中国地方猪种黑素皮质激素受体1基因(MC1R)的单核苷酸多态性

以黑素皮质激素受体1基因作为影响猪毛色性状的候选基因, 应用PCR-SSCP(单链构象多态)法对11个中国地方猪种该基因的编码区进行单核苷酸多态性检测. 作为比较, 还研究了3个引入猪种. 结果发现11个品种的所有个体都存在3个突变: G284A, T309C和T364C, 与以往报道中欧洲大黑猪发生的突变相同, 推测中国地方猪种的毛色属于显性黑毛色性状. 而3个引入猪种发生的突变为68CC, C492T, G728A, 与地方猪种有明显区别, 二者分属截然不同的毛色遗传体系. 黑素皮质激素受体1基因对于中国地方猪种之间毛色的差异没有起到关键的影响作用, 但是它可为猪的分子进化研究提供一定的凭据.     

白色基因座(I)在中国地方猪种毛色遗传中的作用研究

通过利用PCR—RFLP和PCR—SSCP技术对中国地方猪种KIT基因内含子17、18的序列进行多态性分析。结果表明：内含子17上的替换突变(G→A)发生于毛色为白色的个体——白色五指山猪、大白猪、长白猪上,其基因型(AB型)频率分别为1、1和0．8;其他中国地方猪种的此基因型频率均为0。内含子18上的缺失突变(AGTT)也同样发生在上述3个猪种的白色个体中,其基因型(AA型)频率分别为1、1和0．93;而且同样在其他的地方品种中其基因型频率均为0。这充分证明KIT基因对于猪的白毛色有重要的调控作用,而且I基因座对于其他的经典遗传基因座有上位作用。另一方面,中国地方猪种荣昌猪虽然在表型上与引入猪种大白猪、长白猪相似(白毛色),但是在KIT基因上发生的突变完全不同,推测它们分别属于不同的毛色遗传体系。     

猪MyoG基因的PCR-RFLP多态性分析

以杜洛克、长白、大约克、南昌白、二花脸、梅山猪、玉山黑猪、乐平花猪、金华两头乌及上高两头乌等中外10个猪种共计561头猪为研究材料,采用3对引物（PCR1、PCR2、PCR3）分别扩增猪肌细胞生成素（MyoG）基因的不同区域,扩增产物经限制性核酸内切酶MspⅠ酶切后发现：（1）在PCR1 MspⅠ-RFLP位点上,外来品种杜洛克、长白、大约克及培育品种南昌白中极大多数个体表现为AA型,个别为BB型;而6个中国地方猪种除乐平花猪外均以BB型居多。（2）在PCR2 MspⅠ-RFLP位点上,6个中国地方猪种除一头玉山黑猪表现为MN型外,其余均为MM型;而外来品种以NN型占大多数,培育品种南昌白更趋向于外来品种。（3）在PCR3 MspⅠ-RFLP位点上,所有猪种均可得到扩增产物,但无MspⅠ酶切位点。（4）在梅山猪及与其亲缘关系较近的二花脸猪中,没有发现Soumillion等(1997)报道的梅山猪特异性MspⅠ多态性酶切位点。     

牛黑素皮质素受体1(MCIR)基因与毛色表型的研究

牛MC1R基因不仅与毛色有关,而且与牛乳中乳蛋白的含量有关。利用PCR-RFLP和DNA测序技术分析了中国荷斯坦黑白花牛,中国荷斯坦红白花牛,鲁西黄牛和渤海黑牛共4个品种的MC1R基因。共检测出3种等位基因(ED,E ,e)。中国荷斯坦黑白花牛主要是ED和E 等位基因(ED=0.12、E =0.80);渤海黑牛也主要是ED和E 等位基因(ED=0.52、E =0.47);中国荷斯坦红白花牛和鲁西黄牛大多为e等位基因(e=0.95)。中国荷斯坦红白花牛和鲁西黄牛还存在E /e基因型。由此推测ED和E 等位基因导致黑色素合成。另外发现牛MC1R基因编码区725处存在一重要的SNP(单核苷酸多态性)。     

