Evidences of Early Senescence in Multiple Myeloma Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Background

In multiple myeloma, bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells support myeloma cell growth. Previous studies have suggested that direct and indirect interactions between malignant cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells result in constitutive abnormalities in the bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells.

Design and Methods

The aims of this study were to investigate the constitutive abnormalities in myeloma bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells and to evaluate the impact of new treatments.

Results

We demonstrated that myeloma bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells have an increased expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase, increased cell size, reduced proliferation capacity and characteristic expression of senescence-associated secretory profile members. We also observed a reduction in osteoblastogenic capacity and immunomodulatory activity and an increase in hematopoietic support capacity. Finally, we determined that current treatments were able to partially reduce some abnormalities in secreted factors, proliferation and osteoblastogenesis.

Conclusions

We showed that myeloma bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells have an early senescent profile with profound alterations in their characteristics. This senescent state most likely participates in disease progression and relapse by altering the tumor microenvironment.     

Proliferative and Differentiation Potential of Individual Clones Derived from Bone Marrow Stromal Precursor Cells

We present the results of a study on the proliferative and differentiation potential of individual clones of stromal fibroblasts growing in monolayer cultures of bone marrow cells. Each precursor cell yielding a large colony in primary culture is capable of up to 34 doublings in vitro. The transplantation of clones or monoclonal strains of stromal fibroblasts into the open system results in the formation of microenvironment consisting of the bone and reticular tissue and is suitable for the differentiation of all three lines of hemopoiesis. Evidence has been obtained that, in a closed system, individual clones are capable of differentiation into the bone, cartilaginous, and reticular tissues. In other words, the adult organism has a common cell precursor for these tissues.     

阿司匹林对体外培养骨髓基质细胞成骨性分化的影响

目的：探讨阿司匹林对骨髓基质细胞成骨性分化的影响。方法：培养SD大鼠骨髓基质细胞（BMSCs）,传代3次后进行成骨诱导分化,诱导培养基中加入不同浓度阿司匹林（0.5、1、2、5、10mmol/L）,同时设立对照组。采用cck-8法分析细胞增殖情况。比较阿司匹林组与对照组在细胞碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性、骨钙素（OC）分泌量、钙结节染色等方面的成骨性差异。结果：阿司匹林无促进细胞增殖活性,而高浓度阿司匹林能够强烈抑制细胞增殖。0.5、1、2mmol/L浓度阿司匹林可促进BMSCs的成骨性分化,中低浓度组碱性磷酸酶含量、骨钙素分泌量在不同阶段显著高于对照组。14天茜素红染色可见中低浓度组钙结节数量高于对照组。结论：中低浓度阿司匹林作用于骨髓基质细胞可促进其成骨细胞特性表达,这表明阿司匹林有促进骨代谢合成的作用。     

造血负调控因子对骨髓基质细胞的调控作用

目的:探讨血小板第4因子(platelet factor 4,PF4)对急性辐射损伤人骨髓基质细胞(human bone marrow stromal cells,hBMSCs)的保护作用及机理,揭示PF4对造血系统辐射保护机制.方法:原代培养的hBMSCs随机分为4组:①PF4+照射组(P+I),②PF4保护组(P),③单纯照射组(I),④正常对照组(N).照射前给予1μ g·mL-1PF4或等量PBS预孵育12h,5.0 Gy60Co-γ射线均匀照射,20 h后收集各组细胞.MTT法测定细胞活性,观察细胞生长状态,流式细胞术检测细胞周期.RT-PCR测定P21、PCNAmRNA表达.结果:①PF4对人正常骨髓基质细胞生长无明显抑制或促进作用;②与I组相比,PF4明显提高5.0Gy60Co-γ射线照射后骨髓基质细胞的存活率,存活细胞达60%以上(I组<40%);③与N组和I组相比,P组和P+I组S期比例显著增高有统计学意义(P<0.001),但P组与P+I组相比无统计学差异;④RT-PCR结果显示,I组(+0.84±0.03)P21 mRNA表达较之N组(0.00±0.00)显著上调(P<0.01);而与I组相比,P组(+0.17±0.09)P21 mRNA表达显著下调(P<0.05 ).结论:PF4具有减轻电离辐射对人骨髓基质细胞的损伤作用,其调控机理可能与S期阻滞和下调P21基因表达有关.     

