The distribution of the common inhibitory neuron in brachyuran limb musculature

Summary In the walking legs of two common crabs, antidromic stimulation of the common inhibitory axon (CI) from either opener or closer nerve produces inhibitory potentials in certain fibers of every muscle distal to the ischiopodite. In particular, CI inhibits the flexor and accessory flexor muscles of the meropodite and abolishes or reduces contractile force in the flexor. The specific opener inhibitor, OI, formerly believed to innervate the flexor, has no electrical or mechanical effect on this muscle. The brachyuran inhibitory limb innervation thus appears to be the same as that accepted for the anomurans, comprising one universally distributed common inhibitor and two truly specific inhibitors serving the opener and stretcher muscles.Abbreviations CI common inhibitor - OI opener inhibitor - SI stretcher inhibitor - FI flexor inhibitor - FE flexor excitor(s)     

Degree of neuromuscular facilitation is correlated with contribution to walking in leg muscles of two species of crab

Despite decades of work on the neuromuscular physiology of crustacean leg muscles, little is known about how physiological differences between these muscles relate to their behavioral usage. We studied a sideways walking shore crab, Carcinus maenas, and a forward walking spider crab, Libinia emarginata, as part of our work to understand the neural control of locomotion. The two species differed significantly in facilitation at neuromuscular junctions for every muscle studied. Further, these differences are correlated exactly with the walking use of the muscles. The forward walking spider crab showed more facilitation in muscles which operate joints having larger ranges of motion in forward walking. Likewise, greater facilitation was seen in muscles more active during sideways walking in the predominantly sideways walking shore crab. These differences even occur between muscles innervated by the same motor neuron, and become more evident with higher stimulus frequency. The increased presynaptic facilitation might allow selective recruitment of fibers innervated by the same motor neuron and aid in temporal filtering. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

The closer muscle is a second target for the stretcher inhibitor motoneuron of the crayfish's thoracic limbs

Summary The stretcher inhibitor motoneuron of each thoracic limb of a crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) was consistently found to innervate parts of the closer muscle, in addition to the stretcher muscle; it is thus not a specific inhibitor as previously thought. The common inhibitory motoneuron also innervates parts of both muscles. Some individual closer muscle fibers are inhibited more strongly by one inhibitor, some by the other, and some fairly equally by both; no general rule governing the inhibitors' closer muscle outputs became evident. In the claw, the distal closer fibres with the longest membrane time constants are all strongly inhibited by the stretcher inhibitor, and some by the common inhibitor as well.No other thoracic limb muscles were found to receive the stretcher inhibitor. The opener inhibitor's effects could be detected only in the opener muscle. The common inhibitor inhibits all walking leg muscles effectively. In the cheliped, it consistently inhibits all except the opener muscle, where its output may be vestigial. Its axon emerges through the ganglion's first root, whereas the opener and stretcher inhibitors' axons pass through the second root. The fast and slow excitatory axons to the extensor muscle also exit separately through the first and second roots, as in locusts.Abbreviations CI common inhibitor - EJP excitatory junctional potential - IJP inhibitory junctional potential - OI opener inhibitor - SI stretcher inhibitor     

Central organization of common inhibitory motoneurons in the locust: role of afferent signals from leg mechanoreceptors

Intracellular recordings of mesothoracic common inhibitory neurons (CI₁, CI₂ and CI₃) were made while tactile hairs of the middle legs of locusts (Locusta migratoria) were mechanically stimulated. Generally the three common inhibitory neurons were excited by stimulation of tactile hairs on the ventral and dorsal surface of femur and tibia. The response pattern of all three CI neurons was similar suggesting that they work as a functional unit. Touching hairs on the dorsal surface of tibia and tarsus in some cases led to inhibition of CIs. The connection between sensory cells of tactile hairs and common inhibitory neurons is polysynaptic.To identify interneurons which mediate afferent signals, simultaneous intracellular recordings from CIs and interneurons were made. Different spiking interneurons were identified which made excitatory or inhibitory monosynaptic connections with CIs. Interneurons with inhibitory input to CIs belonged to the ventral midline group of spiking local interneurons. Behavioral and electrophysiological results indicate that reflex movements of the leg are accompanied by activity of CI neurons. Further it appears that CI activity is inhibited when reflex movements of the leg are actively suppressed by the animal.Abbreviations CI common inhibitor - IN interneuron - LY Lucifer Yellow     