4个贵州地方猪品种MKLN1基因中SNP位点的多态性研究

本研究在香猪和柯乐猪单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)芯片筛查的基础上,采用AS-PCR技术,以香猪、柯乐猪、糯谷猪、黔北黑猪4个贵州地方猪品种为研究对象,研究muskelin 1基因第18外显子中rs81213998(DIAS0003365)位点的多态性与体尺指标之间的关系。结果显示,MKLN1第18外显子中rs81213998位点基因型在4个猪群中有多态性。香猪的C等位基因频率明显高于其它3个猪品种的相应值(p0.01),T等位基因的频率较低(p0.01),黔北黑猪、糯谷猪和柯乐猪的C和T之间的差异不明显(p0.05)。相关性分析显示,rs81213998位点与猪的管围、体长、体高、体宽呈弱的正相关。推测MKLN1基因的rs81213998位点可能与贵州地方猪品种的体尺指标之间有一定的关系。     

3个群体猪FUT1基因M229与M307位点遗传多样性研究

为了探究3种显著差异类型猪FUT1基因M229与M307位点多态分布规律。本实验采用PCR-SSCP、PCR-RFLP结合直接测序技术分别对从江香猪、巴克夏×黔北黑猪F_1代杂交猪和杜×长×大外三元猪群体M229和M307位点多态性进行分析。结果表明,从江香猪M229位点中有效等位基因为1.913 8,多态信息含量为0.363 5,属于中度多态,而在巴克夏×黔北黑猪F_1代杂交猪和杜×长×大外三元猪群体中多态信息含量均低于0.25,为低度多态;与M229位点群体遗传参数结果相反,从江香猪M307位点多态信息含量最低,呈现出偏态分布,而在杜×长×大外三元猪群体中M307位点多态信息含量为0.260 2,可提供较多的遗传信息。因此,今后在从江香猪群体中应以M229位点选育为主,而国外品种应以M307位点选育为主。     

猪TLR4基因外显子1新等位基因的分离及遗传变异分析

文章采用PCR-SSCP方法对亚洲野猪、3个引进的商业化品种和10个中国地方猪品种共893个个体TLR4基因外显子1的遗传变异进行了检测,旨在系统分析国内外猪种TLR4基因的多态性,为探讨该基因在免疫和防御系统中发挥的作用提供依据。结果,在猪TLR4基因外显子1中分离到新的等位基因,共检测到3个等位基因,6种基因型。其中杜洛克检测到AA、BB、CC、AB、AC、BC基因型,有杜洛克血统的苏太猪中检测到BB、CC、BC基因型,长白猪、约克夏中检测到CC、BC基因型,野猪及所有10个中国地方猪品种TLR4基因外显子1高度保守,只检测到CC基因型,中国地方猪品种和引进品种TLR4基因外显子1多态性存在极显著的差异。3种基因型中CC型与GenBank中的序列一致,BB和AA基因型分别存在G93C同义突变位点和G194A无义突变位点,这2个变异位点与抗逆性和一般抗病力的关系值得进一步深入研究。     

MC1R基因多态性与豚鼠隐性黄毛色的相关性分析

豚鼠Cavia porcellus的隐性黄毛色表型是由编码黑素皮质激素受体1(MC1R)的extension基因座位的等位基因e控制。本研究对野生型和黄毛色豚鼠MC1R基因位点所在区域进行PCR扩增与测序发现,在黄毛色豚鼠中存在1个2 760 bp的基因组缺失,该缺失涵盖了MC1R基因的整个编码区。采用三引物扩增体系对豚鼠MC1R基因缺失突变进行群体基因分型,在随机选择的58只野生型个体中,36只为EE纯合子,22只为Ee杂合子,而31只黄毛色个体均为ee纯合子;在15只测交后代中,8只黄毛色个体均为ee纯合子,而7只野生型个体均为Ee杂合子。基因分型结果表明,MC1R基因2 760 bp的缺失与隐性黄毛色完全相关。本研究为进一步探究MC1R基因在哺乳动物毛色遗传机制中的作用以及豚鼠的分子标记辅助育种提供了理论依据。     