骨髓基质细胞的分离、鉴定以及TH基因的转染与表达

目的是探索骨髓基质细胞的分离培养、鉴定及其接受并表达TH基因的能力。实验中通过密度梯度离心法成功地从成年SD大鼠骨髓中分离获得了骨髓基质干细胞 ,并用流式细胞仪对其进行鉴定 ,纯度可达 75 %。进一步采用复制缺陷型腺相关病毒载体介导的基因转染方法 ,将之改造成为携带lacZ与TH基因的工程细胞 ,经X gal染色和TH免疫组化检测 ,转染效率为 (74 .6± 19.4 ) %。实验结果表明骨髓基质细胞易于接受并表达外源基因 ,有望作为运载细胞应用于帕金森病的基因治疗。     

Proline-Rich Hypothalamic Polypeptide Has Opposite Effects on the Proliferation of Human Normal Bone Marrow Stromal Cells and Human Giant-cell Tumour Stromal Cells

In the present study we carried out experiments in vitro and in vivo and investigated the effect of proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) on the proliferation and effectiveness of colony formation of MMSCs in vitro. Various routes and doses of PRP administration to rats increased the number of MMSCs in bone marrow and spleen. Our research revealed opposite effects of PRP on the proliferation of bone marrow stromal cells obtained from normal humans and stromal cells isolated from a human giant-cell tumour.     

Alkylating Damage by Dipin of Hematopoietic and Stromal Cells of the Bone Marrow

Effect of alkylating agent dipin was studied on hematopoietic (CFU-S) and stromal (CFU-F) progenitor cells. Single administration of dipin (0.06 mg/g) to adult (CBA × C57Bl/6) F1 hybrid mice induced a long-term (2 years) oscillations in the numbers of day 7 CFU-S and day 11 CFU-S in the bone marrow and spleen. Dipin also damaged the hematopoietic stroma as indicated by decreased numbers of CFU-F which remained low for at least a year. The capacity of stromal cells to form ectopic hematopoietic foci was considerably decreased and also remained low for 10 months. The obtained data suggest high dipin sensitivity of the earliest hematopoietic and stromal cells. The dynamics of CFU-S numbers in the hematopoietic organs supports their functioning on the basis of clonal succession (Kay, 1965).__________Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Biologicheskaya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 267–272.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Domaratskaya, Bueverova, Payushina, Starostin.     

猪骨髓基质干细胞低温生物学渗透特性的研究

以猪为材料利用细胞计数仪法研究了骨髓基质干细胞的渗透特性,包括细胞的等渗体积、低渗或高渗溶液中细胞的平衡体积及细胞的不可渗体积.结果表明,在等渗条件下,骨髓基质干细胞的平均体积为5248.4μm~3,相当直径d为21.6μm;细胞体积随溶液渗透压的变化规律符合Boyle van’t Hoff关系式,据此得到猪骨髓基质干细胞的不可渗体积V_b=0.36Vi,为1902.5μm~3.     

Dimethyloxaloylglycine Improves Angiogenic Activity of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in the Tissue-Engineered Bone

One of the big challenges in tissue engineering for treating large bone defects is to promote the angiogenesis of the tissue-engineered bone. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) plays an important role in angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling during bone regeneration, and can activate a broad array of angiogenic factors. Dimethyloxaloylglycine (DMOG) can activate HIF-1α expression in cells at normal oxygen tension. In this study, we explored the effect of DMOG on the angiogenic activity of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in the tissue-engineered bone. The effect of different concentrations of DMOG on HIF-1a expression in BMSCs was detected with western blotting, and the mRNA expression and secretion of related angiogenic factors in DMOG-treated BMSCs were respectively analyzed using qRT-PCR and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The tissue-engineered bone constructed with β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and DMOG-treated BMSCs were implanted into the critical-sized calvarial defects to test the effectiveness of DMOG in improving the angiogenic activity of BMSCs in the tissue-engineered bone. The results showed DMOG significantly enhanced the mRNA expression and secretion of related angiogenic factors in BMSCs by activating the expression of HIF-1α. More newly formed blood vessels were observed in the group treated with β-TCP and DMOG-treated BMSCs than in other groups. And there were also more bone regeneration in the group treated with β-TCP and DMOG-treated BMSCs. Therefore, we believed DMOG could enhance the angiogenic activity of BMSCs by activating the expression of HIF-1α, thereby improve the angiogenesis of the tissue-engineered bone and its bone healing capacity.     