Thoracic leg motoneurons in the isolated CNS of adult Manduca produce patterned activity in response to pilocarpine,which is distinct from that produced in larvae

In the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta, thoracic leg motoneurons survive the degeneration of the larval leg muscles to innervate new muscles of the adult legs. The same motoneurons, therefore, participate in the very different modes of terrestrial locomotion that are used by larvae (crawling) and adults (walking). Consequently, changes in locomotor behavior may reflect changes in both the CNS and periphery. The present study was undertaken to determine whether motor patterns produced by the isolated CNS of adult Manduca, in the absence of sensory feedback, would resemble adult specific patterns of coordination. Pilocarpine, which evokes a fictive crawling motor pattern from the isolated larval CNS, also evoked robust patterned activity from leg motoneurons in the isolated adult CNS. As in the larva, levator and depressor motoneurons innervating the same leg were active in antiphase. Unlike fictive crawling, however, bursts of activity in levator or depressor motoneurons of one leg alternated with bursts in the homologous motoneurons innervating the opposite leg of the same segment and the leg on the same side in the adjacent segment. The most common mode of intersegmental activity generated by the isolated adult CNS resembled an alternating tripod gait, which is displayed, albeit infrequently, during walking in intact adult Manduca. A detailed analysis revealed specific differences between the patterned motor activity that is evoked from the isolated adult CNS and activity patterns observed during walking in intact animals, perhaps indicating an important role for sensory feedback. Nevertheless, the basic similarity to adult walking and clear distinctions from the larval fictive crawling pattern suggest that changes within the CNS contribute to alterations in locomotor activity during metamorphosis. Electronic Publication     

Reflex modulation in locusts walking on a treadwheel intracellular recordings from motoneurons

Summary In locusts (Locusta migratoria) walking on a treadwheel, afferents of tarsal hair sensilla were stimulated via chronically implanted hook electrodes (Fig. 1). Stimuli applied to the middle leg tarsus elicited avoidance reflexes (Fig. 2). In quiescent animals, the leg was lifted off the ground and the femur adducted. In walking locusts, the response was phase-dependent. During the stance phase, no reaction was observed except occasional, premature triggering of swing movements; stimuli applied near the end of the swing phase were able to elicit an additional, short leg protraction.Central nervous correlates of phase-dependent reflex modulation were observed by recording intracellularly from motoneuron somata in walking animals. As a rule, motoneurons recruited during the swing phase showed excitatory stimulus-related responses around the end of the swing movement, correlated to the triggering of additional leg protractions (Figs. 3, 4, 5). Motoneurons active during the stance phase were often inhibited by tarsal stimulation, some showed only weak responses (Figs. 8, 9, 10). Common inhibitory motoneuron 1 was excited by tarsal stimulation during all phases of the leg movement (Figs. 6, 7). In one type of flexor tibiae motoneuron, a complex response pattern was observed, involving the inversion of stimulus-related synaptic potentials from excitatory, recorded during rest, to inhibitory, observed during long-lasting stance phases (Figs. 11, 12).The results demonstrate how reflex modulation is represented on the level of synaptic input to motoneurons. They further suggest independent gain control in parallel, antagonistic pathways converging onto the same motoneuron as a mechanism for reflex reversal during locomotion.Abbreviations CI ₁ common inhibitory motoneuron (1) - EMG electromyogram - Feti fast extensor muscle of the tibia     

Flight activity of the thistle lace bug, Tingis ampliata (Heteroptera)

Tingis ampliata has very limited capacity for flight; a few sexually immature individuals of both sexes flew during post-hibernation emergence in spring from early May to June. Flight did not occur in autumn, but bugs warmed to about 35°C apparently attempted flight by opening their wings. When too warm or when not warm enough bugs resorted to active walking rather than attempting to fly. After hibernation, among bugs similarly warmed in spring, 14.3% of females and 23% of males attempted flight and 7% of either sex achieved take-off flights, but these led to trivial horizontal displacement. Number of attempted flights increased with duration of exposure from 2–10 min in females.In both sexes of Tingis flight duration and proportion flying decreased and threshold increased after bugs emerged from hibernation in spring and no bugs flew after mid-summer. Flight duration varied with individuals from 0–20 sec in females and from 0–8 sec in males early in May. There was no significant difference in mean flight duration and the proportion of the sexes flying after mid-May. The proportion flying, average flight duration and flight threshold were similar in bugs tested immediately after capture and those tested 48 hr later.There was no evidence of flight muscle polymorphism in Tingis and no differential development or seasonal change in flight musculature of the sexes. The thorax of teneral adults in autumn was usually characterized by parenchymatous tissue saturated with creamish-white fat which was progressively replaced by flight muscles, especially the dorsal-longitudinals in autumn. Amount of flight muscles remained unchanged during winter but there was further development especially of the dorso-ventrals during the first 2 weeks of post-hibernation.

