柳树遗传学研究现状与前景

柳树种类繁多, 分布广泛, 是重要的阔叶树种, 其遗传学研究也较早受到重视。该文从柳树性状遗传变异、群体遗传、遗传鉴定、遗传图谱构建和QTL定位几个角度介绍了柳树遗传学的研究进展, 并结合木本植物的特点和柳树的生物学特性进行分析, 认为柳树是理想的林木遗传学研究材料, 可作为模式树种, 应受到特别关注。     

孟德尔定律的发展与扩充

随着分子遗传学研究的不断深入,遗传学特别是医学遗传学的一些遗传现象,经典的盂德尔式遗传理论不能解释,本文试图介绍这方面的新的进展和成就。     

表观遗传学——理论·方法·研究进展(1)

现代生物（包括人类在内）从祖先基因组中所获得的生长、发育和进化信息并不仅仅是基因序列。在DNA序列不发生变化的条件下,基因表达发生的改变也可以是遗传的,导致表观遗传变异。表观遗传学就指研究不涉及遗传物质核苷酸序列的改变、但可以通过有丝分裂和减数分裂实现代间传递（遗传）的生物现象的遗传学分支领域、从根本上讲,表观遗传是环境因素和细胞内的遗传物质之间发生交互作用的结果,目前表观遗传学研究主要集中在甲基化、小RNA和染色质重塑等方面。副突变、亲代印记、性别相关性基因剂量补偿效应和转基因沉默等是典型的表观遗传现象,相关研究有利于揭示生长发育、杂种优势、作物抗逆和人类疾病等许多生命现象的本质。     

植物化学遗传学：一种崭新的植物遗传学研究方法

化学遗传学（chemical genetics,也称为化学基因组学,chemical genomics）研究方法是利用生物活性小分子扰动蛋白分子互作过程来研究有关的生命现象,是常规遗传学研究方法的补充和延伸。化学遗传学在植物科学中的应用——植物化学遗传学的研究在短短几年内,凭借其作为一种新的遗传学研究方法所具备的独特优势（如能够克服常规遗传学研究中的遗传冗余、突变致死难题及可提供特异强度、作用时间点上的条件性遗传扰动等）,已开始解决一些植物分子生物学中长期存在的研究难题。本文就植物化学遗传学的一般原理及其方法,以及它作为一种新的遗传学研究方法的优势及特点作一个综述．     

植物景观遗传学研究进展

植物景观遗传学是新兴的景观遗传学交叉学科的一个重要研究方向。目前植物景观遗传学的研究虽落后于动物,但其在生物多样性保护方面具有的巨大潜力不可忽视。从景观特征对遗传结构、环境因素对适应性遗传变异影响两个方面,系统综述了近十年来国际上植物景观遗传学的研究焦点和研究进展,比较了植物景观遗传学与动物景观遗传学研究在研究设计和研究方法上的异同,并基于将来植物景观遗传学由对空间遗传结构的描述发展为对景观遗传效应的量化分析及预测的发展框架,具体针对目前景观特征与遗传结构研究设计的系统性差、遗传结构与景观格局在时间上的误配、适应性位点与环境变量的模糊匹配、中性遗传变异与适应性遗传变异研究的分隔、景观与遗传关系分析方法的局限等五个方面提出了研究对策。     

新书介绍——《水稻遗传学和功能基因组学》

《水稻遗传学和功能基因组学》由钱前,程式华主编。本书系统地阐述了水稻经典遗传学研究、分子遗传学研究和基因组学研究的理论基础、方法、进展以及发展方向,侧重实用性,反映了作者在超级稻育种和水稻重要功能基因克隆等方面获得的突破。全书共六章,各章节既前后呼应,又独立成章,是一本涵盖水稻遗传、基因克隆及品种选育等多方面理论和实践的最新参考书。本书可供遗传育种、生物学、遗传学、农学和生物工程等专业的教师、学生及相关领域的科研人员及管理工作者参考。     

环境对果蝇P转座因子的作用关系研究

转座因子,重组、整合、遗传效应等是目前遗传学领域的一个研究热题。转座因子对遗传变异、宗系进化、突变频率、物种形成、新基因的产生以及对分子生物学、遗传工程学、群体遗传学和数量遗传学等方面的研究都有着重要的意义,主要对果蝇的P转座因子以及环境对P转座因子遗传效应的作用关系进行了研究。     

