Distribution of Iron-Containing Granules in Lampreys,with Particular Reference to the Southern Hemisphere Species Geotria australis Gray

Perl's Prussian blue and bathophenanthroline have been used to investigate the sites where iron-containing granules are found within representatives of each of the three extant families of lampreys. Amongst the larvae, granules were present in the columnar cells of the posterior intestine in small amounts in some but not all northern hemisphere species (Petromyzonidae), and in moderate and very large amounts in the southern hemisphere families Geotriidae and Mordaciidae respectively. Granules were only found in large numbers elsewhere in the body of larvae of the Geotriidae, in which they were predominant in the adipose tissue of the nephric fold and fat column. It is suggested that these large iron deposits reflect the intake of an unusually large amount of iron, a feature which in turn could be related to the relatively high plasma iron levels and haemotocrit found in larvae of the Geotriidae. During metamorphosis, iron deposits accumulate in the liver of all species as haemoglobin is broken down.     

Molecular Phylogeny of Microsporidians with Particular Reference to Species that Infect the Muscles of Fish

Ribosomal DNA from eight species of microsporidians infecting fish have been sequenced. Seven of these species infect the skeletal muscle of fish ( Pleistophora spp.) and one species infects migratory mesenchyma cells ( Glugea anomala ). These sequences, in addition to other available microsporidian rDNA sequences from a broad range of host taxa, have been used in phylogenetic analysis. This analysis revealed that muscle-infecting microsporidians from fish are a polyphyletic group, indicating that characters supposed to be important in the classification of the genus Pleistophora have to be re-evaluated. One character that probably has a polyphyletic origin is the amorphous coat, which has been extensively used in the definition of this genus. Furthermore, our results showed that the insect parasitizing Pleistophora spp. are not related to the true pleistophorans parasitic in skeletal muscle of fish. Phylogenetic analysis of small subunit rDNA sequences revealed disagreements between the molecular phylogeny and classifications based upon ultrastruclure. Many of the morphological characters claimed to be important in microsporidian classifications appeared to have arisen several times during evolution: for example, the diplokaryon and sporophorous vesicles.     

Venom Alkaloid Chemistry of Australian Species of the Monomorium rothsteini Complex,with Particular Reference to Taxonomic Implications

A comparison of the morphology and of the venom alkaloids of the Australian Monomorium rothsteini complex was undertaken. These ants were collected in Australia from western New South Wales, northern Queensland, and northern Northern Territory. Additionally, samples from the M. sordidum complex and M. carinatum complex were examined. Thirteen previously described trans‐2,5‐dialkylpyrrolidines were detected in these ants, along with the novel trans‐2‐ethyl‐5‐[(Z)‐tridec‐4‐enyl]pyrrolidine ( 6 ), whose structure was confirmed by synthesis. The extent of variation and the correlation observed in the morphology and venom chemistry in M. rothsteini samples is very strongly indicative of multiple species in this complex. The presence and location of the C?C bond in 6 reinforces the remarkable structural similarity of the 2‐ethylpyrrolidines in these Monomorium species to the 2‐methylpiperidines in the venoms of many Solenopsis species, and may represent convergent evolution of biosynthetic processes in different genera of solenopsidine ants.     

Two New Species of Plistophora (Microsporida,Nosematidae) in Decapods,with Particular Reference to One in the Blue Crab*

SYNOPSIS. Plistophora cargoi n. sp., found in the muscles of Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, is described. Spores are ellipsoidal and about 3.3 by 5.1 μ when alive. The coiled polar filament is PAS positive. When extruded the filament appears thick throughout most of its length but has a short and fine terminal portion. The sporont gives rise to many (32 to more than 100) spores. P. sp. Sogandares-Bernal, 1962, found in the muscles of the fresh water crayfish Cambarellus puer Hobbs, is given the name P. sogandaresi n. sp.     

斑茅割手密复合体(GXAS07-6-1)及其与甘蔗F_1的GISH分析

斑茅割手密复合体(GXAS07-6-1)是广西蔗茅属斑茅和广西甘蔗属割手密的属间杂种,聚集了双亲的优点。本研究利用基于Alu-like的PCR鉴定方法对GXAS07-6-1及甘蔗与GXAS07-6-1的3份F_1材料进行真实性鉴定,基于基因组原位杂交技术(GISH)对父本GXAS07-6-1及其3份F_1染色体组成及核型进行分析。研究结果表明:3份F_1材料为GXAS07-6-1的真杂种;父本GXAS07-6-1的染色体众数为62条,其中30条来自蔗茅属斑茅,32条来自甘蔗属割手密,核型分类属于1B,其染色体按"n+n"方式传递;GXASF_108-2-17、GXASF_108-2-22、GXASF_108-2-32的染色体数目为78~80条,其中69~71条来自甘蔗属,9~11条来自蔗茅属斑茅,3份F_1的核型分类分别属于2B、1B、1B,染色体传递方式均为"n+n"。父本GXAS07-6-1及3份F_1材料中均未发现有染色体的交换或易位现象。甘蔗与斑割复合体杂交,蔗茅属斑茅染色体在亲子间传递过程存在丢失现象。     

甘蔗与斑茅割手密复合体杂交后代的分子标记鉴定

为有效利用甘蔗野生种质拓宽甘蔗遗传基础,本研究利用甘蔗与斑茅割手密复合体进行杂交,同时应用序列相关扩增多态性(SRAP)和微卫星(SSR)分子标记技术鉴定其后代。两种分子标记鉴定结果相互印证表明:3个杂交组合的后代中,经表型鉴定含斑茅血缘的34个后代为真杂种。该真杂种后代为进一步综合利用斑茅、割手密的优异基因改良甘蔗品种提供了优良的创新种质。     