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Résumé Tingis ampliata a une aptitude au vol très limitée; quelques individus immatures des deux sexes volent seulement au printemps de mai à juin, à la sortie de l'hivernage. Les insectes ne volent pas en automne, mais s'ils sont soumis à une température de 35°, ils étendent leurs ailes essayant apparemment de voler. Si la température est trop élevée ou si au contraire il ne fait pas assez chaud, ces punaises se déplacent activement sans essayer de voler.Après hibernation, des punaises soumises à un réchauffement comparable à celui intervenant au printemps, montrent 14.3% de femelles et 23% de mâles qui essaient de voler, 7% seulement de l'un ou de l'autre sexe, parvenant à prendre leur essor, ne réalisant d'ailleurs que des déplacements horizontaux peu importants.La durée de vol et la proportion d'insectes aptes au vol diminuent au cours du printemps chez les insectes issus d'hibernation; aucun insecte ne vole plus après la mi-été. La durée du vol varie de 0 à 20 sec chez les femelles et de 0 à 8 sec chez les mâles au début mai; passé mi-mai, il n'y a plus de différences significatives entre les sexes. Les résultats sont comparables chez des insectes testés immédiatement après capture ou 48 h plus tard.On n'a pas pu mettre en évidence de polymorphisme des muscles alaires entre les sexes, soit dans leur développement, soit dans un changement saisonnier. Le thorax des adultes au début de l'automne est habituellement caractérisé par un tissu parenchymateux rempli d'un corps gras crémeux, tissu qui est progressivement remplacé par les muscles alaires au cours de l'automne. La quantité de muscles alaires reste inchangée pendant l'hiver, mais ceux-ci se développent à nouveau, en particulier les muscles dorso-ventraux, au cours des deux premières semaines de post-hibernation.

     

Differential effects of GABA on three muscles innervated by a common inhibitory axon ofOcypode

Summary The effect of GABA (-aminobutyric acid) on three muscles innervated by the common inhibitory axon in the walking leg of the crabOcypode cursor, was studied. The muscles differ in the percentage of fibres responding to GABA by membrane resistance decrease, and in the magnitude of the response (Table 1). In addition to the postsynaptic effect (on muscle fibre membrane) of GABA, a presynaptic effect (on excitatory terminals) was observed in one muscle, resulting in more effective inhibition of excitatory potentials. The presynaptic effect sustained as long as GABA was present, while the postsynaptic effect underwent desensitization (Fig. 2). The data demonstrate differential inhibition of distinct functional units innervated by a common axon. The channeling of inhibitory information results from spatial organization of innervation, differing in location (pre-or postsynaptic) and density.This investigation was supported by grant AZ11 1955 for Stiftung Volkswagenwerk.     

Coordination of flipflopping neural signals and head turning during pheromone-mediated walking in a male silkworm moth Bombyx mori

Male silkworm moths, Bombyx mori, move their heads side-to-side during zigzag walking toward a source of sex pheromone. High-speed video analysis revealed that changes in walking direction were synchronized with this head turning. Thus the direction of the walking is indicated by the direction of the head turning. Head turning was regulated by neck motor neurons which innervate the cervical ventral muscles and the ventral muscles through the second cervical nerve. To determine the role of the `flipflop' state transition in spike activity carried by descending interneurons from the brain to the thoracic ganglion, we recorded pheromonal responses simultaneously from flipflop descending interneurons and a single cervical ventral 1 neck motor neuron. The activity of the cervical ventral 1 neck motor neuron was synchronized to that of the flipflop descending interneurons. The cervical ventral 1 neck motor neuron was morphologically identified using confocal imaging. Our results demonstrate that the flipflop signals play an important role in instructing turning signals during the pheromone-mediated behavior in a male B. mori. Accepted: 11 June 1998     

