拟南芥中两个可能的SDD1新等位基因的鉴定与分析

SDD1是气孔发育过程中的关键调控基因, 编码一个类枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)蛋白酶的丝氨酸蛋白酶。从EMS诱变的拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中筛选到2株类似sdd1-1的气孔密度突变体, 即e281和g204。其气孔密度和指数均比野生型增加约1.5倍, 气孔成簇。遗传分析和基因测序证实它们是2个不同的SDD1新等位基因, 其突变分别导致了底物结合位点N区域和催化三联体之一——S区域的氨基酸变化, 分别为S变成T及S变为F。形态学和生理学研究表明, SDD1基因不同位点发生突变可导致不同的生物学效应; 而且SDD1等位基因间存在拮抗作用, 其可能属于基因转应作用中的负效应。     

扩增基础上的已知点突变检测进展

在众多导致人类疾病的基因有义突变、病原体亚型以及耐药基因的有义突变中,单碱基突变占了相当大的比例,其检测方法的探索一直是基因诊断研究中的重要课题。本文着重介绍了几种近年发展起来的新技术：反向限制性位点突变分析（iRSM)、荧光PCR（SYBR Green I结合熔解曲线分析技术、荧光共振能量转移（FRET）结合探针熔解曲线分析技术）、基因芯片、等位基因特异性扩增技术（ASPCR）。     

水稻OsYDA基因调控气孔发育的功能分析

气孔是植物特化的表皮结构,在植物蒸腾过程和与外界气体交换过程中起到重要作用。拟南芥YDA（AtYDA）是MAPK级联信号途径中的一种激酶（MAPKKK4）,它在叶片气孔的发育过程中起着负调控的作用。AtYDA功能缺失导致叶片气孔显著增加,而表达组成型激活形式的AtYDA（ΔN-YDA）则会导致表皮产生无气孔表型。本研究克隆了水稻中与AtYDA同源的2个基因OsYDA1和OsYDA2。在拟南芥中过量表达这2个基因都导致了叶片气孔密度的减少和叶片失水速率的降低。而表达ΔN-OsYDA1和ΔN-OsYDA2的转基因植株则呈气孔系数下降的表型。这表明OsYDA与AtYDA在调控气孔发育的功能上具有保守性。     

芸苔属植物自交不亲和性的分子机制

芸薹属植物自交不亲和性受单一位点的复等位基因控制,此位点命名为S位点。它决定柱头表面花粉识别的专一性。S位点糖蛋白基因（SLG）和S受体激酶基因（SRK）是控制芸薹属植物花柱自交不亲和性的两个关键因子。本文介绍了编码自交不亲和性的S位点的SLG、SRK和花粉S基因的鉴定、结构及功能,并对其信号传导途径的可能机制做了简要概述。     

已建株鼻咽癌细胞的PLUNC基因启动子区序列多态性分析

目的检测人类标准鼻咽癌细胞中是否存在已知的PLUNC基因启动子-437bp-＋87bp区域的单核苷酸多态性（SNP）。以便进一步探索SNP与鼻咽癌的关系。方法采用PCR产物直接测序的方法,对7株体外培养的鼻咽癌细胞基因组DNA的PLUNC基因启动子区进行序列分析。结果发现7株PLUNC基因的启动子区皆存在已知的3个SNP位点（1888、2128和N2）和未知一个突变位点（N1）,其测观杂合度分别为85．7％、100％、100％和28．6％。其中3个已知SNP位点在筛查的细胞株中均存在T-C的突变,而且SUNE-1鼻咽癌细胞株的1888位点基因型为突变纯合子CC型。结论体外培养的标准鼻咽癌细胞株中存在已知的3个SNP位点（1888、2128和N2）的突变现象,且突变率为100％;1888位点鼻咽癌易患型（CC型）已在体外稳定建株;首次发现启动子-195bp区域N1突变位点。     

