The effect of indigenous vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on nutrient uptake and growth of barley in two Danish soils

Summary To investigate the effect of indigenous VAM fungi and of increasing the amount of natural inoculum barley was grown in containers buried in the field with uninoculated and inoculated irradiated soil and with uninoculated and inoculated untreated soil from two locations, one low and one high in available P. The experiment was set up with 3 P fertilizer applications (0, 15, 30 kg P/ha). Growth and uptake of P was measured. The inocula were prepared from natural VAM populations. VAM fungal infection was established in the irradiated soil at a lower level than in the untreated soil. VAM fungal infection was decreased by increasing P fertilizer application. In the soil low in available P VAM increased concentration of P and total uptake of P. VAM did not cause an increased growth. The reason for this may be the low establishment of VAM in the irradiated soil and/or because the indigenous VAM species were not efficient. It is also possible that a pronounced growth increase due to irradiation the soil may have masked a smaller effect of the indigenous VAM fungi. Increasing the amount of natural inoculum in the untreated soil influenced neither VAM frequency nor growth.     

Influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza and straw mulch on growth of barley

Summary The effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) and of mulching on growth of barley were investigated in a factorial experiment. Plants were grown in cylinders buried in a field in soil with moderate amounts of available phosphate. VAM infection, dry weight and P uptake were determined at harvest after 10 and 161/2 weeks growth.VAM infection was reduced in the upper soil layer by straw mulch, possibly through a reduction in temperature. By the second harvest VAM increased growth by 56% in the non-mulched plots through increased P uptake but VAM did not increase growth in the mulched plots. Mulch increased growth by 85% in the non-mycorrhizal plots, and 28% in the mycorrhizal plots.     

Fate of 15N-labelled fertilizer applied to spring barley grown on soils of contrasting nutrient status

An experiment with ¹⁵N-labelled fertilizer was superimposed on the Rothamsted Hoosfield Spring Barley Experiment, started in 1852. Labelled ¹⁵NH₄ ¹⁵NO₃ was applied in spring at (nominal) rates of 0, 48, 96 and 144 kg N ha^-1. The labelled fertilizer was applied to microplots located within four treatments of the original experiment: that receiving farmyard manure (FYM) annually, that receiving inorganic nutrients (PK) annually and to two that were deficient in nutrients: applications were made in two successive years, but to different areas within these original treatments. Maximum yields in 1986 (7.1 t grain ha^-1) were a little greater than in 1987. In 1987, microplots on the FYM and PK treatments gave similar yields, provided enough fertilizer N was applied, but in 1986 yields on the PK treatment were always less than those on the FYM treatment, no matter how much fertilizer N was applied. In plots with adequate crop nutrients, about 51% of the labelled N was present in above-ground crop and weed at harvest, about 30% remained in the top 70 cm of soil (mostly in the 0–23 cm layer) and about 19% was unaccounted for, all irrespective of the rate of N application and of the quantity of inorganic N in the soil at the time of application. Less than 4% of the added fertilizer N was present in inorganic form in the soil at harvest, confirming results from comparable experiments with autumn-sown cereals in south-east England. Thus, in this experiment there is no evidence that a spring-sown cereal is more likely to leave unused fertilizer in the soil than an autumn-sown one. With trace applications (ca. 2 kg N ha^-1) more labelled N was retained in the soil and less was in the above-ground crop. Where P and K were deficient, yields were depressed, a smaller proportion of the labelled fertilizer N was present in the above-ground crop at harvest and more remained in the soil.Although the percentage uptake of labelled N was similar across the range of fertilizer N applications, the uptake of total N fell off at the higher N rates, particularly on the FYM treatment. This was reflected in the appearance of a negative Added Nitrogen Interaction (ANI) at the highest rate of application. Fertilizer N blocked the uptake of soil N, particularly from below 23 cm, once the capacity of the crop to take up N was exceeded. Denitrification and leaching were almost certainly insufficient to account for the 19% loss of spring-added N across the whole range of N applications and other loss processes must also have contributed.     

