酶学性质

【目的】克隆交替假单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas sp.)BYS-2的褐藻胶裂解酶基因,实现其在大肠杆菌细胞中异源表达,对分离纯化的重组酶进行酶学性质研究。【方法】以交替假单胞菌BYS-2菌株基因组DNA为模板,克隆得到褐藻胶裂解酶基因alg738,构建重组基因工程菌BL21(DE3)/p ET22b-alg738,诱导表达,表达产物通过Ni-NTA树脂纯化后进行酶学性质研究。【结果】重组酶的最适反应p H为8.0,在p H 6.0-9.0范围内37°C保温1 h仍能保持84%以上的相对酶活力,具有较好的p H稳定性;最适反应温度为45°C,热稳定性实验显示在37°C下保温60 min其残余酶活力仍达66.6%;在5 mmol/L浓度下,Na~+、Mg~(2+)、Mn~(2+)对该酶具有明显的促进作用,Ni~(2+)、Co~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Hg~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、EDTA、β-巯基乙醇、SDS具有明显的抑制作用。动力学参数Km、Vmax分别为1.11 g/L和0.011 g/(L·min),底物特异性分析表明该重组酶为偏好聚甘露糖醛酸钠(Poly M)裂解作用的双功能酶。【结论】重组褐藻胶裂解酶具有良好的酶学特性,为褐藻胶裂解酶的开发应用打下基础。     

An improved physical and genetic map of the genome of alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. C-125

Among alkaliphilic bacteria reported so far, Bacillus sp. C-125 is the strain most thoroughly characterized physiologically, biochemically, and genetically. A physical map of the chromosome of this strain was constructed to facilitate further genome analysis, and the genome size was revised from 3.7 to 4.25 Mb. Complete digestion of the chromosomal DNA with two rare cut restriction endonucleases, AscI and Sse8387I, each yielded 20 fragments ranging in size from 20 to 600 kb. Seventeen linking clones were isolated in each instance to join the adjacent AscI or Sse8387I fragments in the chromosomal map. All AscI linking clones isolated were sequenced and analyzed by comparison with the BSORF database to map the genes in the chromosome of strain C-125. Several ORFs showing significant similarities to those of B. subtilis in the AscI linking clones were positioned on the physical map. The oriC region of the C-125 chromosome was identified by southern blot analysis with a DNA probe containing the gyrB region. Received: May 6, 1998 / Accepted: May 26, 1998     

几丁质酶基因的克隆表达及酶学性质

【背景】几丁质是自然界中储藏量仅次于纤维素的有机物,几丁质酶能降解几丁质生成几丁寡糖,实现废弃物的高值化利用,目前菌株产几丁质酶能力低限制了它的生产应用。【目的】克隆弧菌(Vibrio sp.)GR52的几丁质酶基因,实现其在大肠杆菌中的异源表达,对分离纯化的重组几丁质酶进行酶学性质研究。【方法】以弧菌GR52菌株基因组DNA为模板,克隆得到几丁质酶基因GR52-1,构建重组基因工程菌BL21(DE3)/p ET22b-chi GR52-1,诱导表达的产物通过Ni-NTA树脂纯化后进行酶学性质研究。【结果】重组酶的最适反应pH为6.0,在pH5.0-10.0范围内37°C保温1 h仍能保持85%以上的相对酶活力,具有较好的pH稳定性;最适反应温度为50°C,在45°C保温1 h其酶活力基本没有损失,在50°C保温1 h其残余酶活力仍达60%;在1 mmol/L浓度下,Cu~(2+)、Ca2+对该酶具有促进作用,Hg+对该酶具有明显的抑制作用;在5 mmol/L浓度下,Ni+对该酶具有一定的促进作用,Mn~(2+)、Co~(2+)、Li~+、Fe~(2+)、Hg~+、SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)对该酶具有明显的抑制作用。以胶体几丁质为底物时,动力学参数Km、Vmax、kcat分别为0.85 mg/m L、0.19μmol/(m L·min)和7.02 s-1。底物特异性分析表明该重组酶能特异性降解几丁质。【结论】重组几丁质酶具有良好的酶学性质,为几丁质酶的开发应用奠定基础。