ACTION OF A JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOGUE,ALTOSID®, INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR,ON THE MORPHOGENESIS AND ADULT ECLOSION OF THE FLESHFLY,SARCOPHAGA BULLATA

Topical application of a juvenile hormone analogue, Altosid, onto the larvae of the fleshfly, Sarcophaga bullata, inhibited adult eclosion. While the head and thorax were resistant to the hormone analogue, the abdomen was highly sensitive. Depending on the dose of the compound applied, various morphogenetic effects were noticed on the abdomen such as failure of rotation of male genitalia, reduction in the number of bristles and microtrichiae, irregular orientation of bristles and inhibition of differentiation of genitalia.The affected flies were examined histologically. The muscles of the genitalia and abdomen failed to develop, while thoracic muscles exhibited dystrophic changes. The significance of these muscular effects is discussed in relation to the inhibition of adult eclosion of Altosid treated insects.

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Résumé L'application topique d'un analogue de l'hormone juvénle, l'Altosid, sur les larves de la mouche de la viande Sarcophaga bullata, inhibe l'éclosion imaginale. Tandis que la tête et le thorax sont résistants à cet analogue de l'hormone, l'abdomen y est très sensible. Selon la dose du produit appliquée, différents effets morphogénétiques ont été observés au niveau de l'abdomen, tels que l'absence de rotation des genitalia du mâle, la réduction du nombre des soies et microtriches, l'orientation irrégulière des soies et l'inhibition de la différenciation des genitalia.Les mouches traitées ont été examinées histologiquement. Les muscles des genitalia et de l'abdomen ne se sont pas développés cependant que les muscles thoraciques montraient des dystrophies. La signification de ces effets sur les muscles est discutée en rapport avec l'inhibition de l'élosion imaginale chez les insectes traités par l'Altosid.

     

Influence d'une alimentation préalable et du jeûne sur l'apparition de la recherche intensive des proies chez Semiadalia undecimnotata

Résumé Les prédateurs qui vivent aux dépens de ressources alimentaires groupées, modifient leur mode de déplacement après la capture et l'ingestion d'une proie. Ils passent de la recherche extensive (déplacements rapides et linéaires) à la recherche intensive (déplacements lents et sinueux). Chez les adultes et les larves de dernier stade de la coccinelle Semiadalia undecimnotata Schn. (Col., Coccinellidae), dans les premières heures qui suivent leur naissance ou leur mue, l'ingestion d'un premier puceron ne modifie pas les caractéristiques locomotrices individuelles: les déplacements restent de type extensif. Au début de chaque stade, cette coccinelle présente une période de sensibilisation à la proie rencontrée. Durant ces laps de temps, elle doit consommer plusieurs proies avant d'être capable d'adopter la recherche intensive. L'existence d'une période de jeûne avant cette première prise alimentaire favorise, au contraire, l'adoption de la recherche intensive.

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The ladybird, Semiadalia undecimnotata, like all other entomophagous insects feeding on relatively sedentary prey, exhibits two types of walking pattern during the search for prey: xtensive and intensive search. The latter is engaged following detection of visual or chemical cues. Changes in the ladybird search pattern: extensive search—a single prey capture—intensive search, were investigated in relation to experience of prior feeding-periods (experienced coccinellids) or to lack of such experience (naïve coccinellids) and with respect to changes in duration of fasting. The analysis of their pathways was performed initially by comparison of three locomotory paramètres: the number of stops (number/s), the walking speed (mm/s) and the turning-rate (degrees/s), and subsequently by statistical classification (principle components analysis). Unlike experienced coccinellids, observations of naïve coccinellids, indicate that a single feeding session during the three to five hours after emergence of an adult, or ecdysis of the larva, will change the walking pattern slightly. These animals will maintain extensive search or adopt a particular, intermediate locomotory pattern which is a development of extensive search but do not adopt intensive search. Fasting, for periods over twelve hours, favoured intensive search in populations studied. It is probable that the requirement to feed on more than one prey item before adopting intensive search involves concepts such as forms of learning (sensitization).