PDL1 Expression on Plasma and Dendritic Cells in Myeloma Bone Marrow Suggests Benefit of Targeted anti PD1-PDL1 Therapy

In this study we set out to investigate whether anti PDL1 or PD–1 treatment targeting the immune system could be used against multiple myeloma. DCs are important in regulating T cell responses against tumors. We therefore determined PDL1 and PDL2 expression on DC populations in bone marrow of patients with plasma cell disorders using multicolour Flow Cytometry. We specifically looked at CD141⁺ and CD141^- myeloid and CD303⁺ plasmacytoid DC. The majority of plasma cells (PC) and DC subpopulations expressed PDL1, but the proportion of positive PDL1+ cells varied among patients. A correlation between the proportion of PDL1⁺ PC and CD141⁺ mDC was found, suggesting both cell types could down-regulate the anti-tumor T cell response.     

Neuritin诱导大鼠骨髓基质细胞分化为神经元样细胞的电生理研究

目的:探讨神经营养因子Neuritin诱导大鼠骨髓基质细胞分化为神经元样细胞的电生理特性.方法:应用膜片钳技术,采用全细胞记录方式,对由Neuritin诱导的大鼠骨髓基质细胞进行诱导前后的电生理功能测定.结果:分化后的神经元样细胞较诱导前细胞的膜特性[静息膜电位(RMP)膜电容(Cm)串联电阻值(RS)]有了显著改变(p＜0.01).分化后细胞记录到K+电流,包括两种成分:外向延迟整流K+电流和内向整流K+电流.结论:骨髓基质细胞经过Neuritin诱导能够向功能性神经元方向分化.     

Abnormal IGF-Binding Protein Profile in the Bone Marrow of Multiple Myeloma Patients

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signalling plays a key role in homing, progression, and treatment resistance in multiple myeloma (MM). In the extracellular environment, the majority of IGF molecules are bound to one of six IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP1-6), leaving a minor fraction of total IGF free and accessible for receptor activation. In MM, high IGF-receptor type 1 expression levels correlate with a poor prognosis, but the status and role of IGF and IGFBPs in the pathobiology of MM is unknown. Here we measured total IGF1, IGF2, and intact IGFBP levels in blood and bone marrow samples from MM (n = 17), monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) (n = 37), and control individuals (n = 15), using ELISA (IGFs) and ¹²⁵I-IGF1 Western Ligand Blotting (IGFBPs). MGUS and MM patients displayed a significant increase in intact IGFBP-2 (2.5–3.8 fold) and decrease in intact IGFBP-3 (0.6–0.5 fold) in the circulation compared to control individuals. Further, IGFBP-2 as well as total IGFBP levels were significantly lower in bone marrow compared to circulation in MM and MGUS only, whereas IGF1, IGF2, and IGFBP-3 were equally distributed between the two compartments. In conclusion, the profound change in IGFBP profile strongly suggests an increased IGF bioavailability in the bone marrow microenvironment in MGUS and MM, despite no change in growth factor concentration.     

