The 21st SEM National Congress (Seville, 17-20 September, 2007).

Almost 700 scientists met in the historic city of Seville, September 17-20, 2007, to attend the 21st National Congress of the Spanish Society for Microbiology (SEM). The attendees--from Spain and other European and American countries--had an opportunity to share the newest discoveries in their fields of research and to learn of the progress being made in numerous areas of microbiology through 64 symposia lectures, 1 workshop, 50 oral communications, and more than 400 posters.     

The combination of airborne pollen and allergen quantification to reliably assess the real pollinosis risk in different bioclimatic areas

Exposure to allergens represents a key factor among the environmental determinants of asthma. The most common information available for pollinosis patients is the concentration of pollen grains in the bioaerosol and their temporal distribution. However, in recent years, discordance between pollen concentrations and allergic symptoms has been detected. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the relationship between pollen counts and the atmospheric aeroallergen concentrations in different Spanish bioclimatic areas. For the monitoring of allergen content in the air, a quantitative antigen–antibody technique combined with the Cyclone sampling methodology was used. The study was conducted during 2007 by considering some of the most common allergens that induce pollinosis in each area: Platanus and Urticaceae in Ourense and Cartagena, and Poaceae in Ourense and León. In Ourense, pollen counts and aeroallergen concentrations coincided for the three pollen types studied, and the pollen and allergen data associated with the meteorological factors were highly significant for the pollen counts. In Cartagena (for Platanus and Urticaceae) and León (for Poaceae), the low correlations between pollen counts and allergen concentrations obtained could be due to the specific bioclimatic conditions. In contrast, the higher allergen concentrations found in the atmosphere in Cartagena and León compared to Ourense could be related to the existing pollutant levels there, inducing a higher expression of plant pathogenesis-related proteins in the plants of polluted cities. The combination of pollen counts and allergen quantification must be assessed to reliably estimate exposure of allergic people to allergens in different bioclimatic areas.     

Pollen morphology of Brunellia (Brunelliaceae) and related taxa in the Cunoniaceae

Pollen grains of 24 species of Brunellia were examined with LM and SEM, in order to find additional taxonomic information for phylogenetic analysis. The pollen grains were found to be 3- colporate, tectate and to have variable exine pattern. Five types of exine pattern were observed: striate-reticulate (large lumina and high muri) to finely reticulate, modified reticulate (muri and lumina irregular in shape and at various levels), modified rugulate (irregular and with protruding tectal elements) and punctate (the lumina are smaller and rounded to slit-shaped). With reference to indication of taxonomic relationships the exine pattern is not informative at all; however it is useful, for defining taxonomic species as it is correlated to vegetative, inflorescence and fruit characteristics. It seems that the punctate type could be a plesiomorphic character while modified reticulate is a synapomorphy. Relationships in the pollen morphology of Brunellia and certain genera of Cunoniaceae are discussed. El polen de 24 especies de Brunellia fue examinado en el microscopio de luz (ML) y el microscopio electrónico (MES) para encontrar información taxonómica adicional y usar esta información en el estudio de relaciones filogenéticas. El grano de polen es 3-colporado, tectado y con una alta variabile ornamentación de la exina. Se observaron cuatro categorías en la ornamentación de la exina del grano de pollen: reticulado estriado (luminas grandes y muros altos) a finamente reticulado, reticulado modificado (muros y lúminas de forma irregular y en varios niveles), rugulada modificada (irregular y proyectando elementos tectales) y la ornamentación de tipo punteado (las lúminas son pequen～as redondeadas o en forma de líneas). Desde el punto de vista de relaciones filogenéticas la ornamentación de la exina es parcialmente un carácter informativo. Sin embargo, la ornamentación es útil para definir las especies taxonomicamente por la correlacion de este carácter con caracteres vegetativos, de inflorescencia o del fruto. El tipo de ornamentación punteado parece ser el estado plesiomórfico, mientras que la ornamentación modificada reticulada es una sinapomorf´ L a. Se discuten las relaciones del grano de polen de Brunellia y ciertos géneros de Cunoniaceae.     