     

Changes in flight track angles of cabbage root fly, Delia radicum, in diffuse clouds and discrete plumes of the host-plant volatile allylisothiocyanate

Flight tracks of female cabbage root fly, Delia radicum (L.), in odourless air, and in difuse clouds and discrete plumes of the host-plant volatile allylisothiocyanate (ANCS), were investigated. In diffuse ANCS D. radicum flew upwind with a smaller mean straight leg track angle with respect to the wind than in odourless air. In discrete ANCS, a larger mean straight leg track angle and a larger range of track angles occurred than in diffuse odour. The frequency distribution of these angles may have been bi-modal. It is suggested that perceived changes in odour concentration may alter the flight track angle. This behaviour is compared to the odour-modulated anemotaxis of male moths locating pheromone sources.

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Résumé Changements des angles de vol de Delia radicum en présence de nuages diffus ou de panaches discontinus d'allylisothiocyanate, substance volatile émise par la plante-hôte.Nous avons étudié les chemins de vol des D. radicum femelles, en air pur, avect des émissions diffuses ou dicontinues de l'allylisothiocyanate (ANCS), substance volatilede la plante-hôte. En présence d'ANCS diffus, D. radicum vole contre le vent. Ce vol présente des portions droites faisant un angle avec la direction du vent; l'angle moyen de ce crochets est plus petit que celui observé en air pur. En présence d'ANCS discontinu, l'angle moyen est plus grand qu'en atmosphère diffuse et surtout l'histogramme de valeur de ces angles est bimodal.On peut envisager que la perception de changements dans la concentration de l'odeur peut modifier l'angle de vol. Un tel comportement est à comparer à l'anémotaxie contre le vent, modulée par l'odeur, observée chez les papillons mâles décelant une source de phéromones.

     

Influence of leaf surfaces on movements by the hymenopterous parasitoid Trichogramma exiguum

Walking speeds of female Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner were fastest on maize and soybean (12 cm/min), intermediate on tomato (8 cm/min), and slowest on woolly mullein, Verbascum thapsus (3 cm/min). Similarly, rates of turning along the paths of walking T. exiguum were smallest on maize (median angle=0°±15°), intermediate on soybean and tomato, and greatest on V. thapsus (median angle=30°±15°). Leaf trichome density and morphology influenced walking behavior. Walking was slowed and flight initiation delayed for T. exiguum walking on Amaranthus hybridus leaves compared to either maize or filter paper. When inundative releases are conducted, the effects of plant surfaces on searching rates and arrestment should be considered in determining release rates of Trichogramma spp.

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Résumé La vitesse de marche a été déterminée en lâchant des individus sur chaque substrat végétal et en traçant leur parcours sur une plaque de verre placée à 9 mm au dessus du sujet. Les déviations angulaires de portions successives des tracés, longues de 1 mm, ont été utilisées pour mesurer les taux de changement de direction. Dans une deuxième expérience, des individus ont été lâchés au milieu d'une cercle de 40 mm de diamètre sur chaque substrat et les temps écoulés avant l'envol ou pour atteindre le bord du cercle à la marche ont servi à évaluer respectivement la propension au vol et la vitesse de déambulation.Les vitesses de marche ont été plus rapides sur maïs et soja (12 cm/min), moyennes sur tomate (8 cm/min) et les plus lentes sur Verbascum thapsus (Scrophulariaceae) (3 cm/min). De le même façon, les angles de changement de direction au cours des marches effectuées par T. exiguum ont été plus petits sur maïs, moyens sur soja et tomate, et plus grands sur V. thapsus. Chez T. exiguum marchant sur des feuilles d'Amaranthus hybridus L. (Amaranthaceae), la marche a été plus lente et l'envol plus tardif que sur maîs ou papier filtre.Lors de lâchers inondatifs, les effets des surfaces végétales sur les vitesses d'exploration et d'arrêt devraient être pris en compte pour déterminer les vitesses de lâcher des Trichogramma spp.

     

Effects of host fecal pellet and synthetic kairomone on host-searching and postoviposition behavior of Apanteles kariyai, a parasitoid of Pseudaletia separata

The response of female Apanteles kariyai (Watanabe) to a fecal pellet of its host, Pseudaletia separata (Walker) was observed in the laboratory. The arrestment response of A. kariyai to a fecal pellet was characterized by a reduction of walking speed and increased turing rate. During arrestment, A. kariyai turned back towards the fecal pellet several times after she had left it. Using patches impregnated with the synthetic kairomone 2,5-dihexadecyltetrahydrofuran, it was determined that the time spent in arrestment response increased with increasing kairomone concentration but leveled off above 10^-4 mg kairomone per patch. A. kariyai demonstrated two modes of arrestment response towards the patch (patch-searching mode and patch-edge-following mode), which were dependent on the amount of kairomone per patch. During successive visits to the patch, walking speed increased whereas time spent and distance walked on the patch decreased. Postoviposition behavior of A. kariyai was also studied using the kairomone patch. Immediately after oviposition, the wasp did not respond to the kairomone stimuli or to a host and always walked away from the patch.