氧化苦参碱对骨髓来源细胞生长的双向调节作用

目的:观察氧化苦参碱(oxymatrine,OMT)对骨髓来源细胞增殖的影响.方法:应用MTr比色法、流式细胞仪检测法、集落形成法和免疫细胞活性测定等方法,检测OMT对白血病细胞K562的抑制作用;骨髓造血干细胞的集落形成实验和脾细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤的生物活性试验,检测OMT对小鼠免疫和造血的影响.结果:(1)不同浓度的OMT可明显抑制白血病细胞K562细胞的增殖、集落形成,导致细胞凋亡(P＜0.05),且作用呈浓度依赖性.(2)OMT可以促进小鼠骨髓粒系造血,且在0.2475 mg/mL时达到峰值.(3)OMT可抑制小鼠的免疫功能.结论:OMT可抑制白血病K562细胞的增殖并诱导其凋亡,同时抑制小鼠的免疫功能,促进小鼠骨髓CFU-GM的形成,表现出对骨髓来源细胞生长的双向调节作用.     

Effect of Boron on Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) have been well established as an ideal source of cell-based therapy for bone tissue engineering applications. Boron (B) is a notable trace element in humans; so far, the effects of boron on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs have not been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of boron (0, 1, 10,100, and 1,000?ng/ml) on osteogenic differentiation of human BMSCs. In this study, BMSCs proliferation was analyzed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay, and cell osteogenic differentiation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, Von Kossa staining, and real-time PCR. The results indicated that the proliferation of BMSCs was no different from the control group when added with B at the concentration of 1, 10, and 100?ng/ml respectively (P?>?0.05); in contrast, 1,000?ng/ml B inhibited the proliferation of BMSCs at days?4, 7, and 14 (P?相似文献   

Effects of Bone Marrow Stromal Cell-conditioned Medium on Primary Cultures of Peripheral Nerve Tissues and Cells

Implantation of bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) produces an improved functional outcome of peripheral nerve repair. In this study, rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants, rat DRG neurons, and rat Schwann cells (SCs) were treated with monkey MSC-conditioned medium, respectively, and then subjected to MTT assay, Bromodeoxyuridine/Hoechst 33342 double staining, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative PCR, and Western blot analysis, respectively. The results showed that MSC-conditioned medium enhanced axon growth and neurogenesis in cultured DRG explants, augmented cell survival of and expression of NF and GAP-43 by cultured DRG neurons, promoted cell survival and proliferation of cultured SCs, and increased the expression of NGF, BDNF, and bFGF in cultured SCs. We also found that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) 1/2 pathway was involved in the enhanced cell proliferation of SCs evoked by MSC-conditioned medium. The data of this study might help the understanding of MSCs-based treatment for peripheral nerve repair.     

CCR5基因转染对骨髓源神经干细胞生物学行为的影响

骨髓源神经千细胞（bonemarrow—derived neural stem cells,BM—NSCs）具有自我更新和分化为神经元与神经胶质细胞的潜能,可用于修复治疗多种神经系统退变与损伤性疾病。但由于其表面缺乏趋化因子受体,移植后向中枢病变部位迁移的速度较慢,疗效欠佳。该研究构建了趋化因子受体CCR5基因,并转染BM—NSCs,用免疫荧光细胞化学法、流式细胞胞仪法及Boyden小室细胞趋化实验,体外研究了CCR5高表达对BM-NSCs增殖、分化与迁移能力的影响。结果表明,CCR5高表达能显著增强BM．NSCs~O趋化能力,而不影响其自我更新和分化为神经元与神经胶质细胞的能力,说明其植入体内后可保持细胞替代与神经修复作用,并能快速大量迁移到病灶部位,显著增强疗效。     

