戊巴比妥钠不同注射途径对大鼠麻醉效果的比较

在动物实验中,戊巴比妥钠麻醉大鼠常用腹腔注射（ＩＰ）给药。其与肌肉注射（ＩＭ）、静脉注射（ＩＶ）给药的麻醉效果比较未见详细报道。作者将这３种给药途径对ＳＤ大鼠的麻醉过程及效果等进行了比较,以期为不同动物实验中选择适当的给药途径提供参考。１材料和方法实...     

戊巴比妥钠、水合氯醛、氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉对雌性SD大鼠血液学指标的影响

目的观察戊巴比妥钠、水合氯醛、氨基甲酸乙酯三种麻醉药物对雌性SD大鼠血液学指标的影响。方法选用戊巴比妥钠（40mg/kg）、水合氯醛（400mg/kg）、氨基甲酸乙酯（1g/kg）腹腔注射麻醉雌性SD大鼠,麻醉20min后眼眶静脉丛取血测定大鼠血液细胞学指标及血液生化指标。结果三种不同药物麻醉雌性SD大鼠20min后,某些血液细胞学指标及血液生化指标与生理盐水对照组相比均有不同程度的差异。结论麻醉药物可对雌性SD大鼠的血液学指标产生影响。     

水合氯醛、乌拉坦及其1:1 混合液在SD 大鼠麻醉中的效果比较及应用

目的:比较水合氯醛、乌拉坦及其1:1混合液在SD大鼠麻醉中的效果并进一步在大鼠模型制备的麻醉中检验其效果。方法:分别采用不同剂量的水合氯醛和乌拉坦及其1:1混合液进行麻醉实验,比较其麻醉起效时间、维持时间和死亡率,并将相同剂量的1:1混合液应用于SD大鼠模型制作时的麻醉中,比较其与非模型组之间的差异。结果:水合氯醛和乌拉坦混合液麻醉大鼠的起效时间2.5±1.5分钟,与单用水合氯醛无差异(P>0.05),比单用乌拉坦起效时间短(P<0.05);维持时间107.4±4.1分钟,比单用水合氯醛、乌拉坦长(P<0.01);麻醉死亡率比单用水合氯醛低,总死亡率比单用水合氯醛、乌拉坦低。模型组大鼠的麻醉起效时间2.9±1.6分钟,维持时间108.9±4.4分钟,零麻醉死亡率,总死亡率为2.5%;与1:1混合液非模型组的麻醉效果没有明显差异。结论:水合氯醛+乌拉坦1:1混合液麻醉效果好、起效快、死亡率极低,适合用于2小时左右的SD大鼠手术或模型制作。     

水合氯醛、乌拉坦及其1：1混合液在SD大鼠麻醉中的效果比较及应用

目的：比较水合氯醛、乌拉坦及其1：1混合液在SD大鼠麻醉中的效果并进一步在大鼠模型制备的麻醉中检验其效果。方法：分别采用不同剂量的水合氯醛和乌拉坦及其1：1混合液进行麻醉实验,比较其麻醉起效时间、维持时间和死亡率,并将相同剂量的1：1混合液应用于SD大鼠模型制作时的麻醉中,比较其与非模型组之间的差异。结果：水合氯醛和乌拉坦混合液麻醉大鼠的起效时间2.5±1.5分钟,与单用水合氯醛无差异（P〉0.05）,比单用乌拉坦起效时间短（P〈0.05）;维持时间107.4±4.1分钟,比单用水合氯醛、乌拉坦长（P〈0.01）;麻醉死亡率比单用水合氯醛低,总死亡率比单用水合氯醛、乌拉坦低。模型组大鼠的麻醉起效时间2.9±1.6分钟,维持时间108.9±4.4分钟,零麻醉死亡率,总死亡率为2.5%;与1：1混合液非模型组的麻醉效果没有明显差异。结论：水合氯醛＋乌拉坦1：1混合液麻醉效果好、起效快、死亡率极低,适合用于2小时左右的SD大鼠手术或模型制作。     

不同麻醉方法对大鼠血气电解质及能量代谢的影响

目的探讨不同麻醉方法和不同麻醉药物对大鼠血气、电解质及能量代谢的影响。方法采用异氟烷、乙醚吸入麻醉,戊巴比妥钠、水合氯醛腹腔注射麻醉,经腹主静脉取血,经血气一电解质分析仪全自动分析测定,观察不同麻醉方法和麻醉药物对大鼠血气、电解质及能量代谢的影响。结果异氟烷吸人麻醉组Na’离子浓度略低于戊巴比妥钠腹腔注射组（P〈0．05）;戊巴比妥钠腹腔注射组Ca2离子浓度显著低于其他三组（P〈0．01）;吸入麻醉组的Mg2离子浓度显著高于药物腹腔注射麻醉组（P〈O．05,P〈0．01）;水合氯醛腹腔注射组Lac含量显著高于乙醚和戊巴比妥钠麻醉组（P〈0．01）;吸人类麻醉药能较好的维持较高的PO2、SO2、O2Ct和A（肺泡气中氧分压）,而BE-ECF、BE-B、PCO2、HC03-和TCO2降低,表明不同麻醉药均有不能程度的引起大鼠静脉血血气、电解质及能量代谢产物的改变。结论不同麻醉药物均有不同程度的引起大鼠静脉血血气、电解质及能量代谢产物的改变,异氟烷和乙醚对动物机体心血管、神经系统具有一定的保护作用,机体损害较少,而戊巴比妥钠腹腔注射对动物机体心血管、神经系统具有一定的抑制作用,机体损害较大。因此,在使用麻醉药时应合理选用和控制,避免由于麻醉引起实验误差。     