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Résumé La réponse des femelles d'A. kariyai Watanabe aux crottes de la chenille de P. separata Walker a été étudiée au laboratoire. L'effet fixateur sur A. kariyai d'une crotte est caractérisé par une réduction de la vitesse de marche et par des détours fréquents. Pendant la fixation, elle se retourne plusieurs fois vers la crotte qu'elle vient de quitter. Le temps passé en fixation croît avec la concentration de la source en kairomone synthétique (2,5-dihexandécyltétrahydrofuran), jusqu'à 10^-4 mg de kairomone par source. Suivant la concentration de la kairomone on observe 2 types de réations de fixation par la source: la recherche de la source et le parcours du bord de la source. Au cours de visites successives à la source, la vitesse de déplacement augmente, tandis que le temps dépensé sur la source et la distance parcourue diminuent. Immédiatement après la ponte la femelle ne réagit plus à la kairomone ou à un hôte et s'éloigne de la source.

     

Die Beinmuskulatur und ihre Innervation bei der VogelspinneDugesiella hentzi (Ch.) (Araneae,Aviculariidae)

Zusammenfassung Gestützt auf präparative Untersuchungen und histologische Serienschnitte werden Zahl, Lage, Funktion und nervöse Versorgung aller Muskeln in den Laufbeinen der erwachsenen VogelspinneDugesiella hentzi (Ch.) beschrieben. In den acht Laufbeinen können gleichermaßen jeweils dreißig Muskeln unterschieden werden.Bis auf eine Ausnahme (M. 30) erfolgt die Innervation sämtlicher Beinmuskeln durch den Beinnerv B, wobei die Versorgung durch mehrere (bis zu 6) Nervenäste pro Muskel die Regel ist. Jeder Ast aus Nerv B enthält eine große Anzahl von Axonen. Die aus Ansatz und Ursprung ersichtliche gemeinsame Funktion verschiedener Beinmuskeln spiegelt sich auch in der Innervation aus gemeinsamen Seitenästen von Nerv B wieder.Soweit möglich werden die vermutlich homologen Beinmuskeln aus Untersuchungen anderer Autoren an anderen Arten gegenübergestellt.

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Anatomy of the leg muscles and their innervation in the tarantulaDugesiella hentzi (Ch.) (Araneae, Aviculariidae)

Summary All muscles in the walking legs of the adult tarantulaDugesiella hentzi (Ch.) are described according to their position, function, and innervation pattern. Each leg contains 30 muscles. With the exception of one (M. 30) all of them receive their motor innervation through multiple branches from the main motor nerve B. Muscle 30 is innervated through the mixed nerve A. Each branch leaving nerve B contains a large number of axons.Similarities in the function of different muscles as derived from their attachment at particular leg joints are reflected in the innervation pattern by common branches of nerve B.The leg muscles fromDugesiella are homologized with those of six other species of spiders from different families.

     

Intracellular recordings from nonspiking interneurons in a semiintact,tethered walking insect

Nonspiking interneurons were investigated in a tethered, walking insect, Carausius morosus, that was able to freely perform walking movements. Experiments were carried out with animals walking on a lightweight, double-wheel treadmill. Although the animal was opened dorsally, the walking system was left intact. Intracellular recordings were obtained from the dorsal posterior neuropil of the mesothoracic ganglion. Nonspiking inter-neurons, in which modulations of the membrane potential were correlated with the walking rhythm, were described physiologically and stained with Lucifer Yellow. Interneurons are demonstrated in which membrane potential oscillations mirror the leg position or show correlation with the motoneuronal activity of the protractor and retractor coxae muscles during walking. Other interneurons showed distinct hyperpolarizations at certain important trigger points in the step cycle, for example, at the extreme posterior position. Through electrical stimulation of single, nonspiking interneurons during walking, the motoneuronal activity in two antagonistic muscles—protractor and retractor coxae—could be reversed and even the movement of the ipsilateral leg could be influenced. The nonspiking interneurons described appear to be important premotor elements involved in walking. They receive, integrate, and process information from different leg proprioceptors and drive groups of leg motoneurons during walking.     