罗非鱼鱼皮酶解液对体外培养大鼠骨髓基质细胞的影响

目的:观察两种罗非鱼鱼皮酶解液对大鼠骨髓基质细胞的影响。方法:用密度梯度离心和贴壁筛选的方法获得骨髓基质细胞,用碱性磷酸酶染色法观察是否成功诱导骨髓基质细胞向成骨细胞分化,并分别采用MTT法和PNPP法测定两种酶解液对骨髓基质细胞增殖和碱性磷酸酶活性的影响。结果:密度梯度离心和贴壁筛选可得到较为均一的骨髓基质细胞。这些骨髓基质细胞诱导后可以向成骨细胞分化。两种酶解液作用于骨髓基质细胞时,在浓度0.1mg·ml~(-1)均可以促进骨髓基质细胞增殖,在浓度0.1mg·ml~(-1)1,0.01mg·ml~(-1)均可以提高骨髓基质细胞碱性磷酸酶活力。实验用两种酶解液的三个浓度与成骨诱导液协同作用于骨髓基质细胞时,均没有促进细胞增殖和提高碱性磷酸酶活性的显著作用。结论:两种酶解液可以促进骨髓基质细胞增殖,提高细胞碱性磷酸酶活力;与成骨诱导液协同作用于骨髓基质细胞时,对细胞增殖和碱性磷酸酶活性没有显著促进及提高作用。     

Effects of SDF-1/CXCR4 on the Repair of Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats by Mediating Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Our study aims to investigate the effects of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis on the repair of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats by mediating bone marrow derived from mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Healthy male SD rats were collected, their tibiofibulars were removed, cultured, and BMSCs were collected. The expression of cell-surface molecular proteins was examined using flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein expression of CXCR4 in cells were tested using qRT-PCR and western blotting analysis. An electronic brain injury instrument was utilized to build TBI rat models and each rat was assigned into the experiment, positive control and control groups (10 rats in each group). The morris water maze was used to calculate the escape latency and number of times rats in each group crossed the platform. Neurological severity scores (NSS) was calculated to evaluate the recovery of neurological functioning. The distribution of neuronal nuclear antigens was detected using double-labeling immunohistochemistry. The morphological changes in the hippocampal neuronal and the number of BrdU-positive cells were observed through Nissl’s staining and high magnification. The mRNA and protein expressions of CXCR4 were gradually increased as SDF-1 concentration increased. NGF and BDNF positive cells were expressed in each group. The distribution of neuronal nuclear antigens in the experiment group was elevated compared to the control and positive control groups. Among the three groups, the experimental group had the shortest escape latency and the highest number platform crossings. The difference in NSS among the three groups was significant. The experimental group had better cell morphology and a higher number of BrdU-positive cells than the other groups. The present study demonstrates that transplanting BMSCs with SDF-1-induced CXCR4 expression can promote the repair of TBI. This is expected to become a new treatment regimen for TBI.     

高糖和bFGF对骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化的影响

目的：骨组织的形成是一个复杂的过程,受多种因素的影响,糖尿病所导致的持续高血糖对于成骨分化的影响机制尚不明确,以及在此分化过程中的各种细胞因子的作用机理仍不明了,现拟通过体外成骨诱导环境,观察高糖和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（fibroblastgrowthfactorbFGF）对人骨髓间充质干细胞（humanmesenchymalstemcellshMSCs）成骨分化的影响。方法：hMSC在5．5mmol／L和25mmol／L葡萄糖浓度下培养6天,使用cck一8法测定各组细胞增殖情况;hMSC在两种糖浓度下成骨诱导28天,通过碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性检测、茜素红染色、钙结节半定量检测,对比各组成骨分化活性;在两种糖浓度成骨诱导液中加入10ng／mlbFGF,使用RT—PCR技术检测各组细胞OCN、OPNmRNA表达差异。结果：高糖较正常糖浓度细胞增殖率下降,ALP活性降低,茜素红染色钙结节量减少,RT—PCR检测结果显示25mmol／L组OCN、OPNmRNA表达量低于5．5mmol／L组,加入bFGF后,25mmol／L组仍低于5．5mmol／L组,与未添加bFGF同葡萄糖组比较表达增加。结论：高糖使hMSC增殖能力下降,在成骨分化的过程中ALP活性降低,成骨相关基因OCN、OPN表达量下降,证明了高糖对hMSC成骨分化具有抑制作用,当加入bFGF后,改善了高糖对hMSC的抑制作用,提示糖尿病条件下高糖的存在是导致hMSC成骨分化能力下降的不利因素,同时初步证明了bFGF参与了成骨分化的过程,从而为在分子水平探讨糖尿病患者种植义齿骨结合形成相关机制奠定初步的基础．．