Differential Effects of Chloral Hydrate and Pentobarbital Sodium on a Cocaine Level and Its Catecholamine Response in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex: A Comparison with Conscious Rats

Abstract: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with chloral hydrate and pentobarbital sodium were used as two different treatment groups. Conscious rats were used as a control group. By using baseline (precocaine) concentration as 100%, after cocaine administration (3.0 mg/kg i.v.), the maximal dopamine (DA) increase occurring at the first microdialysis collection period (20 min) in the medial prefrontal cortex was 299 ± 46% for the chloral hydrate group, 168 ± 12% for the pentobarbital sodium group, and 325 ± 23% for the conscious group. At the same time, norepinephrine (NA) increases reached a maximum and were 162 ± 20%, 100 ± 5%, and 141 ± 17%, respectively. The maximal changes of DA and NA in the chloral hydrate group and in the control group were both significantly higher than that in the pentobarbital sodium group. Meanwhile, the cocaine concentration was higher over a 100-min period of time in the chloral hydrate group when compared with the pentobarbital group and the control group. The peak cocaine concentration in dialysate occurred in the same time slot of maximal DA and NA responses, which were 0.65 ± 0.08, 0.30 ± 0.02, and 0.41 ± 0.05 µ M , respectively. Anesthetics suppress the pharmacologic response of neurons, which may explain the difference in catecholamine response between the pentobarbital sodium and the conscious groups. Conversely, because there was no significant difference in DA and NA response between the chloral hydrate group and the conscious group, it may possibly be due to the balancing effect between the higher existing cocaine concentration and the anesthetic suppression on pharmacological response of neurons in the chloral hydrate group. The effect of guide cannula implantation on the cocaine-induced catecholamine response was also evaluated.     

Effect of Chloral Hydrate on Methane and Propionic Acid in the Rumen

Methane production from pyruvate by mixed rumen bacteria in vitro was nearly totally inhibited by chloral hydrate (0.1 mumole/ml of incubation fluid). This effect was accompanied by an accumulation of gaseous hydrogen and an increase in propionic acid production. Infusion of chloral hydrate (4 g/day) into the rumen of a sheep produced the same effects. Evidence is presented for a direct toxic effect of chloral hydrate upon methane bacteria. Results are discussed in terms of fermentation balances.     

The Effects of Apomorphine upon Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization in Conscious Rats and in Rats Anesthetized with Chloral Hydrate

The effects of the dopaminergic agonist apomorphine (1 mg . kg-1 i.v.) upon local cerebral glucose utilization in 43 anatomically discrete regions of the CNS were examined in conscious, lightly restrained rats and in rats anesthetized with chloral hydrate by means of the quantitative autoradiographic [14C]2-deoxyglucose technique. In animals anesthetized with chloral hydrate, glucose utilization was reduced throughout all regions of the CNS from the levels observed in conscious animals, although the magnitude of the reductions in glucose use displayed considerable regional heterogeneity. With chloral hydrate anesthesia, the proportionately most marked reductions in glucose use (by 40-60% from conscious levels) were noted in primary auditory nuclei, thalmaic relay nuclei, and neocortex, and the least pronounced reductions in glucose use (by 15-25% from conscious levels) were observed in limbic areas, some motor relay nuclei, and white matter. In conscious, lightly restrained rats, the administration of apomorphine (1 mg . kg-1) effected significant increased in glucose utilization in 15 regions of the CNS (e.g., subthalamic nucleus, ventral thalamic nucleus, rostral neocortex, substantia nigra, pars reticulata), and significant reductions in glucose utilization in two regions of the CNS (lateral habenular nucleus and anterior cingulate cortex). In rats anesthetized with chloral hydrate, the effects of apomorphine upon local glucose utilization were less widespread and less marked than in conscious animals. In only two of the regions (the globus pallidus and septal nucleus), which displayed increased glucose use following apomorphine in conscious rats, were significant increases in local glucose utilization observed with this agent in chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats. In the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, in which apomorphine increased glucose utilization in conscious animals, significant reductions in glucose utilization were observed following apomorphine in rats anesthetized with chloral hydrate. The profound effects of chloral hydrate anesthesia upon local cerebral glucose use, and the modification by this anesthetic regime of the local metabolic responses to apomorphine, emphasize the difficulties which exists in the extrapolation of data from anesthetized animals to the conditions which prevail in the conscious animal.     

高原鼢鼠对戊巴比妥钠的麻醉反应

为了解高原鼢鼠Eospalax baileyi对植物次生代谢物的解毒能力,比较分析了戊巴比妥钠对高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔Ochotona curzoniae产生的麻醉时间,及连续注射戊巴比妥钠对实验室内高原鼢鼠麻醉时间的影响过程。研究显示,在野外状态下,雌、雄高原鼢鼠的麻醉时间分别为134.23 min±27.73 min和121.14 min±35.23 min,雌、雄高原鼠兔的麻醉时间分别为90.92 min±31.10 min和116.37 min±37.13 min。统计分析表明,高原鼢鼠的麻醉时间显著长于高原鼠兔(P0.05),意味着高原鼢鼠的解毒能力弱于高原鼠兔,这可能与有毒植物在高原鼠兔食物中所占比例较大有关。在实验室条件下,雌、雄高原鼢鼠麻醉时间均有明显的波动,显示麻醉剂对高原鼢鼠的解毒能力有一定的诱导作用。此外,雌、雄高原鼢鼠之间麻醉时间的变化过程差别较大,这可能与两种性别的高原鼢鼠个体对新环境的应激行为明显不同有关。