Responses of barley,pea, and maize to inoculation with different vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in irradiated soil

Summary The efficiency of different VAM fungi was investigated by inoculating barley, pea, and maize with different VAM fungi in irradiated soil in pots buried in the field. VAM frequency, growth and nutrient uptake were measured. In barleyGlomus epigaeus (CA) andG. macrocarpus (CA) were the most efficient out of 11 tested species and increased yield of grain by 24% and 21%, though they were not significant according to oneway analysis of variance. In pea, yield of grain was significantly increased from 46% to 104% (mean=68%) by 7 out of 10 tested species and by 105% by application of P fertilizer. The most efficient species wereG. epigaeus (CA),G. mosseae (GB), andG. etunicatus (CA). In maizeG. mosseae (GB) andG. caledonius (DK) increased total yield significantly by 59% and 47% in one experiment and in another experiment yield of cob was increased by 68% byG. mosseae (GB), 72% byG. caledonius (DK), and by 153% by application of P fertilizer. This experiment demonstrated that responsiveness to inoculation by VAM fungi differed among plant species, and that efficiency of different VAM fungi differed.     

不同施肥水平下小麦籽粒中部分微量元素含量的研究

在不同肥力水平和结构下对不同肥量籽粒中部分微量元素含量变化进行研究,结果表明：施肥量大小和肥料构成对小麦籽粒中微量元素含量有明显的影响,在低肥水平下籽粒中Mn、Zn和Fe含量增加,其中Zn的增幅超过1倍,Cu和Al含量降低;在中肥水平下微肥用量增加1倍,籽粒中Mn含量高11．2％,Al和Zn含量分别降低50％和30．1％,Fe和Cu元素含量变化不大,调节其它肥料量和结构,籽粒中Mn、Zn、Cu含量降低;在高肥水平下增加钾肥,有利于籽粒中Mn、Zn、Fe、Al含量积累,分别高23．2％、16．2％、33．9％和58．6％,而Cu含量变化不大。在中肥投入水平下调节氮肥籽粒中微量元素含量随着肥力水平提高而降低,在高肥投入水平下减少氮肥用量有利于籽粒中Fe、Al和Zn的积累,Fe含量变化最大,增加2．14～2．63倍,Al含量高63．7％～65．7％,锌含量高13．3％～17．5％,铜的含量变化不大。锰含量随着磷肥用量的增加而增加。     

水氮耦合对冬小麦氮肥吸收及土壤硝态氮残留淋溶的影响

在高肥力条件下,大田试验采用裂区设计,主区为不同灌水频次(0～3次),裂区为不同施氮量(0～240 kg/hm2),结合15N微区示踪技术,研究了水氮耦合对冬小麦氮肥的吸收利用及生育后期土壤硝态氮累积迁移的影响.结果表明,在一定氮肥水平下,不灌水处理的氮肥利用率高于各灌水处理,各灌水处理的氮肥利用率随灌水次数增加呈上升趋势;增加灌水次数,氮肥耕层残留量和残留率显著降低,氮肥损失量和损失率则明显增加.在一定的灌溉水平上,随施氮量(0～240 kg/hm2)增加,植株总吸氮量、氮肥吸收量、氮肥耕层残留量、氮肥损失量以及损失率均呈上升趋势,而氮肥利用率和耕层残留率呈下降趋势.氮肥水平一定时,在灌0至灌2水范围内,籽粒产量随灌水次数增加呈上升趋势,灌3水处理中施氮处理(N168、N240)的籽粒产量较灌2水处理显著降低;灌水生产效率随灌水次数增加显著下降.在一定灌溉水平上,施氮量由168 kg/hm2增至240 kg/hm2,氮素收获指数和氮肥生产效率显著降低,各灌水处理的生物产量、籽粒产量和籽粒蛋白质含量均无显著变化,不灌水处理的生物产量、籽粒产量显著降低.灌水促进了施氮处理(N168,N240)中土壤硝态氮向下迁移,从开花到收获0～100 cm土层中部分硝态氮迁移到了100～200 cm土层.灌水次数是导致收获期0～100 cm土层残留NO-3-N累积量变化的主导因素;水氮互作效应是决定收获期100～200 cm土层残留NO-3-N累积量变化的主导因素,且灌水效应大于施氮效应.     