科学出版社生命科学编辑部新书推介2006-08

细胞遗传学 李集临 徐香玲 编著7-03-016223-4／Q．1634 2006．738．00元 本书是以染色体遗传为重点,在经典细胞遗传学基础上应用现代分子遗传学的成就．去探讨细胞遗传中的一些机制。全书共分十章,前八章为染色体遗传的基础知识．第九章是细胞质遗传,着重介绍细胞质遗传研究的新进展和细胞质雄性不育的机制．第十章是染色体工程,以小麦的染色体工程为重点,注意理论与实际、经典的染色体工程与现代的染色体操作相结合。     

新书介绍

《水稻遗传学和功能基因组学》由钱前,程式华主编。本书系统地阐述了水稻经典遗传学研究、分子遗传学研究和基因组学研究的理论基础、方法、进展以及发展方向,侧重实用性,反映了作者在超级稻育种和水稻重要功能基因克隆等方面获得的突破。全书共6章,各章节既前后呼应,又独立成章,是一本涵盖水稻遗传、基因克隆及品种选育等多方面理论和实践的最新参考书。本书可供遗传育种、生物学、遗传学、农学和生物工程等专业的教师、学生及相关领域的科研人员及管理工作者参考。     

中国濒危兽类保护遗传学研究进展与展望

我国是全球生物多样性大国,拥有包括大熊猫、金丝猴、华南虎、麋鹿、白鱀豚等特有物种和旗舰物种在内的丰富兽类资源。近几十年来,土地利用模式转变、盗猎、环境污染、气候变化等因素使许多兽类物种面临生存威胁,导致物种遗传多样性丧失。而遗传多样性是生物多样性的基本组成部分,决定了物种和种群能否长期生存。保护遗传学作为保护生物学的一大分支学科,旨在通过遗传学分析探明种群遗传变异和物种濒危的遗传学机制。近40年来,随着研究手段和技术的不断发展,我国兽类保护遗传学在遗传多样性和近交水平评估、景观遗传学、生态遗传学和圈养种群遗传管理等方面都取得了重要成果。然而,未来人类社会发展可能为濒危兽类带来的威胁依然存在,高通量测序等新技术的进一步发展则能够帮助我们更加深入地了解濒危物种和种群遗传适应与濒危机制,从而实现对濒危兽类的有效管理与保护。     

柳属的分支系统学分析

基于61个广义的形态学性状,以杨属为外类群对柳属进行了分支系统学分析.经简约性分析,得到了21个同等简约的分支树,其严格一致树支持柳属为一个自然的分类群,但不支持将钻天柳属和心叶柳属从柳属中划分出去独立成属,也不支持对柳属进行属级水平上的细分,后两个结果得到孢粉学和分子系统学研究的支持.柳亚属为一个单系分支,皱纹柳亚属和黄花柳亚属也形成了一个单系分支.根据本研究的结果,建议将柳属划分为钻天柳亚属、柳亚属及黄花柳亚属3个亚属.由于较低的靴带支持率,其系统发育关系难于探讨.鉴于分支分析的一致性指数、保持性指数、各分支内部的支持率均不高,柳属的属下分类系统的划分有待进一步的研究.     

Forest tree species adaptation to climate across biomes: Building on the legacy of ecological genetics to anticipate responses to climate change