Toward a post‐conflict Colombia: restoring to the future

At an historic moment, when Colombia is emerging from 60 years of armed conflict, the 7‐year‐old Colombian Network for Ecological Restoration (Red Colombiana de Restauración Ecológica [REDCRE]) has created four subnational nodes, and is actively developing several more. All of this is taking place in the context of the Ibero‐American and Caribbean Society for Ecological Restoration (Sociedad Ibero‐Americana y del Caribe de la Restauración Ecológica [SIACRE]). In mid‐November 2014, over 200 representatives of government agencies, academia, private enterprises, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) from the entire country attended a symposium to launch the Antioquia Province node, and take stock and plan the way forward. There are bright prospects of transdisciplinary and public–private collaborations in Colombia for ecological restoration and restoration of natural capital as part of a strategy to transition smoothly to a post‐conflict era. We suggest some goals and guidelines to help move forward an ambitious agenda to mainstream ecological restoration.     

Reproduction in females of three species of crevice-dwelling lizards (genus Xenosaurus) from Mexico

Registramos la reproducción de tres especies de las lagartijas de México (Xenosaurus grandis, X. newmanorum, y X. platyceps; Xenosauridae) para investigar si ellas comparte las características reproductivas de otras especies de morfología aplanada. El tamaño de puesta difirio entre las tres especies, pero la diferencias no podrían ser explicadas por las diferencias en tamaño corporal. El tamaño de la puesta estuvo influenciado por el tamaño de la hembra únicamente en X. grandis. La reproducción en X. grandis y X. newmanorum es estacional, con la copula ocurriendo aparentemente en el oto¤o y la gestacón durando entre 9 y 10 meses. Las hembras de X. grandis aparentemente se reproducen cada do años, mientras que las hembras de X. newmanorum y X. platyceps se reproducen cada año. Nuestras evidencias sugieren que la morfología aplanada no ha resultado en una limitación sobre el tamaño de la puesta en Xenosaurus, como esta lo ha sido para otras especies de lagartijas que viven en comisuras de roca. Sin embargo, la variación en la reproduccón entre especies de Xenosaurus permanece sin ser explicada. We recorded reproductive parameters of three species of lizard from Mexico (Xenosaurus grandis, X. newmanorum, and X. platyceps; Xenosauridae) to investigate if they share the reproductive characteristics of other species with flattened morphology. Litter sizes differed among the three species, but the differences could not be explained by differences in body size. Litter size was influenced by female body size only in X. grandis. Reproduction in X. grandis and X. newmanorum is seasonal, with mating apparently occurring in the fall and gestation lasting 9-10 months. Xenosaurus grandis females apparently reproduce every other year, whereas X. newmanorum and X. platyceps females reproduce every year. Our evidence suggests that the flattened morphology has not led to constraints on litter size in Xenosaurus as it has in other species of crevice-dwelling lizards. However, variation in reproduction among species of Xenosaurus remains unexplained.     

The illogical basis of phylogenetic nomenclature

The current advocacy for the so-called PhyloCode has a history rooted in twentieth-century arguments among biologists and philosophers regarding a putative distinction between classes and individuals. From this seemingly simple and innocuous discussion have come supposed distinctions between definitions and diagnosis, classification and systematization, and now Linnaean and “phylogenetic” nomenclature. Nevertheless, the metaphysical dichotomy of class versus individual, insofar as its standard applications to the issue of biological taxonomy are concerned, is an outdated remnant of early logical positivist thinking. Current views on natural kinds and their definitions under a scientific realist perspective provide grounds for rejecting the class versus individual dichotomy altogether insofar as biological entities are concerned. We review the role of natural kinds in scientific practice and the nature of definitions and scientific classifications. Although inherent instabilities of the PhyloCode are clearly sufficient to argue against the general application of this nominally phylogenetic system, our goal here is to address serious and fundamental flaws in its very foundation by exposing the unsubstantiated philosophical assumptions preceding and subtending it.

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Resumen  Las propuestas actuales en favor del llamado Código de Nomenclatura Filogenética (Phylo-Code) tienen una historia basada en argumentos desarrollados, durante el siglo veinte, por biólogos y filósofos sobre una distinción putativa entre clases e individuos. De esta simple y aparentemente inocua discusión han surgido supuestas distinciones entre definición y diagnosis, clasificación y sistematización, y ahora entre nomenclatura Lineana y “filogenética.” Sin embargo, la dicotomía metafísica clase contra individuo, al menos en lo concerniente a su aplicación estándar al tema de taxonomía biológica, es un remanente obsoleto del pensamiento positivista lógico. Opiniones actuales sobre categorías naturales y sus definiciones bajo la perspectiva del realismo científico proveen bases para rechazar por completo dicha dicotomía, al menos en lo que concierne a las entidades biológicas. En este artículo se revisa el papel de las categorías naturales en la práctica científica, y la naturaleza de las definiciones y la clasificación científica. Aún cuando la inestabilidad inherente en el Código de Nomenclatura Filogenética es claramente suficiente para argumentar contra la aplicación general de este sistema nominal filogenético, el objetivo de este artículo es mostrar las serias y fundamentales deficiencias en sus propias bases al exponer las suposiciones filosóficas sin fundamento que le preceden y sustentan.