不同猪种IGFBP3基因内含子2、3多态性分析

本研究采用PCR-SSCP技术结合DNA直接测序对滇南小耳猪、大白猪、梅山猪、香猪、海南五指山猪封闭群、近交系、海南黑猪系(临高猪,屯昌猪)等8个猪种的IGFBP3基因内含子1、2、3的SNP多态性进行检测,并分析其与五指山猪3个生长阶段体质量的关联性。结果表明:内含子2、3的PCR片断表现有多态性,且出现3种基因型。随后的测序结果表明,它们都在相应的区域存在着SNP变异;内含子3在地方猪种大多表现BB基因型和以B等位基因为主,尤其是小型猪;内含子2在中外不同猪种的基因型频率和等位基因的频率分布则不存在品种的特异性,在地方猪种和外来猪种的分布规律不明显。群体遗传多态性检测显示8个猪种在这2个位点均处于中度多态(0.25PIC0.5);关联分析显示五指山猪IGFBP-3内含子3 AA基因型和内含子2 DD基因型猪在8月龄、12月龄的生长体重分别与AB、BB基因型和CC、CD基因型个体存在显著性差异(p0.05),但在2月龄时没有此规律。     

猪Mx1基因第14外显子多态性分析及新突变位点的 发现

采用PCR-RFLP方法对国内外7个猪种Mx1基因第14外显子的多态性进行分析, 共检测到3个等位基因, 6种基因型。其中杜洛克中仅存在AA基因型, 苏太猪中存在全部基因型, 只有在梅山猪和具有梅山猪血统的苏太猪中出现基因型BB。所有猪种中, 只有在地方猪种和培育猪种中出现等位基因B, 所有猪种除松辽黑猪外均以A为优势等位基因。卡方检验结果表明, 不同猪种间基因型分布差异较大, 梅山猪和松辽黑猪与其他所有猪种的基因型频率差异极显著(P＜0.01) , 苏太猪与除皮特兰猪外的所有猪种的基因型频率差异也极显著(P＜0.01) , 淮猪与杜洛克和约克夏这两个国外猪种基因型频率差异不显著(P＞0.05), 而与皮特兰和其他地方猪种的基因型频率均存在极显著差异(P＜0.01) 。通过测序在扩增片段中新发现了3种类型的碱基突变, 前2个分别导致了Thr和Glu向Ala和Arg的替换, 最后一个突变不引起氨基酸的变化, 且后两个突变位点为BB基因型所特有。     

LINE-1编码蛋白L1-ORF1的原核表达纯化和多克隆抗体制备

目的: 制备具有肿瘤组织特异性表达的L1-ORF1蛋白多克隆抗体并进行初步应用研究。方法:采取基因工程表达方法制备L1-ORF1蛋白,免疫家兔制备多克隆抗体,间接ELISA检测抗体效价,Western blot和细胞免疫荧光方法检测抗体特异性,免疫检测验证其识别肿瘤细胞内L1-ORF1蛋白的特异性。结果:制备的抗L1-ORF1蛋白多克隆抗体具有很高的敏感性与特异性,免疫学检测表明该抗体不仅能检测出正常细胞中瞬时表达的L1-ORF1蛋白,而且可检测出肿瘤细胞中天然表达的L1-ORF1蛋白。结论:制备的多克隆抗体具有较高的敏感性与特异性,为以后该抗体的进一步应用奠定了基础。     

Role of the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 signal in Daxx trafficking and ASK1 oligomerization