氮素形态对不同专用型小麦根系及氮素利用率影响的研究

采用盆栽方法研究了3种氮素形态对不同专用型小麦根系及氮素利用率的影响．结果表明,拔节期以后,强筋型小麦豫麦34在酰胺态氮处理下,根系生物量、根系活力、氮素利用率、氮收获指数和籽粒蛋白质含量最高,铵态氮处理次之,硝态氮处理最低．中筋型小麦豫麦49的各测定指标以铵态氮处理最高,其它指标在酰胺态氮和铵态氮间的趋势不同;弱筋型小麦豫麦50在酰胺态氮处理下各项指标最高,而铵态氮处理下蛋白质含量最低,符合品种优质和专用,氮收获指数与籽粒蛋白质含量之间呈现极显著正相关。     

Heavy metals accumulation and distribution in durum wheat and barley grown in contaminated soils under Mediterranean field conditions

Abstract

In the framework of a phytoremediation project in the Apulia region (Italy) a field experiment was carried out in multi-metal contaminated soils. The accumulation and distribution of metals in different plant parts of durum wheat and barley were studied. Further, the application of Bacillus licheniformis strain BLMB1 to soil was evaluated as a means to enhance metal accumulation in plants. The translocation and the bioconcentration factors indicated that wheat and barley do not act as metal accumulators in the field conditions tested, thus phytoextraction by these species would not be recommended as a soil remediation alternative. Application of B. licheniformis improved the accumulation of all metals in roots of wheat and barley, and increased Cd, Cr, and Pb contents in the shoots of barley. Low health risk for humans and animals was evaluated to exist if straw and grain from both cereal crops grown in these contaminated sites are consumed.     

减氮配施有机肥对滴灌棉田土壤生物学性状与团聚体特性的影响

本文通过新疆绿洲棉田连续4年定位施肥试验,研究了不同处理[对照CK、常规化肥CF、减氮配施普通有机肥OF(80%CF+OF和60%CF+OF)、减氮配施生物有机肥BF(80%CF+BF和60%CF+BF)]对土壤生物学性状和团聚体特性的影响,探讨了土壤生物学性状与有机碳及团聚体之间的关系.结果表明:与单施化肥(CF)相比,配施生物有机肥的80%CF+BF和60%CF+BF处理均可显著提高土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、多酚氧化酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性,其增幅分别为55.6%～84.0%、53.1%～74.0%、15.1%～38.0%、38.2%～68.0%、29.6%～52.0%和35.4%～58.9%,高量配施有机肥效果优于低量配施.各施肥处理明显提高了土壤基础呼吸,具体表现为BF>OF>CF>CK.与CF相比,60%CF+BF处理的土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳分别增加22.3%和43.5%,但微生物生物量碳氮比显著下降.>0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体在配施普通有机肥的80%CF+OF、60%CF+OF处理比对照(CK)分别增加7.1%和8.0%.80%CF+BF处理较80%CF+OF处理机械稳定性团聚体的几何平均直径(GMD)增加了9.2%.冗余(RDA)分析和聚类分析均表明,减氮增碳可明显调控滴灌棉田土壤生物活性与团聚体结构.连续4年化肥减量配施有机肥或生物有机肥,提高了土壤有机碳含量,并对团聚体稳定性和生物学性状有协同改善效应,是维持与提升绿洲滴灌棉田土壤肥力的有效途径.     