     

Maize dependence or market integration? Caries prevalence among indigenous maya communities with maize‐based versus globalized economies

The relationship between diet and oral health is widely known, yet data on dental caries prevalence is lacking for many indigenous groups with traditional or rapidly modernizing diets. This research documents caries prevalence in two Maya communities from northern Yucatán (Mexico) with significantly different levels of market integration, subsistence, and diet: Yalsihón, with a traditional, maize‐based subsistence economy, and Dzilam, with access to globalized food markets. Each sample was subdivided by sex into 15–19, 20–24, and 25–30 years‐of‐age classes. Caries prevalence was considered separately both when the lesion affected the enamel superficially (grade 1+) and when it reached the dentin (grade 2+). In both villages, females of all age classes manifest more caries than males. Results show higher prevalence of caries at Dzilam than at Yalsihón, except for grade 1+ caries among 15–19‐year‐old males and grade 2+ caries among 15–19‐year‐old females. Though differences are not significant, earlier pregnancies among 15–19‐year‐old females at Yalsihón could be a causative factor. A survey indicated a more balanced diet at Yalsihón despite a heavier intake of maize than at Dzilam. Striking differences were documented in the ingestion of soda and globalized foods; sodas were virtually absent at Yalsihón, while at Dzilam they were ingested daily in great quantities. The decline in oral health at Dzilam is inferred to result from consumption of industrially processed foods and drinks, while a traditional diet leads to less caries despite daily heavy consumption of maize, which must be considered when interpreting caries rates in archaeological samples. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:190–202, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Nectaropolliniferous Sources Used by Trigona (Tetragonisca) Angustula in Chiapas,Southern México

The nectaropolliniferous flora used by Trigona (Tetragonisca) angustula (Apidae, Meliponinae), was studied by melissopalinological analysis at Chiapas, southern Mexico, in two zones with different altitudes and vegetation (Santa Teresita and Unión Juárez). In both areas monthly samples of honey, pollen, and larval feed were taking for a full year, from a nest established expressly for the purpose. A total of 105 plant species were identified at Santa Teresita, of which only 28 taxa were present in percentages higher than 10; of these, seven taxa are nectariferous, ten nectaropolliniferous and eleven polliniferous sources, of which four taxa are found exclusively in larval food. The values of niche size (H') at Santa Teresita indicated less diversity and availability of sources, in comparison with Unión Juárez, where the evenness values (J') have a tendency toward heterogeneity. At Unión Juárez, a total of 127 plant species were registered of which only 30 taxa were present in frequencies higher than 10%; of these ten species are nectariferous, five taxa are nectaropolliniferous, and 15 species are polliniferous, and of the last category three taxa are found exclusively in brood cells. At Unión Juárez the values of niche size (H') for the three sources are higher than at Santa Teresita, and the evenness (J') values are homogeneous, and showed tendency toward evenness, indicating more diversity and availability in this area.     

The ethnobotany of Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius SSP.Aconitifolius breckon): A nutritious Maya Vegetable

Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius ssp. aconitifolius Breckon) is a domesticated leafy green vegetable of the Maya region of Guatemala, Belize, southeast Mexico and the Yucatán Peninsula, and parts of Honduras. Though relatively unknown outside of this area, evidence suggests that chaya was of significant importance to ancient peoples of the Yucatán Peninsula and perhaps elsewhere within the Maya region. Here we review what little research has been done on this impressive plant, as well as recount our own ethnobotanical investigation into its use as a food plant and medicine, and discuss its botany, nomenclature, and agricultural use. Due to its ease of cultivation, potential productivity, and above all its substantial nutritional value, we propose chaya as a potential crop for areas outside Mesoamerica.