Intraspecific variation plays a critical role in extant and future forest responses to climate change. Forest tree species with wide climatic niches rely on the intraspecific variation resulting from genetic adaptation and phenotypic plasticity to accommodate spatial and temporal climate variability. A centuries-old legacy of forest ecological genetics and provenance trials has provided a strong foundation upon which to continue building on this knowledge, which is critical to maintain climate-adapted forests. Our overall objective is to understand forest trees intraspecific responses to climate across species and biomes, while our specific objectives are to describe ecological genetics models used to build our foundational knowledge, summarize modeling approaches that have expanded the traditional toolset, and extensively review the literature from 1994 to 2021 to highlight the main contributions of this legacy and the new analyzes of provenance trials. We reviewed 103 studies comprising at least three common gardens, which covered 58 forest tree species, 28 of them with range-wide studies. Although studies using provenance trial data cover mostly commercially important forest tree species from temperate and boreal biomes, this synthesis provides a global overview of forest tree species adaptation to climate. We found that evidence for genetic adaptation to local climate is commonly present in the species studied (79%), being more common in conifers (87.5%) than in broadleaf species (67%). In 57% of the species, clines in fitness-related traits were associated with temperature variables, in 14% of the species with precipitation, and in 25% of the species with both. Evidence of adaptation lags was found in 50% of the species with range-wide studies. We conclude that ecological genetics models and analysis of provenance trial data provide excellent insights on intraspecific genetic variation, whereas the role and limits of phenotypic plasticity, which will likely determine the fate of extant forests, is vastly understudied.     

Studies on the Pollen Morphology of Family Salicaceae in Gansu

Pullen grains of 2 genera 31 species of the family Salicaceae ia Gansu have been investigated. The comparative studies of the pollen grains were carried out by means of seanning electron microscope and light microscope. The two genera (Popu- lus L. and Salix L.) can be distinguished by their pollen characters such as the shape of pollen, type of aper ure, ornamentation of exine etc. 1. Shape of pollen grains 1) Spherical (rounded) : Populus L., 2) Ellipoidal, (subrotund): Salix L. 2. Type .of aperture 1) Atreme: Populus L., 2) 3-colpate, 3-colporoidate or 3-syncolpate: Salix L. 3. Ornamentation of exine 1 ) Cavernulous: Populus L., 2) Tubercular: Populus L., 3) Spinulate: Salix L., 4) Rugulose: Populus L. and Salix L., 5) Finely-reticulate: Populus L., 6) Reticulate: Salix L., 7) Crass-reticulate: Salix L., 8) Rugulose-Spinulate-Cavernulous: Salix L., 9) Rugulose-Reticulate: Salix L. Basing upon the above pollen characters, the genera Populus L. and Salix L. are con- sidered two good and natural taxa, and the genus Populus L. is more primitive than the genus Salix L.     

Relative importance of tree genetics and microhabitat on macrofungal biodiversity on coarse woody debris

Understanding the contribution of genetic variation within foundation species to community-level pattern and diversity represents the cornerstone of the developing field of community genetics. We assessed the relative importance of intraspecific genetic variation, spatial variation within a forest and microhabitat variation on a macrofungal decay community developing on logs of the Australian forest tree, Eucalyptus globulus. Uniform logs were harvested from trees from eight geographic races of E. globulus growing in a 15-year-old genetic trial. Logs were placed as designed grids within a native E. globulus forest and after 3 years of natural colonisation the presence of 62 macrofungal taxa were recorded from eight microhabitats on each log. The key factor found to drive macrofungal distribution and biodiversity on structurally uniform coarse woody debris was log-microhabitat, explaining 42% of the total variation in richness. Differences between log-microhabitats appeared to be due to variation in aspect, substrate (bark vs wood) and area/time of exposure to colonisation. This findings demonstrates the importance of considering fine-scale (within substrate) variation in the conservation and management of macrofungal biodiversity, an area that has received little previous attention. While a number of recent studies have demonstrated that the genetics of foundation tree species can influence dependent communities, this was not found to be the case for the early log decay community associated with E. globulus. Despite genetic variation in wood and bark properties existing within this species, there was no significant effect of tree genetics on macrofungal community richness or composition. This finding highlights the variation that may exist among guilds of organisms in their response to genetic variation within foundation species, an important consideration in a promising new area of research.     