猪CACNA1S基因部分序列的克隆、测序及SNP检测

CACNA1S是钙离子通道主效亚基α1亚单位的编码基因,该基因突变会导致人（Homo sapiens）低钾性周期性麻痹和恶性高温综合征．目前CACNAIS基因的研究主要集中在人和模式动物上,而在家畜中的研究少见报道．本研究以金华猪（115头）、皮特兰猪（30头）、金华猪与皮特兰猪杂交产生的金皮F2代杂种猪（126头）、大约克猪（23头）为研究对象,根据人CACNA1S基因序列设计引物,对猪基因组DNA进行PCR扩增、克隆测序,并与人相应序列作同源性比较,然后采用PCR-SSCP技术检测序列中可能存在的单核苷酸多态（single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP）位点,并对有合适内切酶存在的突变点应用PCR-RFLP技术进行验证．结果表明：（i）用6对引物对猪基因组DNA进行扩增,共克隆得到猪CACNAIS基因约5211bp的DNA序列,其中外显子区域,猪与人同源性为82．6％,序列已递交GeneBank收录（登录号DQ767693）;（ii）在克隆得到的DNA序列中,共检测到57个单核苷酸突变点,其中外显子区域存在24个;（iii）突变位点的PCR-RFLP验证与PCR-SSCP检测结果一致,经与GenBank公布的猪CACNAIS基因EST小片段（Bx914582,Bx666997）比较,相应长度核酸序列内本实验检测到的11个SNP位点中,有8个位点的碱基突变与2个EST片段间存在的碱基差异相同．     

一个I型神经纤维瘤病家系的基因突变分析

目的：I型神经纤维瘤病是一种常见的常染色体显性遗传病,主要累及皮肤和神经系统。其临床表现多样,主要以”咖啡牛奶斑”、皮肤神经纤维瘤、虹膜Lisch结节、腋窝和腹股沟斑点为特征,I型神经纤维瘤病由NF1基因突变所致,神经纤维瘤蛋白是NFI基因编码蛋白,是一种肿瘤抑制蛋白,可抑制细胞的过度生长。NF1基因突变不仅可导致细胞过度生长,还可增加良性及恶性肿瘤的发生风险。本研究中,我们通过基因突变分析,确定中国东北地区一个伴有先天性白内障的I型神经纤维瘤家系NF1基因的突变位点。方法：通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）和NF1基因直接测序分析对家系中的3名患者及2名健康成员进行基因突变检测,以确定其突变位点。结果：此家系呈常染色体显性遗传。通过基因序列分析发现NF1基因第1140密码子第二个碱基呈杂合子点突变C—G,导致一个无义突变S1140X,家系中健康成员和正常对照未检测到此突变存在。结论：通过NF1基因测序分析,我们发现NF1基因的S1140X突变是引起该家系NF1疾病的致病原因,该突变导致NF1基因终止密码提前,神经纤维瘤素蛋白截短。本研究丰富了我国关于I型神经纤维瘤病在眼科的临床表现。     

芸薹属植物自交不亲和性的分子机制

芸薹属植物自交不亲和性受单一位点的复等位基因控制,此位点命名为S位点,它决定柱头表面花粉识别的专一性,S位点糖蛋白基因（SLG）和S受体激酶基因（SRK)是控制芸薹属植物花柱自交不亲和性的两个关键因子,本文介绍了编码自产不亲和性的S位点的SLG,SRK和花粉S基因的鉴定,结构及功能,并对其信号传导途径的可能机制做了简要概述。     