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La Etnobotanica de Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius ssp.aconitifolius Breckon): Una Verdura Nutritiva Maya

Resumen  La chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius ssp.aconitifolius Breckon) es una verdura domesticada de la región Maya de Guatemala, Belice, el Sureste de México y la península de Yucatán, y partes de Honduras. Aunque es poco conocida afuera de esta región, la evidencia sugiere que la chaya era una planta importante para los antiguos Mayas de la peninsula de Yucatan, y tal vez en otras partes de la región Maya. A continuatión presentamos la poca investigation realizada sobre esta sorprendente planta, a la vez presentamos resultados de nuestra investigatión etnobotánica acerca de su uso como verdura y medicina, y discutimos su botdnica, nomenclatura, y su agricultura. Dada la facilidad de cultivarla, su productividad potential, y sobre todo su alto valor nutritivo, proponemos la chaya como cultivo potential para regiones afuera de Mesoamérica.

     

A Floral Ontogenetic Approach to Questions of Homology within the Cyperoideae (Cyperaceae)

Within the Cyperoideae, which comprise all Cyperaceae except the Mapanioideae, several questions of homology are discussed and reinterpreted based on results of our SEM and LM floral ontogenetic studies. In all species studied, spikelets are interpreted as being indeterminate, with spirally to distichously arranged glumes, each subtending (or not) a flower. Floral development starts with the formation of two lateral stamen primordia, simultaneously with, or followed by the formation of a third, abaxial stamen primordium. Perianth parts, if present, originate only after the formation of the androecium, simultaneously with the appearance of an annular ovary primordium, surrounding a central ovule primordium. Perianth parts vary in number and morphology, and, where present, perianth development follows a general pattern. Three (or two) stigma primordia are formed on the top of the rising ovary wall. In dimerous gynoecia, stigma primordia originate either dorsiventrally, resulting in a laterally flattened ovary/nutlet, or laterally, resulting in a dorsiventrally flattened ovary/nutlet. We conclude that in all species studied the spikelet and floral development occurs according to a general, scirpoid, ontogenetic pattern, which we illustrate using new spikelet and floral ontogenetic results in Eleocharis palustris and other species. Spikelet and floral ontogeny in species with apparently deviating morphologies, can be traced back to the general ontogenetic pattern.

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Resumen  Varias preguntas sobre homología para las Cyperoideae, que incluyen todas las Cyperaceae excepto las Mapanioideae, se discuten e interpretan con base en estudios de ontogenia floral realizados con SEM y LM. En todas las especies estudiadas, las espiguillas son indeterminadas con glumas arregladas en espiral o dicotomicamente, cada una sosteniendo (o no) una flor. El desarrollo floral comienza con la formación de dos primordios estaminales laterales, simultáneamente con o seguido por la formación del tercer primordio estaminal abaxial. Si se desarrollan las partes del perianto, se originan solo después de la formación del androceo, simultáneamente con el desarrollo del primordio anular del ovario que envuelve al primordio central del óvulo. Cuando están presentes las partes del perianto, varían en número y morfología y el desarrollo sigue un patrón general. Se forman tres (o dos) primordios del estigma en el ápice de la pared del ovario en desarrollo. En gineceos dímeros, los primordios de los estigmas se originan dorsiventralmente resultando en una nuececilla/ovario comprimido lateralmente, o se originan lateralmente, resultando en una nuececilla/ovario comprimido dorsiventralmente. Concluimos que, tanto el desarrollo floral, como el de las espiguillas en todas las especies estudiadas, siguen un patrón ontogenético general scirpoide que se ilustra con los resultados obtenidos para Eleocharis palustris y otros especies. La ontogenia floral y de las espiguillas en especies con morfologías aparentemente atípicas, puede estar reducida al patrón ontogenetico general.

     

Constraints and trade-offs in Mediterranean plant communities: The case of holm oak-Aleppo pine forests