Winter Feeding Tree Choice in Sichuan Snub-Nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellanae) in Shennongjia Nature Reserve,China

We investigated patterns of winter feeding tree choice in 4 groups of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellanae) in Shennongjia Nature Reserve, China. We collected data during 2 winters from 1998 to 2000. The monkeys used mature forest, young forest and shrub forest, but not grassland. Groups used tree species in a significantly nonrandom pattern. There was a similar composition of preferred tree species between different habitats for each group and among the same habitat types for different groups. They preferred Abies fargesii, Pinus armandii and Salix walliciana for foraging. The 3 species occur in varying degrees of abundance in different habitats and were used differently by the 4 groups. The difference is probably due to interhabitat differences in availability of tree species, in addition to microclimate. The mean circumference of a tree had little effect on its preference score, but preferred species tend to be larger. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that the percentage of trees used and average number of feeding bites per tree is significantly greater for larger trees. For all trees in a given habitat, the percentage of trees used and average number of bites per tree have a significant positive correlation with average tree circumference. Our results indicate that Rhinopithecus roxellanae prefer to feed in large trees more than small trees in a given habitat, thereby preferring mature forest habitat. There is also a group-size effect; larger groups used higher-quality habitats than those of smaller groups. Both tree species and size are the major determinants of feeding choice, but tree species is more important than tree size. Our results have at least three implications for winter habitat conservation of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys. Conservation efforts should be focused on mature forest because it is better habitat at Rhinopithecus than young forest, as long as the same tree species are present. Secondly, Pinus armandii, Abies fargesii and Salix walliciana should be conserved as top priority in forest communities. Third, the largest trees in each habitat should be given greatest possible protection.     

Leaf epidermal features of Salix species (Salicaceae) and their systematic significance

? Premise of the study: The classification of the genus Salix has historically been intrinsically difficult due to its propensity toward plasticity and high variation in diagnostic morphological characters. We investigated leaf epidermal characteristics, focusing on the stomatal apparatus because it may provide critical insights into the evolution and taxonomy of Salix and its closely related genera. ? Methods: Light microscopy was used to examine the leaf epidermal features in 32 taxa of Salix. ? Key results: Characters such as shape, size, and density of stomatal complexes were very useful in differentiating Salix species. Variation in features of stomatal apparatus in Salix is wider than previously known. Moreover, the type of stomatal complex proved to be very helpful in discriminating Chosenia as members of the genus Salix. ? Conclusions: The results of the present study support the placement of Chosenia within Salix and the combining of subgenera Chamaetia and Vetrix because of similarities in their unique stomatal apparatus.     

单核苷酸多态性在林木中的研究进展

摘要: 单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs)是许多生物体最丰富的遗传变异形式。林木是重要的植物类群和陆地植物生态系统的重要组成部分, SNP作为新的分子标记已应用于松、杨、黄杉、桉和云杉等属的多个树种的遗传育种学研究, 获得了包括核苷酸多样性、连锁不平衡及群体结构等相关的遗传信息, 这些研究主要建立在对候选基因序列进行测序分析的基础上。基于SNP的关联遗传学分析或连锁不平衡(Linkage disequilibrium, LD)作图, 已成为研究林木复杂数量性状的理想工具, 对桉树和火炬松的关联遗传学研究发现, 多个基因内的SNP位点与不同的木材性状相关联。利用SNP标记对林木遗传参数的估算从不同程度上揭示了林木群体进化规律及其生态学意义。SNP标记在林木中应用的不断深入, 必将极大地推动林木遗传育种学研究的发展。     

Comparative morphology of leaf epidermis of Salix (Salicaceae) with special emphasis on sections Lindleyanae and Retusae

The sections Lindleyanae C.K. Schneid. and Retusae A. Kern. are two unique taxa of Salix . Although the former is distributed in the Himalayas and in south-west China's Hengduan Mountains, and the latter in the Arctic–Alpine region, they share similar phenotypic characters. To elucidate their relationships, some representative species were selected and their leaf epidermal characters were examined. Most Salix species had broadly similar leaf epidermal cell characteristics, but Lindleyanae and Retusae shared an anomocytic type of stomatal apparatus, which differed greatly from other taxa in Salix . It is unclear whether this epidermal similarity is indicative of similar environments or a single phylogenetic origin. Within the family Salicaceae, cyclocytic stomata were present in Chosenia , but absent from Populus and Salix , partly supporting the separation of Chosenia from Salix as an independent genus. Within single Salix species, obscure interspecific phenotypes could be identified by the shape of the epidermal cells, the presence or absence of stomata on the adaxial or abaxial sides, and the shape of the anticlinal walls. Stomatal size and density in Salix varied in response to environmental factors, and was of little diagnostic value in the separation of the species.  © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 157 , 311–322.