兴国红鲤MHCⅡ类基因多态性、表达及其与鱼体抗病力关系的分析

对41尾感病和22尾抗病兴国红鲤的308个有效克隆进行测序,获得171条不同的MHC Ⅱ类基因编码序列,分属26个不同的等位基因,其中Cyca-DXA24Cyca-DXA36为新发现的13个等位基因。MHCⅡ类基因片段的长度为624 bp,包括第14个外显子,分别编码信号肽、1和2结构域及连接肽/跨膜区。1结构域的变异明显大于2结构域,表现在1结构域中核苷酸和氨基酸变异位点比例（55.16%和79.76%）明显高于2结构域的变异位点比例（45.96%和68.42%）。1结构域的PBR区的非同义碱基替换率（dN）与同义碱基替换率（dS）的比值 （=dN/dS）为5.742,远远高于非抗原结合位点（non-PBR）及2结构域的0.755、0.592,揭示兴国红鲤MHC Ⅱ类基因的1结构域在进化过程中受到正向选择作用。等位基因Cyca-DXA24 （P0.01）与兴国红鲤对嗜水气单胞菌的抗性相关,等位基因Cyca-DXA3 （P0.05）、Cyca-DXA4 （P0.01）、Cyca-DXA6 （P0.05）、Cyca-DXA33 （P0.05）与兴国红鲤对嗜水气单胞菌的易感性相关。荧光定量PCR结果表明,MHCⅡ类基因在健康兴国红鲤的肾、肝、鳃等10个组织均能普遍表达。人工感染嗜水气单胞菌后,肾、肝、脾3个组织中的MHCⅡ类基因的表达量均发生了不同程度的变化,表明MHCⅡ类分子在兴国红鲤的免疫反应中起到重要作用。       

湖南地区1013例亲子鉴定中的STR突变位点研究

对亲子鉴定常用的ABI公司Indentifiler荧光标记复合扩增试剂盒中的15个短串联重复序列及D14S306、D16S3391、D5S2500、D12S391、D13S796、D1S518位点的突变现象进行研究.在1013例认定亲子关系案例中,对发现有一个基因位点发生突变的案例增加8个常染色体STR（short tandem repeat）基因座检测,使其父权相对机会（RCP）大于99.999%以上,并对突变位点进行测序.在1013例认定亲子关系案例中,发现11例有一个基因位点发生突变,8次突变事件为父源性突变,突变位点包括vWA、FGA、D14S306、D13S317、D21S11、CSFIPO、D16S3391;其余3例突变来源不明,包括FGA、D13S796、D3S1358.以vWA和FGA的突变率最高,为0.15%,平均突变率为（0.09±0.370×10^-3）%.本鉴定所常用的21个基因座,突变率低,具有较高的推广价值.     

Stomatal cell biology

In the past two years, major advances in our knowledge of the cellular events involved in the formation of stomatal complexes, particularly those responsible for the establishment of the stomatal pattern, have been made. These events are altered in the Arabidopsis mutants sdd1-1, tmm and flp. Molecular cloning of the SDD1 gene initiated the elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms. The proposed function of SDD1 as a processing protease provides a hint towards the involvement of a proteinaceous signal in the formation of stomatal complexes.     

The subtilisin-like serine protease SDD1 mediates cell-to-cell signaling during Arabidopsis stomatal development

Wild-type stomata are distributed nonrandomly, and their density is controlled by endogenous and exogenous factors. In the Arabidopsis mutant stomatal density and distribution1-1 (sdd1-1), the establishment of the stomatal pattern is disrupted, resulting in stomata clustering and twofold to fourfold increases in stomatal density. The SDD1 gene that encodes a subtilisin-like Ser protease is expressed strongly in stomatal precursor cells (meristemoids and guard mother cells), and the SDD1 promoter is controlled negatively by a feedback mechanism. The encoded protein is exported to the apoplast and probably is associated with the plasma membrane. SDD1 overexpression in the wild type leads to a phenotype opposite to that caused by the sdd1-1 mutation, with a twofold to threefold decrease in stomatal density and the formation of arrested stomata. While SDD1 overexpression was effective in the flp mutant, the tmm mutation acted epistatically. Thus, we propose that SDD1 generates an extracellular signal by meristemoids/guard mother cells and demonstrate that the function of SDD1 is dependent on TMM activity.     