In this paper we review those aspects that are relevant to the development of a mechanistic ecological theory to account for the structure and dynamics of Mediterranean forests, focusing our attention on mixed forests of holm oak (Quercus ilex L.), a shade-tolerant, slowgrowing species that resprouts vigorously after disturbance, and Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis M.), a fast-growing, nonresprouting, shade-intolerant species. The main objectives of this report are: to introduce some of the primary features of these forests, showing their structural complexity and historical peculiarities; to show that much of this complexity can be conceptually reduced to two main factors of variation, soil-moisture gradients and a complex interaction of historical management and disturbance regimes; and to contrast the unique features of Mediterranean systems with other communities that have inspired generalization in ecology. Plants in Mediterranean-climate regions must face several environmental constraints during their life cycle: water limitation, competition for light, and a complex set of disturbance regimes, mainly fire, herbivory, and human exploitation. The response of co-occurring species to a given set of environmental constraints depends on a combination of physiological and morphological traits. In holm oak-Aleppo pine forests, the lower limit of distribution along a soil-moisture gradient appears to be controlled by dry-season water stress on seedling performance, and the upper limit seems to be controlled by shade tolerance relative to competitors. The processes that generate and maintain these patterns are related to the responses of the two species to the water and light environments that result from interacting gradients of disturbance and resource availability. The dynamics of mixed holm oak-Aleppo pine forests may be represented along two major environmental axes: water availability and light intensity; namely, time since last disturbance. At the regional scale, the presence of holm oak and Aleppo pine is expected to be driven mainly by the precipitation regime, with the proportion of Aleppo pine increasing toward the driest border and with holm oak being the dominant species in areas with higher precipitation. Changes of dominance of holm oak and Aleppo pine also respond to water availability at the local scale. In this case, variations between species depend on different factors in a complex way, because reduced soil-moisture levels may result either from low precipitation or from topography and edaphic features. The dynamics of holm oak-Aleppo pine forests are also determined by temporal changes in canopy closure; that is, forest recovery after disturbance. In this case, the proportion of Aleppo pine would increase in recently disturbed stands (i.e., with high light intensity reaching the forest floor), whereas regeneration of holm oak would be dominant under partially closed canopies. Theories of forest dynamics developed in humid regions may apply only poorly to Mediterranean plant communities, where vegetation change is qualitatively or quantitatively different. Thus, succession in temperate forests appears to be driven by differences in light availability and shade tolerance; but in Mediterranean plant communities, water limitation is of greater importance for the distribution of forest species. In Mediterranean landscapes the interaction of life-history strategies with changing environments is difficult to infer from observational and experimental studies. A mechanistic approach, in which competition or plant performance is measured as a function of resource availability, seems more feasible. The idea should be to develop multispecies models calibrated specifically for Mediterranean forests in a combined program of modeling, field research, and experimentation.

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Resumen  En este trabajo se revisan los aspectos más relevantes en el desarrollo de una teoría ecológica mecanicista sobre la estructura y dinámica de los bosques mediterráneos, en concreto sobre los bosques mixtos de encina (Quercus ilex L.), una especie tolerante a la sombra, de crecimiento lento, y que rebrota vigorosamente después de una perturbación, y pino carrasco (Pinus halepensis M.), una especie de crecimiento rápido, no rebrotadora, e intolerante a la sombra. Los principales objetivos de este estudio son: introducir algunas de las principales características de estos bosques, mostrando su complejidad estructural y sus peculiaridades históricas; mostrar que gran parte de esta complejidad puede reducirse conceptualmente a dos principales factores de variación, la disponibilidad de agua en el suelo y una compleja interaction de regímenes de gestión y perturbación; y contrastar las características únicas de los sistemas mediterráneos con las de otros sistemas en los que se han basados gran parte de las generalizaciones que se han hecho en ecologia. En las regiones de clima mediterráneo, las plantas deben enfrentarse a diferentes restricciones: limitación hídrica, competencia por la luz, y un conjunto complejo de regímenes de perturbación, principalmente fuego, herbivoría, y explotación humana. La respuesta de las especies a un conjunto de limitaciones ambientales depende de la combinación de caracteres fisiológicos y morfológicos. En los bosques de pino carrasco y encina, el límite inferior de distribución de las especies viene controlado por el estrés hídrico de la estación, mientras que el límite superior viene controlado por la tolerancia a la sombra. Los procesos que generan y mantienen estos patrones están relacionados con las respuestas de ambas especies a lo largo de su ciclo de vida a los ambientes de luz y agua que se generan como resultado de la interacción de los gradientes de perturbación y disponibilidad de recursos. La dinámica de los bosques mixtos de pino carrasco y encina se puede representar a lo largo de dos principales ejes ambientales: disponibilidad de agua e intensidad de luz; o, lo que es lo mismo, tiempo desde la última perturbación. A una escala regional, la presencia de pino carrasco y encina viene determinada por el régimen de precipitación: el pino carrasco aumenta hacia el extremo más seco, mientras que la encina se hace dominante en áreas con mayor precipitación. A escala local, los cambios en la dominancia de ambas especies también responden a la disponibilidad de agua. En este caso las variaciones entre especies dependen de diferentes factores, ya que los niveles bajos de humedad del suelo pueden ser debidos a la baja precipitación, pero también a la topografía o a las características edáficas. La dinámica de los bosques de pino y encina también depende de los cambios temporales en el cierre de la cubierta, es decir, de la recuperación del bosque después de la perturbación. En este caso, la proporción de pino carrasco se incrementa en los rodales recién perturbados (en los cuales llega mucha luz al suelo del bosque), mientras que la regeneración de encina domina bajo cubiertas parcialmente cerradas. Las teorías de dinámica forestal desarrolladas en las regiones húmedas se aplican con dificultad en las comunidades de plantas mediterráneas, donde los cambios de la vegetación suelen ser cualitativamente y cuantitativamente distintos. Así, en los bosques templados la sucesión viene determinada por diferencias en la disponibilidad de luz y la tolerancia a la sombra de las diferentes especies, mientras que en las comunidades mediterráneas la limitación hídrica es más importante a la hora de explicar la distribución de las especies forestales. En los ecosistemas mediterráneos, la interacción de las estrategias del ciclo vital con los cambios en el ambiente dificilmente pueden deducirse a partir de estudios observacionales y experimentales. Se requiere una aproximación mecanicista, en la cual la competencia o el éxito de las plantas se pueda medir en función de la disponibilidad de recursos. La idea sería desarrollar modelos multiespecíficos calibrados específicamente para los bosques mediterráneos, en los que se combinara la modelización con los estudios de campo y la experimentación.