Une structure intermédiaire entre muscle lisse et muscle strié

Résumé Les éléments morphologiques apportés par la microscopie électronique montrent que le muscle du bulbe buccal de Ferrissia wautieri diffère du muscle strié squelettique par plusieurs caractères mais présente avec celui-ci des analogies structurales qui peuvent conduire à considérer le type de fibre musculaire étudié comme une structure intermédiaire entre la musculature lisse et la musculature striée.La répartition des deux types de filaments en faisceaux étroits plus ou moins anastomosés et la discontinuité des stries Z constituées de l'alignement des corps denses, rappellent les muscles cardiaques embryonnaires de certains Vertébrés. Le système T est réduit à l'ensemble des courtes invaginations du sarcolemme au niveau de chaque strie Z; tandis que le système L, très développé, semble établir des contacts étroits avec le milieu extra-cellulaire par l'intermédiaire de vésicules sous-sarcolemmales (diades).

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A type of musculature intermediary between smooth and striated muscular tissueThe muscle fibre of the buccal bulb in Ferrissia wautieri (Moll. Basomm. Ancylidae)

Summary Electron microscopical investigations show that the muscle of the buccal bulb of Ferrissia wautieri differs from the skeletal striated muscle in several of its characteristics, but exhibits structural analogies with the latter which can lead one to consider the type of muscle fibre studied as an intermediary structure between smooth and striated muscular tissue.The distribution of the two types of filaments in thin bundles, more or less anastomosed, and the discontinuity of the Z bands, which are made up from the alignment of dense bodies, are similar as in embryonic cardiac muscles of certain Vertebrates. The T system is reduced completely to short sarcolemmal invaginations at the level of each Z band, whilst the well-developped L system seems to make close contact with the extra-cellular region through cisternae beneath the sarcolemma (dyads).

Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une étude plus générale portant sur le cycle biologique et l'écologie de Ferrissia wautieri. Il nous est agréable de remercier notre collègue Pavans de Ceccatty qui nous a guidés et aidés dans sa réalisation et a accepté de relire et de corriger le manuscrit.     

Physiological and morphological properties of the metathoracic common inhibitory neuron of the locust

Summary Intracellular recordings were made from the soma of the metathoracic common inhibitory neuron of the locustsSchistocerca andChortoicetes. The soma is passively invaded by a spike of 2–5 mV in amplitude. The response of the common inhibitor to a variety of different inputs was studied. Tests for coupling between the common inhibitory and excitatory motoneurons to the same or antagonistic muscles were made by simultaneous recordings from pairs of neuron somata. No low resistance or synaptically mediated coupling was found. The somata of the two common inhibitory neurons which supply muscles on opposite sides of the body lie together on the ventral surface of the ganglion on the mid-line (Fig. 6). They are not coupled in any way. Cobalt chloride injected into the common inhibitor has shown it to have an extensive and complex dendritic tree confined to the ipsilateral half of the ganglion (Fig. 8). A single branch extends into the mesothoracic ganglion. There are differences in the branching patterns of the dendrites in different animals (Fig. 10).Beit Memorial Research Fellow.     

Importance of color stimuli in host-finding by Dalbulus leafhoppers

The importance of color stimuli in host-finding by Dalbulus maidis (DeLong & Wolcott), D. gelbus DeLong, and D. quinquenotatus DeLong & Nault (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) was determined by comparing pre- and post-contact responses of leafhoppers to maize seedlings (Zea mays L.) with those to vertical models varying in hue or value (total amount of reflected light). For each species, more contacts were made with maize by jumping/flying than by walking, and both sexes remained on maize for similar times after contact. When presented simultaneously with seven models (vertical wooden rods) painted in different colors, each species made more contacts with yellow. Yellow also received more contacts when it was present in a group of four colors. There were no differences in contacts made with the yellow model by jumping/flying or by walking for D. maidis and D. gelbus, but D. quinquenotatus made more contacts by jumping/flying than by walking. If yellow was not present in the group, the color reflecting maximally between 500–580 nm received more contacts compared to the other three colors. Responses to a series of neutrals indicated contacts were elicited primarily because of hue, and not changes in value. Yellow also elicited tenure as long or significantly longer than other colors after contact with a model. For each species, there were no differences in tenure between males and females on models. The importance of color stimuli in host-finding by Dalbulus leafhoppers is suggested to be influenced by differences in flight behavior and habitat stability of field hosts.