Preinoculation with VA mycorrhiza improves growth and yield of chilli transplanted in the field and saves phosphatic fertilizer

Summary Nursery beds were inoculated with four different VA mycorrhizal fungi,Glomus fasciculatus and three local isolates I₄, I₆ and I₁₄, and mycorrhizal seedlings were transplanted to field plots with two levels of phosphatic fertilizer. Of the fungi studied, isolate I₄ increased significantly growth, P and Zn nutrition, flowering, yield of chilli plants and also the ascorbic acid content of green chillies. Yield of I₄ inoculated plants given half the recommended level of P was slightly more than the uninoculated plants given the full level of phosphatic fertilizer. This suggests the possibility of extending the simple technology of inoculating nursery beds with mycorrhiza to farmers in order to improve plant growth and save phosphatic fertilizer.     

氮肥减施与配施有机肥对冬小麦土壤线虫群落结构的影响

土壤线虫是指示土壤健康的典型生物之一,为了揭示氮肥减施对土壤健康的影响,以冬小麦土壤为对象,研究了氮肥减施和配施有机肥对拔节期冬小麦土壤线虫群落结构的影响.共设置了6个施肥处理:CF(315 kgN ·hm-2,常规施肥量)、N240 (240 kg N·hm-2)、N210(210 kg N·hm-2)、N180(1...     

不同水肥条件下黄河三角洲盐土的N2O排放速率

用室内培养法测定了不同水肥处理下的盐土N2O排放速率.未加氮肥时,从中盐土(ECe=6.4 mS·cm-1)到极盐土(ECe=126.5 mS·cm-1),在各水分条件下(50％WHC,80％ WHC和4 cm深水面),盐土排放N2O的速率都非常低,经常在检测限以下.添加硝酸铵(0.4 mg N·g-1 soil)后,沙质中盐土排放速率在50％ WHC时为41.0 μg N2O·kg-1soil·d-1,在4 cm深水面时为364.6 μg N2O·kg-1soil·d-1,与以往类似处理的非盐土相当.沙质重盐土和极盐土排放速率分别为中盐土的43％～65％和23％ ～48％.相反,壤质盐土排放速率极低(0.91 ～37.1 μg N2O·kg-1 soil·d-1).盐土高的N2O生产潜力及对氮和质地的强烈依赖性表明盐影响N2O排放主要来源于碳、氮供给限制,而较少受微生物因素的直接影响.     

不同水分状况下追施氮肥对冬小麦产量及其构成因素的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同水分状况下追施氮肥对冬小麦产量及其构成因素的影响,结果表明,干旱胁迫条件下,氮肥早施比晚施好,低量氮肥比高量氮好,而且不同施氮处理对有效穗数和每穗粒数的影响差异达显著水平,但对千粒重无明显影响;水肥配合条件下,氮素的作用得到充分发挥,产量得到大幅度提高,而且对有效穗数,每穗粒数和千粒重都产生显著的影响,拔节期是冬小麦对水肥效应的关键期和亏缺敏感期,这个时期供水供肥可以显著提高产量,同时增加了穗粒数和千粒重。     

施氮量对夏季玉米产量及土壤水氮动态的影响

在黄土高原南部旱地有大量氮素残留背景的田块上,研究了不同氮肥用量对夏玉米生长及对土壤水分、硝态氮、铵态氮累积及其剖面分布的影响。结果表明：适量施氮可以提高作物产量;过量施氮没有表现出增产效果,其氮肥利用率只有3．9％,残留率则高达87．2％。施氮240kghm^-2时,0～200cm土层土壤水分达到593mm,且可以下渗到200cm土层;不施氮和施氮120kghm^-2以小区土壤的蓄水量分别为561和553mm,可下渗到180cm。对矿质态氮而言,施氮量可以显著影响土壤中硝态氮的累积和分布,但对铵态氮的影响较小;施氮0,120,240kghm^-2时．收获期土壤硝态氮累积量分别为78,148,290kghm^-2,硝态氮的下移前沿分别到达60,60,140cm。可见,适量施氮会促进作物对土壤水氮的利用。提高作物生物量和产量;过量施氮导致硝态氮在土壤中大量累积,提高硝态氮随水分淋溶危险;但硝态氮向下层土壤的移动显著滞后于水分。     