     

A photographic method for detailing the morphology of the floor of a dynamic crater lake: the El Chichón case (Chiapas,Mexico)

The active volcano El Chichón (Chiapas, Mexico) hosts a shallow acidic crater lake. During the period 2001–2007, 26 photographs of the crater lake were taken from the same spot at the eastern crater rim, ~160 m above the crater floor. The size of the lake was extremely variable. Using a GPS track from around the lake shore as a reference, 26 digitized lake outlines were corrected simultaneously for the perspective angle. The corrected lake outlines were superposed, leading to a “morphological map” of a large section of the lake bottom. This map provides insight into the erosive–sedimentary regime of the lake floor. The inner section of the lake is more stable due to the precipitation of sealing clays. This is probably one of the reasons why the El Chichón crater lake has never disappeared during the past 28 years. The sealing clays at the lake bottom can be considered the superficial analog of impermeable clay caps at the depths of hydrothermal systems. The photographic procedure presented here may be useful for other limnological and (volcanic) lake studies aimed at describing lake morphology, and for eventually deducing the surface area and volume of the lake.     

Revaluación de la versión española del cuestionario Diabetes Quality of Life (EsDQOL)

La experiencia acumulada a lo largo de varios años con la versión española del Diabetes Quality of Life Questionnaire (EsDQOL) nos ha conducido a proponer una serie de modificaciones que incrementan la fiabilidad y mejoran la aplicación del cuestionario.Se ha realizado un nuevo análisis de la fiabilidad (consistencia interna) mediante α de Cronbach, con la exclusión de los ítems 3, 8 y 16 de la subescala “Impacto”, al observar que estos ítems pueden generar confusión en la interpretación y evaluación del cuestionario. El análisis se ha llevado a cabo en una población de 823 pacientes diabéticos (711 tipo 1 y 112 tipo 2) tratados con insulina. Este nuevo análisis muestra que la eliminación de los tres ítems incrementa α de Cronbach en ambos grupos de pacientes, tanto en la subescala de “Impacto” como en la fiabilidad global del cuestionario, por lo que se propone la utilización de esta versión reducida del cuestionario EsDQOL.     