Use of infrared thermal imaging to isolate Arabidopsis mutants defective in stomatal regulation

In response to drought, plants synthesise the hormone abscisic acid (ABA), which triggers closure of the stomatal pores. This process is vital for plants to conserve water by reducing transpirational water loss. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated the advantages of the Arabidopsis stomatal guard cell for combining genetic, molecular and biophysical approaches to characterise ABA action. However, genetic dissection of stomatal regulation has been limited by the difficulty of identifying a reliable phenotype for mutant screening. Leaf temperature can be used as an indicator to detect mutants with altered stomatal control, since transpiration causes leaf cooling. In this study, we optimised experimental conditions under which individual Arabidopsis plants with altered stomatal responses to drought can be identified by infrared thermography. These conditions were then used to perform a pilot screen for mutants that displayed a reduced ability to close their stomata and hence appeared colder than the wild type. Some of the mutants recovered were deficient in ABA accumulation, and corresponded to alleles of the ABA biosynthesis loci ABA1, ABA2 and ABA3. Interestingly, two of these novel aba2 alleles were able to intragenically complement the aba2-1 mutation. The remaining mutants showed reduced ABA responsiveness in guard cells. In addition to the previously known abi1-1 mutation, we isolated mutations at two novel loci designated as OST1 (OPEN STOMATA 1) and OST2. Remarkably, ost1 and ost2 represent, to our knowledge, the first Arabidopsis mutations altering ABA responsiveness in stomata and not in seeds.     

藏獒MC1R基因多态性与毛色表型的关联研究

目的:通过检测藏獒黑素皮质激素受体1(MC1R)基因的单链构象多态性(SSCP)在不同毛色群体中的分布,探讨MC1R基因多态性与毛色表型的相关性。方法:采用DNA测序技术,选择不同毛色藏獒的DNA为样本,根据GenBank发布的荷斯坦牛MC1R基因序列设计一对引物,采用PCR-SSCP技术分析MC1R基因在藏獒中的SSCP。结果:MC1R基因在藏獒中具有PCR-SSCP多态性,分别检测到3种基因型(AA、AB和BB);对MC1R基因多态性片段DNA克隆测序后发现,MC1R基因在编码区第313位存在单碱基突变(G→A),该突变导致第105位氨基酸发生由丙氨酸向苏氨酸的改变(T105A)。结论:MC1R基因的多态性与毛色性状不存在显著的相关性。     

Interdependent interactions between TFIIB,TATA binding protein,and DNA

Temperature-sensitive mutants of TFIIB that are defective for essential interactions were isolated. One mutation (G204D) results in disruption of a protein-protein contact between TFIIB and TATA binding protein (TBP), while the other (K272I) disrupts an interaction between TFIIB and DNA. The TBP gene was mutagenized, and alleles that suppress the slow-growth phenotypes of the TFIIB mutants were isolated. TFIIB with the G204D mutation [TFIIB(G204D)] was suppressed by hydrophobic substitutions at lysine 239 of TBP. These changes led to increased affinity between TBP and TFIIB. TFIIB(K272I) was weakly suppressed by TBP mutants in which K239 was changed to hydrophobic residues. However, this mutant TFIIB was strongly suppressed by conservative substitutions in the DNA binding surface of TBP. Biochemical characterization showed that these TBP mutants had increased affinity for a TATA element. The TBPs with increased affinity could not suppress TFIIB(G204D), leading us to propose a two-step model for the interaction between TFIIB and the TBP-DNA complex.     