The fate of residual 15N-labelled fertilizer in arable soils: its availability to subsequent crops and retention in soil

An earlier paper (Macdonald et al., 1997; J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge) 129, 125) presented data from a series of field experiments in which ¹⁵N-labelled fertilizers were applied in spring to winter wheat, winter oilseed rape, potatoes, sugar beet and spring beans grown on four different soils in SE England. Part of this N was retained in the soil and some remained in crop residues on the soil surface when the crop was harvested. In all cases the majority of this labelled N remained in organic form. In the present paper we describe experiments designed to follow the fate of this `residual' <sup>15</sup>N over the next 2 years (termed the first and second residual years) and measure its value to subsequent cereal crops. Averaging over all of the initial crops and soils, 6.3% of this `residual' ¹⁵N was taken up during the first residual year when the following crop was winter wheat and significantly less (5.5%) if it was spring barley. In the second year after the original application, a further 2.1% was recovered, this time by winter barley. Labelled N remaining after potatoes and sugar beet was more available to the first residual crop than that remaining after oilseed rape or winter wheat. By the second residual year, this difference had almost disappeared. The availability to subsequent crops of the labelled N remaining in or on the soil at harvest of the application year decreased in the order: silty clay loam>sandy loam>chalky loam>heavy clay. In most cases, only a small proportion of the residual fertilizer N available for plant uptake was recovered by the subsequent crop, indicating poor synchrony between the mineralization of ¹⁵N-labelled organic residues and crop N uptake. Averaging over all soils and crops, 22% of the labelled N applied as fertilizer was lost (i.e., unaccounted for in harvested crop and soil to a depth of 100 cm) by harvest in the year of application, rising to 34% at harvest of the first residual year and to 35% in the second residual year. In the first residual year, losses of labelled N were much greater after spring beans than after any of the other crops.     

洞庭湖区不同利用方式对土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷的影响

以湖南省沅江市典型湖垸为代表,通过密集取样分析,研究了洞庭湖区不同利用方式条件下农田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的变化及其和土壤碳、氮、磷的关系,发现水田土壤碳、氮和微生物生物量碳、氮明显高于旱地,水田土壤中双季稻高于一季稻;土壤磷的含量旱地稍高于水田,但土壤微生物生物量磷水田稍高于旱地.尽管在水田土壤中微生物生物量碳、氮有明显的不同,但水田土壤微生物生物量磷维持在相对稳定的水平.典型样区土壤微生物生物量碳占有机碳的比例为0.65%～7.24%,平均3.00%;土壤微生物生物量氮占全氮的比例为0.98%～7.41%,平均3.81%;土壤微生物生物量磷占全磷的比例为0.16%～7.54%,平均2.80%.土壤C/N为3.87～17.31,平均9.15;BC/BN为4.06～9.29,平均7.26.土壤微生物生物量碳、氮与土壤碳、氮之间存在极其显著的线性相关关系,但土壤微生物生物量磷占全磷之间相关关系不显著.土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷之间的相关关系达到了极显著水平.不同的利用方式和耕作制度导致了土壤碳、氮和微生物生物量碳、氮的差异,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮能够很好地反映洞庭湖区农田土壤碳、氮水平.     

Phosphorus efficiency of wheat and sugar beet seedlings grown in soils with mainly calcium,or iron and aluminium phosphate