The advertisement calls of four species of glassfrogs (Centrolenidae) from southeastern Peru

We describe the advertisement calls of four species of glassfrogs (Centrolenidae) of the genus Nymphargus, Rulyrana and Centrolene known to occur in the upper Manu National Park, on the eastern slopes of the Andes in southern Peru. Glassfrogs inhabit a harsh acoustic environment, because they call and reproduce along noisy mountain streams and rivers. We found extensive variation in the structure, temporal and spectral characteristics of the recorded calls. Although sample sizes were small, our data indicate that intraspecific variation is small. Interspecific variation in calls involved temporal as well as spectral traits. We observed two divergent call structures from a hypothetical simple model of the advertisement call. This simple model consists of a well-pulsed and moderate-frequency modulated call, such as the call emitted by N. pluvialis. The two divergent modifications encountered in our study included the further simplification of the call structure, such as the loss of amplitude and frequency modulation (encountered in R. spiculata), and repetition of a given temporal structure and the production of redundant signals (in Centrolene sp.). We discuss how acoustic properties of glassfrog calls could be modified in order to better transmit information through the noisy environment of waterfalls and running water.

Describimos el canto nupcial de cuatro especies de ranitas de cristal (Centrolenidae) en los géneros Centrolene, Rulyrana y Nymphargus conocidas de la parte alta del Parque Nacional del Manu, en la vertiente oriental de los Andes en el sur de Perú. Las ranitas de cristal viven en ambientes acústicos difíciles, porqué cantan y se reproducen a lo largo de quebradas y ríos montanos ruidosos. Encontramos una variación considerable en la estructura y características temporales y espectrales de los cantos nupciales. A pesar del bajo numero de muestras, nuestros datos sugieren que la variación intraespecífica es limitada. Encontramos variación interespecífica tanto en los aspectos temporales como en los espectrales. Observamos dos estructuras divergentes de un modelo hipotético simple de canto nupcial. Este modelo simple consiste en un canto con una secuencia de impulsos y con modulación de frecuencia moderada, como en el caso de N. pluvialis. Las dos modificaciones divergentes encontradas en nuestro estudio fueron por un lado la simplificación de la estructura del canto, como ocurre con la pérdida de modulación de frecuencia y amplitud en R. spiculata, y por otro lado la repetición de una estructura temporal específica y la producción de señales auditivas redundantes, como en el canto de Centrolene sp. Discutimos cómo las propiedades acústicas de las ranitas de cristal pueden modificarse para mejorar la transmisión de información en el entorno ruidoso de cascadas y aguas corrientes.     

Conservation of useful plants: An evaluation of local priorities from two indigenous communities in Eastern Panama

On both theoretical and practical grounds, respect for, and inclusion of, local decision-making processes is advocated in conservation, yet little is known about the conservation priorities on local territories. We employed interviews and ecological inventories in two villages in order to (1) evaluate the local perception of the conservation status of important plant resources; (2) compare patterns of plant use; and (3) compare perceived conservation status with population structure and abundance in the field. One-third of the 35 species examined were perceived to be threatened or declining. These were predominantly used locally for construction or sold commercially, but were not necessarily rare in the field. The destructiveness of harvest was the most consistent predictor of conservation status in both villages. Contrasting patterns were found in the two villages for the frequency of plant harvest and the relationship of this variable with conservation status. We suggest that local knowledge is an efficient means to rapidly assess the status of a large number of species, whereas population structure analysis provides an initial evaluation of the impact of harvest for selected species.

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Conservación de Plantas útiles: Una Evaluación de Prioridades Locales en dos Localidades del Este de Panamá

Resumen  Tanto desde una perspectiva teórica como práctica el respeto e inclusión de los procesos locales de toma de decisiones es una forma en que la conservación puede ser promovida. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre las prioridades de conservación en territorios indígenas. En el presente estudio se emplearon entrevistas e inventarios ecológicos en dos localidades indígenas para (1) evaluar la percepción de los habitantes locales sobre el estado de conservación de recursos vegetales importantes; (2) comparar los patrones de uso de plantas; y (3) comparar la percepción del estado de conservación con la estructura de las poblaciones y la abundancia de las especies en el campo. Una tercera parte de las 35 especies estudiadas fueron percibidas como amenazadas o en proceso de declinación. Se trata de plantas utilizadas principalmente como materiales de construcción o que aportan productos que son comercializados, pero que no son necesariamente escasas en el campo. En ambas localidades la variable que predijo el estado de conservación de forma más consistente fue el grado de destrucción de las plantas asociado a las prócticas de cosecha. Encontramos patrones contrastantes entre las dos localidades con respecto a la frecuencia de cosecha y ala relación de esta variable con el estado de conservación de las plantas. Sugerimos que el uso de conocimientos locales es una forma eficiente de evaluar con rapidez el estado de un gran número de especies, en tanto que el análisis de la estructura de poblaciones aporta una evaluación inicial sobre el impacto de la cosecha para algunas especies de inters’e.