Oral Calcium-loading Test in Infancy,with Particular Reference to Idiopathic Hypercalcaemia

An oral calcium-loading test suitable for infants is described and the usual response defined. In four acute cases of idiopathic hypercalcaemia a high and sustained rise in serum calcium occurred, suggestive of hyperabsorption and consistent with a vitamin-D-like effect. In four further infants with a milder illness suggestive of hypercalcaemia the fasting calcium levels were not grossly raised, but the test produced an exaggerated hypercalcaemic response. In this type of patient the test is more sensitive in the diagnosis of idiopathic hypercalcaemia than isolated measurements of serum calcium, especially if these are taken in the fasting state. Five patients on treatment and three whose treatment had been discontinued (but who subsequently relapsed or made a poor recovery) showed abnormal loading tests at a time when fasting calcium levels were normal. In two cases full recovery from the disease was associated with reversion of the test to normal. The test can therefore be used to indicate activity of the disease and consequently as a guide to therapy. In two cases a persistently abnormal loading test was associated with a poor long-term prognosis.     

Nonstructural Chromosome Differentiation among Wheat Cultivars, with Special Reference to Differentiation of Chromosomes in Related Species

Wheat cultivar Chinese Spring (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) was crossed with cultivars Hope, Cheyenne and Timstein. In all three hybrids, the frequencies of pollen mother cells (PMCs) with univalents at metaphase I (MI) were higher than those in the parental cultivars. No multivalents were observed in the hybrids, indicating that the cultivars do not differ by translocations. Thirty-one Chinese Spring telosomic lines were then crossed with substitution lines in which single chromosomes of the three cultivars were substituted for their Chinese Spring homologues. The telosomic lines were also crossed with Chinese Spring. Data were collected on the frequencies (% of PMCs) of pairing of the telesomes with their homologues at MI and the regularity of pairing of the remaining 20 pairs of Chinese Spring chromosomes in the monotelodisomics obtained from these crosses. The reduced MI pairing in the intercultivar hybrids was caused primarily by chromosome differentiation, rather than by specific genes. Because the differentiation involved a large part of the chromosome complement in each hybrid, it was concluded that it could not be caused by structural changes such as inversions or translocations. In each case, the differentiation appeared to be unevenly distributed among the three wheat genomes. It is proposed that the same kind of differentiation, although of greater magnitude, differentiates homoeologous chromosomes and is responsible, together with structural differentiation, for poor chromosome pairing in interspecific hybrids.     

Changes in Biological Control Usage in Great Britain Between 1968 and 1995 with Particular Reference to Biological Control on Tomato Crops

This paper outlines the overall changes in the use of both conventional pesticides and biological control agents on all crops in Great Britain since 1968 and looks at usage within the tomato crop in particular. The total pesticide treated area, including repeat applications to the same crop, increased from 14 million ha in 1976 to 17 million ha in 1981 and almost doubled to over 28 million ha in 1985. In 1998, the total pesticide treated area stood at 46 million ha. Usage of insecticides followed the same pattern as that of total pesticides with increases in the use of pyrethroids and decreases in organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamates. Use of biological control agents increased from just 17 ha in 1968 to approximately 30 000 ha in 1999. Usage of biological control agents in 1995 constituted less than one percent of the total pesticide treated area. Up until 1981, only two biological control agents, Encarsia formosa and Phytoseiulus persimilis , were recorded. However, in 1995 the total number of parasites, predators and other biological control agents recorded was 23. Although both the area of tomatoes grown in Great Britain and the use of insecticides on tomatoes has significantly declined since 1968, the area treated with biological control agents continued to increase over the same period. In 1995, the biological control agent-treated area exceeded 10 000 ha and accounted for over 70% of the area of tomatoes treated.     

Strategies of Emigration and Transfer by Primates,with Particular Reference to Gorillas

In many primate species, more ♂ ♂ than ♀ ♀ leave their natal group and transfer to another. In man, chimpanzee and the gorilla, however, the reverse is the case. This paper presents detailed data for the gorilla on individuals' movements into and out of breeding units. Comparisons are made with other primates, and with data on two non-primate species in which ♀♀ rather than ♂ ♂ move between breeding units. Proximate causes and functions of emigration and transfer are considered, and the reasons (proximate and evolutionary) for the observed sex differences in frequency of movement are discussed.     

On the Effective Size of Populations with Separate Sexes, with Particular Reference to Sex-Linked Genes

Inconsistencies between equations for the effective population size of populations with separate sexes obtained by two different approaches are explained. One approach, which is the most common in the literature, is based on the assumption that the sex of the progeny cannot be identified. The second approach incorporates identification of the sexes of both parents and offspring. The approaches lead to identical expressions for effective size under some situations, such as Poisson distributions of offspring numbers. In general, however, the first approach gives incorrect answers, which become particularly severe for sex-linked genes, because then only numbers of daughters of males are relevant. Predictions of the effective size for sex-linked genes are illustrated for different systems of mating.     

云南割手密82-114种间杂交后代SSR分子标记鉴定

针对云南割手密82-114(简称云割82-114)丰产、强生势的种质特性,利用福州果蔗(百眉蔗)×云割82-114获得99-67,利用99-67与云瑞99-248杂交获得03-1、03-3、03-12、03-16等18个杂交后代,利用03-16与ROC10杂交获得04-65,利用03-12与云瑞03-122杂交获得04-66等优良创新种质.SSR分子标记鉴定表明:99-67及03-5、03-7、03-10、03-13、03-15是真杂种,为甘蔗新品系的选育提供优良的创新种质.