Overexpression of JNK binding domain inhibited glucose deprivation-induced JNK1 activation, relocalization of Daxx from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) oligomerization in human prostate adenocarcinoma DU-145 cells. However, SB203580, a p38 inhibitor, did not prevent relocalization of Daxx and oligomerization of ASK1 during glucose deprivation. Studies from in vivo labeling and immune complex kinase assay demonstrated that phosphorylation of Daxx occurred during glucose deprivation, and its phosphorylation was mediated through the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 signal transduction pathway. Data from immunofluorescence staining and protein interaction assay suggest that phosphorylated Daxx may be translocated to the cytoplasm, bind to ASK1, and subsequently lead to ASK1 oligomerization. Mutation of Daxx Ser667 to Ala results in suppression of Daxx relocalization during glucose deprivation, suggesting that Ser667 residue plays an important role in the relocalization of Daxx. Unlike wild-type Daxx, a Daxx deletion mutant (amino acids 501-625) mainly localized to the cytoplasm, where it associated with ASK1, activated JNK1, and induced ASK1 oligomerization without glucose deprivation. Taken together, these results show that glucose deprivation activates the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 pathway, and the activated HIPK1 is probably involved in the relocalization of Daxx from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The relocalized Daxx may play an important role in glucose deprivation-induced ASK1 oligomerization.     

Antagonism between Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 toxins of bacillus thuringiensis

Most strains of the insecticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis have a combination of different protoxins in their parasporal crystals. Some of the combinations clearly interact synergistically, like the toxins present in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. In this paper we describe a novel joint activity of toxins from different strains of B. thuringiensis. In vitro bioassays in which we used pure, trypsin-activated Cry1Ac1 proteins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, Cyt1A1 from B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn5B1-4 cells revealed contrasting susceptibility characteristics. The 50% lethal concentrations (LC50s) were estimated to be 4,967 of Cry1Ac1 per ml of medium and 11.69 ng of Cyt1A1 per ml of medium. When mixtures of these toxins in different proportions were assayed, eight different LC50s were obtained. All of these LC50s were significantly higher than the expected LC50s of the mixtures. In addition, a series of bioassays were performed with late first-instar larvae of the cabbage looper and pure Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 crystals, as well as two different combinations of the two toxins. The estimated mean LC50 of Cry1Ac1 was 2.46 ng/cm2 of diet, while Cyt1A1 crystals exhibited no toxicity, even at very high concentrations. The estimated mean LC50s of Cry1Ac1 crystals were 15.69 and 19.05 ng per cm2 of diet when these crystals were mixed with 100 and 1,000 ng of Cyt1A1 crystals per cm2 of diet, respectively. These results indicate that there is clear antagonism between the two toxins both in vitro and in vivo. Other joint-action analyses corroborated these results. Although this is the second report of antagonism between B. thuringiensis toxins, our evidence is the first evidence of antagonism between toxins from different subspecies of B. thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) detected both in vivo and in vitro. Some possible explanations for this relationship are discussed.     

Regulation of PCTAIRE1 protein stability by AKT1, LKB1 and BRCA1

PCTAIRE1, also known as CDK16, is a cyclin-dependent kinase that is regulated by cyclin Y. It is a member of the serine-threonine family of kinases and its functions have primarily been implicated in cellular processes like vesicular transport, neuronal growth and development, myogenesis, spermatogenesis and cell proliferation. However, as extensive studies on PCTAIRE1 have not yet been conducted, the signaling pathways for this kinase involved in governing many cellular processes are yet to be elucidated in detail. Here, we report the association of PCTAIRE1 with important cellular proteins involved in major cell signaling pathways, especially cell proliferation. In particular, here we show that PCTAIRE1 interacts with AKT1, a key player of the PI3K signaling pathway that is responsible for promoting cell survival and proliferation. Our studies show that PCTAIRE1 is a substrate of AKT1 that gets stabilized by it. Further, we show that PCTAIRE1 also interacts with and is degraded by LKB1, a kinase that is known to suppress cellular proliferation and also regulate cellular energy metabolism. Moreover, our results show that PCTAIRE1 is also degraded by BRCA1, a well-known tumor suppressor. Together, our studies highlight the regulation of PCTAIRE1 by key players of the major cell signaling pathways involved in regulating cell proliferation, and therefore, provide crucial links that could be explored further to elucidate the mechanistic role of PCTAIRE1 in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.     