Phosphorus is often limiting crop growth in soils low in P supplying capacity. The objective of this study was to investigate whether there are differences in P efficiency between sugar beet and wheat and to search for the plant properties responsible for different P efficiencies encountered and furthermore to see whether the kind of P binding in soil affects the P efficiency of crops. For this a pot experiment with an Oxisol with P mainly bound to Fe and Al (Fe/Al-P) and a Luvisol with P mainly bound to Ca (Ca-P) was run with increasing P fertilizer levels from 0 to 400 mg kg^–1 in a climate chamber. Shoot dry weights of wheat and sugar beet increased strongly with P application in both soils. Both crops, despite their large differences in plant properties, had the same P efficiency in both soils. Therefore none of the species was especially able to use either Fe/Al-P or Ca-P. Wheat relied on a somewhat lower internal requirement, a large root system (high root/shoot ratio) and a low shoot growth rate with a low influx while sugar beet with a small root system and a large shoot growth rate relied on a 5 to 10 times higher influx. A mechanistic mathematical model for calculation of uptake and transport of nutrients in the rhizosphere was used to assess the influence of morphological and physiological root properties on P influx. A comparison of calculated and measured P influx showed that prediction by the model is reasonably accurate for Luvisol. For Oxisol, the predicted P influx was much less than the observed one, even when P influx by root hairs was considered. A sensitivity analysis showed that physiological uptake parameters like I _max, K _m, and C_{L min} had no major influence on predicted influx. The greatest influence on influx had the P soil solution concentration C _{L i}. It is assumed that both species had used mechanisms to increase P availability in the rhizosphere similar to an increase of C _{L i}. Such mechanisms could be the exudation of organic acids, which are known as a sorption competitor to phosphate bound to Fe/Al-oxides or humic-Fe-(Al) complexes or to build soluble complexes with Fe and P. The close agreement between calculated and measured P influx in the Luvisol even at P deficiency indicates that root exudates were not able to mobilize Ca-bound P, whereas Fe/Al-P could be mobilized easily.     

Distribution of spring barley roots in Danish soils,of different texture and under different climatic conditions

Summary Spring barley root profiles have been investigated in three years with different climatological conditions during the growing season. In total, 50 root profiles were determined by measuring cm root/ml soil in different 10 cm sections of the profile. The investigations, show that the root density was nearly identical for all soil types within the upper part of the plough layer. The decrease in root density with depth is most pronounced for the sandy soils and less for the loamy soils. The mean max. root depth in the sandy soils was roughly 70 cm, while it was roughly 140 cm for the loamy soils. A comparison between the clay and silt content in the subsoil and the thickness of soil layers with more than given root densities shows that there is no correlation between texture and thickness of soil layers with more than 1.0 cm root/ml soil, while there was a clear, positive correlation between thickness of soil layers with lower root densities and the clay and silt content in the subsoil. The different climatological conditions during the growing season give rise to differences in the root development. Very wet springs seem to impede root development in loamy soils with slowly permeable subsoils, while this is not the case in the sandy soils.     

黄土高原沟壑区水肥因子对冬小麦经济性状的影响

利用田间试验方法,研究了不同水肥条件对冬小麦主要经济性状的影响．结果表明,限制黄土高原沟壑区冬小麦生产的最主要因素是肥而不是水．在任何灌水条件下,施肥对冬小麦的经济性状都有明显的正效应;而只有在施肥的条件下,灌水才有正效应;否则,灌水反而有负作用．     

The effect of lime on phosphorus adsorption and barley growth in three acid soils

For three acid soils from Santa Catarina, Brazil, lime application and time of incubation with lime had little effect on the adsorption of added phosphorus. In two soils with high contents of exchangeable aluminium, solution P and isotopically exchangeable P were decreased by incubating with lime for 1 month: phosphorus was probably adsorbing on freshly precipitated aluminium hydrous oxides. In one soil with less exchangeable aluminium, P in solution was increased by liming. After 23 months lime increased solution and exchangeable P possibly due to crystallization of aluminium hydrous oxides reducing the number of sites for P adsorption. All these changes were however small. In a pot experiment, lime and phosphorus markedly increased barley shoot and root dry matter and P uptake. Although liming reduced P availability measured by solution P, isotopically exchangeable P and resin extractable P, it increased phosphorus uptake by reducing aluminium toxicity and promoting better root growth. The soil aluminium saturation was reduced by liming, but the concentration of aluminium in roots changed only slightly. The roots accumulated aluminium without apparently being damaged.