     

Arsenic content in the femur head of the residents of southern and central Poland

Arsenic content was assayed in the samples of the femur head of the people living in southern and central Poland (Kraków, n=13; Silesian region, n=13; Łódź, n=12). The average age being 68.7±8.7 yr. Arsenic content in the femur head was determined applying the hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS) method after microwave mineralization. The average arsenic contents in the femur head of the residents of the Łódź, Kraków, and Silesian regions were 0.41 μg/g, 0.37 μg/g, and 0.18 μg/g, respectively. No correlation has been found between arsenic content in the femur head and the content of other metals. Neither the age nor sex of the people tested affected the arsenic content in the femur head.     

Chemical composition and current distribution of “Azafr’an de Bolita”(Ditaxis heterantha Zucc; Euphorbiaceae): A food pigment producing plant

Ditaxis heterantha Zucc. (azafrán de bolita), a plant of the Euphorbiaceae family, grows wild in the semiarid regions of Mexico. Its seeds are used by the inhabitants of the regions where it grows to give color and to enhance the flavor of food. It has been recently cultivated locally, however, the plant has not been cultivated extensively, and it is considered that this crop could have an economic potential. The purpose of this work is to validate the reported geographical distribution of the plant and its chemical composition. The endosperm of the seeds has an intense yellow color, indicating the presence of pigments of the carotenoid family. The pigment was extracted using hexane, and seven fractions were obtained by HPLC. The spectra of the fractions produce three maxima, λ_max characteristic of carotenoids. Chemical composition of the seed showed average oil content of 39.4% and 18.8% of protein. The oil and protein content are similar to that of cottonseed and sunflower seed, respectively. Its composition allows the seed to be used as a source of natural pigment, vegetable oil, and protein. The seed has a competitive price and a promising profit margin in local markets, and its cultivation requires little care, growing especially well under limited water conditions

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Résumé  Ditaxis heterantha Zucc. (azafrán de bolita) es una planta que pertenece a la familia de las Euphorbiáceas, se encuentra en las regiones semiáridas de México en forma silvestre. Sus semillas son utilizadas por los habitantes de las regiones donde crece, para dar color y sabor en la preparatión de sus alimentos. Recientemente se ha iniciado su cultivo en forma local, sin embargo, la planta no ha sido cultivada extensivamente pero puede ser un cultivo económicamente potential. El objetivo de este trabajo es validar la distribución geográfica de la planta y determinar su composición química. El endospermo de las semillas es de color amarillo intenso indicando la presencia de pigmentos de la familia de los carotenoides. La extractión del pigmento se llevó a cabo con hexano, y se lograron identificar 7 fracciones por HPLC. El espectro de estas fracciones presentó un espectro con 3 absorbancias máximas, lo cual es característico de los carotenoides. Los análisis de la composición química de la semilla, mostraron que el contenido de grasa en promedio es del 39.4%, mientras que de proteína es del 18.8%. El contenido de grasa y proteína es semejante a las semillas de algodón y girasol respectivamente. Su compositión puede permitir la utilización de la semilla como fuente pigmentos naturales, aceite vegetal y proteína. La semilla alcanza precios competitivos en los mercados locales y tienen una promisoria rentabilidad económica debido a que su cultivo requiere pocos cuidados específicamente baja demanda de agua

     

Physiology in the oeuvre of a prominent Hungarian medical scientist--Endre H"ogyes.

Endre Hógyes, one of the most prominent and internationally-renown leaders in the field of medical research, especially the treatment of rabies, was born one hundred and fifty years ago in Hungary. E. Hógyes had started his medical and research carrier in 1870. In 1889 he had become vice-president of the Royal Hungarian Society of Natural Sciences and was elected as a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA) and that member of the National Council of Public Health. Scientific carrier of E. Hógyes has always been closely linked to physiological sciences. E Hógyes made a significant contribution to different areas of physiological sciences; his most important scientific publications in this field deal with renal physiology, respitary mechanics, cerebellar function, and associated eye movement. Endre Hógyes was the first to organize Hungarian physiologists into a community. The "Special Physiological Conferences" were initiated within the Hungarian Royal Society of Natural Sciences in 1891. As a token of appretiation, Hungarian physiologists and other medical professionals have announced the year of 1997 as a memorial year of Dr. Endre Hógyes.