乙型肝炎病毒RT区变异及其与基因型分布的关系

目的：探讨大样本乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染患者RT区耐药位点变异的流行情况,及各耐药位点变异与HBV基因型的关系。方法：采用P区测序法对1117例慢性乙型肝炎患者的血清病毒进行P区测序、进化树分型。结果：RT区耐药位点变异发生率与基因型关系密切,在基因型C患者中的变异发生率远远高于基因型B患者（P=O．000）。Rt180、rtM204V、rtM204I、rt181、rt213位点变异均与基因型c有关（P〈O．05）。主要的三种变异类型rt180＋rtM204V、rtM204I、rt180＋rtM204I间基因型分布存在显薯差异（P=0．003）。不同HBeAg状态下,耐药变并的发生有显著差并（P=O．020）,特别是rt181和rt236位点变畀。结论：HBV基因型影响RT区耐药变异发生率及变异类型。且耐药变异发生率也与HBeAg状态有关。     

Gene Interactions Affecting Muscle Organization in CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS

Revertants of unc-15(e73)I, a paralyzed mutant with an altered muscle paramyosin, include six dominant and two recessive intragenic unc-15 revertants, two new alleles of the previously identified suppressor gene, sup-3 V, and a new suppressor designated sup-19(m210)V. The recessive intragenic unc-15 revertants exhibit novel alterations in paramyosin paracrystal structure and distribution, and these alterations are modified by interaction with unc-82(e1220)IV, another mutation that affects paramyosin. A strain containing both unc-15 and a mutation in sup-3 V that restores movement was mutagenized, and paralyzed mutants resembling unc-15 were isolated. Twenty mutations that interfere with suppression were divided into three classes (nonmuscle, sus-1, and mutations within sup-3) based on phenotype, genetic map position and dominance. The nonmuscle mutations include dumpy and uncoordinated types that have no obvious direct effect on muscle organization. Two recessive mutations define a new gene, sus-1 III. These mutations modify the unc-15(e73) phenotype to produce a severely paralyzed, dystrophic double mutant that is not suppressed by sup-3. Five semidominant, intragenic sup-3 antisuppressor mutations, one of which occurred spontaneously, restore the wild-type sup-3 phenotype of nonsuppression. However, reversion of these mutants generated no new suppressor alleles of sup-3, suggesting that the sup-3 antisuppressor alleles are not wild type but may be null alleles.     

The too many mouths and four lips mutations affect stomatal production in Arabidopsis

Stomata regulate gas exchange through the aerial plant epidermis by controlling the width of a pore bordered by two guard cells. Little is known about the genes that regulate stomatal development. We screened cotyledons from ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized seeds of Arabidopsis by light microscopy to identify mutants with altered stomatal morphology. Two mutants, designated too many mouths (tmm) and four lips (flp), were isolated with extra adjacent stomata. The tmm mutation results in stomatal clustering and increased precursor cell formation in cotyledons and a virtual absence of stomata in the inflorescence stem. The flp mutation results in many paired stomata and a small percentage of unpaired guard cells in cotyledons. The double mutant (tmm flp) exhibits aspects of both parental phenotypes. Both mutations appear to affect stomatal production more than patterning or differentiation. tmm regulates stomatal production by controlling the formation, and probably the activity, of the stomatal precursor cell.     

Genetic analysis of Escherichia coli K-12 chromosomal mutants defective in expression of F-plasmid functions: identification of genes cpxA and cpxB.

Two temperature-sensitive, chromosomal mutants of Escherichia coli were selected for their inability to express deoxyribonucleic acid donor activity and other activities associated with the conjugative plasmid F. These mutants were also auxotrophic for isoleucine and valine at 41 degrees C. Each mutant strain contained two altered genes: cpxA, located at 88 min on the E. coli K-12 genetic map, and cpxB, located at 41 min. Mutations in both genes were required for maximal expression of mutant phenotypes. The parent strain of mutants KN401 and KN312 already contained the cpxB mutation that is present in both mutants (cpxB1). This mutation by itself was cryptic. The cpxA mutations represent different mutant alleles since they are of independent origin. A cpxA mutation by itself significantly affected the expression of plasmid functions and growth at 41 degrees C in the absence of isoleucine and valine, but strains containing both a cpxA and cpxB mutation were more severely affected. Along with the observation that both cpxA mutations were revertable, the temperature sensitivity of cpxA cpxB+ cells suggests that both cpxA alleles contain point mutations that do not completely destroy the activity of the cpxA gene product.