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Résumé Nous avons examiné l'importance de la couleur dans la découverte de l'hôte, en comparant au laboratoire les réactions avant et après contacts avec des plants de maïs,-à 4 feuilles-, et avec des leurres peints présentant des différences de nuance ou de quantité de lumière réfléchie, chez 3 espèces de Dalbulus: D. maidis,-spécialiste du maïs-, D. gelbus,-qui consomme le maïs et Tripsacum, et D. quinquenotatus,-spécialiste de Tripsacum. Les espèces entrent en contact avec le maïs plus en voltigeant que par la marche, mâles et femelles séjournant plusieurs heures après être entrés en contact. En utilisant des leurres végétaux,-des morceaux de bois verticaux peints de différentes couleurs-, une forte réponse au jaune, due à la teinte plus qu'à l'intensité, a été mise en évidence. Il n'y a pas de différence dans les contacts après voltige ou après marche avec des leurres jaunes pour D. maidis et D. gelbus, tandis que chez D. quinquenotatus, ils sont plus fréquents après voltige. Ces 3 espèces de Dalbulus continuent à être influencées par la couleur après contact, puisque chaque espèce reste plus longtemps sur le jaune que sur les autres couleurs. L'importance de la stimulation par la couleur dans la découverte des hôtes par Dalbulus est semble-t-il due au comportement de vol et à la stabilité de l'habitat dans la nature.

     

Food plant relationships of the diamond-back moth (Plutella maculipennis (Curt.))

Oviposition responses to natural and artificial substrates were investigated. More eggs were deposited on plants that contain isothiocyanates (natural hosts). Depletion of isothiocyanate content by sulfur-deficient plant nutrition appears to reduce attractiveness of host plants as egg substrates. Eggs are laid preferentially in concavities of leaves or stems. Significantly more eggs are laid on dimpled than smooth polyvinyl plastic surfaces. On both types of plastic substrate more eggs are laid if allyl isothiocynate or mustard leaf juice is added. Mustard leaf juice contains allyl isothiocyanate but is more stimulating to oviposition indicating that other factors contribute to the total effect.Although the coumarin in Melilotus sp. tends to inhibit oviposition, Plutella may be induced to increase egg deposition on such plants by treating them with allyl isothiocyanate. Unknown inhibitory constituents in tomato leaves prevent egg laying even in the presence of allyl isothiocyanate. It was concluded that oviposition is regulated significantly by external stimuli and that inhibitory chemical influences as well as positive chemical stimuli and texture of the surface are all significant factors.

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Resume Nous avons étudié la ponte au point de vue des réponses de Plutella maculipennis aux surfaces naturelles et artificielles. La ponte s'est avérée plus forte sur les plantes qui contenaient des isothiocyanates (hôtes naturels). La baisse du contenu d'isothiocyanate dans une nourriture pauvre en souffre semble réduire l'attraction de la surface des hôtes à la ponte. L'insecte préfère pondre ses oeufs dans les concavités des feuilles ou des tiges. D'une manière significative, la ponte s'avère plus forte sur une surface rugueuse que sur des surfaces lisses de plastiques polyvinyls. La ponte est plus élevée sur la surface des deux espèces de plastiques si on ajoute du jus de feuilles de moutarde ou de l'allylisothiocyanate. L'allylisothiocyanate est un des constituants de jus de la feuille de moutarde, mais exerce une action moins prononcée sur la ponte que ce jus. Ceci indique que d'autres agents contribuent à l'effet total.Bienque la coumarine dans Melilotus (sp.) ait tendance à inhiber la ponte, on peut induire Plutella à augmenter la ponte sur de telles plantes en les traitant avec de l'allylisothiocyanate. Certains constituants inhibitifs inconnus qu'on trouve dans les feuilles de Lycopersicum empêchent la ponte même avec traitement d'allylisothiocyanate. La conclusion s'impose: la ponte est fortement influencée par des excitants externes et les inhibitions causées par des influences chimiques aussi bien que par des excitants chimiques favorables, de même que la texture de la surface en question. Ces choses sont tous des facteurs importants.

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On visit from the University of Lucknow, India.