Antagonism between Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 Toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis

Most strains of the insecticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis have a combination of different protoxins in their parasporal crystals. Some of the combinations clearly interact synergistically, like the toxins present in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. In this paper we describe a novel joint activity of toxins from different strains of B. thuringiensis. In vitro bioassays in which we used pure, trypsin-activated Cry1Ac1 proteins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, Cyt1A1 from B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn5B1-4 cells revealed contrasting susceptibility characteristics. The 50% lethal concentrations (LC₅₀s) were estimated to be 4,967 of Cry1Ac1 per ml of medium and 11.69 ng of Cyt1A1 per ml of medium. When mixtures of these toxins in different proportions were assayed, eight different LC₅₀s were obtained. All of these LC₅₀s were significantly higher than the expected LC₅₀s of the mixtures. In addition, a series of bioassays were performed with late first-instar larvae of the cabbage looper and pure Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 crystals, as well as two different combinations of the two toxins. The estimated mean LC₅₀ of Cry1Ac1 was 2.46 ng/cm² of diet, while Cyt1A1 crystals exhibited no toxicity, even at very high concentrations. The estimated mean LC₅₀s of Cry1Ac1 crystals were 15.69 and 19.05 ng per cm² of diet when these crystals were mixed with 100 and 1,000 ng of Cyt1A1 crystals per cm² of diet, respectively. These results indicate that there is clear antagonism between the two toxins both in vitro and in vivo. Other joint-action analyses corroborated these results. Although this is the second report of antagonism between B. thuringiensis toxins, our evidence is the first evidence of antagonism between toxins from different subspecies of B. thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) detected both in vivo and in vitro. Some possible explanations for this relationship are discussed.     

Isolation and Characterization of Ubiquitin-activating Enzyme E1-domain Containing 1, UBE1DC1

Ubiquitin and other ubiquitin-like proteins play important roles in post-translational modification. They are phylogenetically well-conserved in eukaryotes. Activated by other proteins, ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins can covalently modify target proteins. The enzymes responsible for the activation of this modification have been known to include UBA1, SAE2, UBA3, SAE1 and ULA1. Here we report a new ubiquitin activating enzyme like cDNA, named ubiquitin activating enzyme E1-domain containing 1 (UBE1DC1), whose cDNA is 2654 base pairs in length and contains an open reading frame encoding 404 amino acids. The UBE1DC1 gene consists of 12 exons and is located at human chromosome 3q22. The result of RT-PCR showed that UBE1DC1 is expressed in most of human tissues. These two authors contributed equally to this paper. The nucleotide sequence reported in this paper has been submitted to GenBank under accession number AY253672.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyl-1H-benzimidazoles as galectin-1 mediated anticancer agents

In our pursuit to develop novel non-carbohydrate small molecule Galectin-1 Inhibitors, we have designed a series of 1-benzyl-1H-benzimidazole derivatives and demonstrated their anticancer activity. The compound 6g, 4-(1-benzyl-5-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) benzamide was found to be most potent with an IC₅₀ of 7.01 ± 0.20 µM and arresting MCF-7 cell growth at G2/M phase and S phase. Induction of apoptosis was confirmed by morphological changes like cell shrinkage, blebbing and cell wall deformation, dose dependent increase in the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and ROS levels. Further, dose dependent decrease in Gal-1 protein levels proves Gal-1 mediated apoptosis by 6g. Molecular docking studies were performed to understand the Gal-1 interaction with compound 6g. In addition, RP-HPLC studies showed 85.44% of 6g binding to Gal-1. Binding affinity studies by fluorescence spectroscopy and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) showed that 6g binds to Gal-1 with binding constant (K_a) of 1.2 × 10⁴ M⁻¹ and equilibrium constant K_D value of 5.76 × 10⁻⁴ M respectively.