Phloem-restricted trypanosomatids form a clearly characterised monophyletic group among trypanosomatids isolated from plants

Although only one genus name has been proposed as yet for all plant trypanosomes, 'Phytomonas', it is clear that they can differ from one another in terms of both their biological properties and their effects. Recent serological and molecular studies have confirmed the substantial heterogeneity of these trypanosomatids, which the use of a single genus name does not even hint at. We set out to show in this paper that there is at least one homogeneous group of plant trypanosomes that can be defined explicitly by a single genus and species name and that differs substantially from all the other clusters that may be identified by one technique or another: the phloem-restricted trypanosomatids found in Latin America.     

A Critical Note on the Scientific Name of the Leguminous Plant“Lü Tou”

The Chinese name for the vegetable leguminous plant “LüTOU “or English,Green Gram is identified with the scientific name Phaseolus radiatus Linn.     

关于订正＂野茉莉＂一名的商榷

“野茉莉”一名出自清代的《植物名实图考》,曾长期作Styracaceae科、Styrax属的汉名,至今仍作S.japonica的汉名使用。但经考证,“野茉莉”的原植物系明代《草花谱》中的紫茉莉(Mirabilis jalapa)．因此,将Styracaceae、Styrax的科、属汉名订正为“安息香”是正确的、合理的;但“野茉莉”既属误称,便不宜再作种或变种的汉名使用。故建议对S.japonica及其变种var.colycothrix以及该属植物S.grandiflora的汉名作相应的订正。     

Hæwenhnydele: an Anglo-Saxon Medicinal Plant

Summary

The Old English plant-name, hæwenhnydele, occurs in herbal and medical texts and in glossaries containing translated Latin plant-names. Where it is linked with a Latin name, that name is always Herba Britannica, a cure for scurvy. Some scholars, rather naively assuming that the two names must refer to the same plant, have thought the identity of hæwenhnydele almost obvious, whereas others, knowing the frequently garbled accounts of herbal cures inherited by the Anglo-Saxons, have despaired of ever identifying it. An Anglo-Saxon translator, working on the Old English version of the Latin Pseudo-Apuleius, inherited an account of Herba Britannica which was a confusion of two different plants, compiled from several sources. The information available to him is discussed, in an effort to understand how he made an identification. Evidence such as the synonyms attached to the plant entry, the etymology of hæwenhnydele, and the illustration of the plant is presented. There is also a brief discussion of the two recorded occurrences of the rural plant-name, hawdod, from the 16th and 18th centuries, and whether this name could be cognate with hæwenhnydele. In the Durham Glossary, another name, vihtmeresvyrt, is linked with Herba Britannica and hæwenhnydele. This name is discussed, and found to denote a well-known source of Vitamin C, the cure for scurvy. This paper demonstrates that the attempts of the Anglo-Saxons to identify Herba Britannica, and to link their guesses with real herbal cures, are an impressive rationalisation of an almost nonsensical Latin plant record.     

Complexities of the herbal nomenclature system in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM): Lessons learned from the misuse of Aristolochia-related species and the importance of the pharmaceutical name during botanical drug product development

Herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have diverse cultural/historical backgrounds and are described based on complex nomenclature systems. Using the family Aristolochiaceae as an example, at least three categories of nomenclature could be identified: (1) one-to-one (one plant part from one species): the herb guan mutong refers to the root of Aristolochia manshuriensis; (2) multiple-to-one (multiple plant parts from the same species serve as different herbs): three herbs, madouling, qingmuxiang and tianxianteng, derived respectively from the fruit, root and stem of Aristolochia debilis; and (3) one-to-multiple (one herb refers to multiple species): the herb fangji refers to the root of either Aristolochia fangchi, Stephania tetrandra or Cocculus trilobus; in this case, the first belongs to a different family (Aristolochiaceae) than the latter two (Menispermaceae), and only the first contains aristolochic acid (AA), as demonstrated by independent analytical data provided in this article. Further, mutong (Akebia quinata) is allowed in TCM herbal medicine practice to be substituted with either guan mutong (Aristolochia manshuriensis) or chuan mutong (Clematis armandii); and mu fangji (Cocculus trilobus) by guang fanchi (Aristolochia fangchi) or hanzhong fangji (Aristolochia heterophylla), thereby increasing the risk of exposing renotoxic AA-containing Aristolochia species to patients. To avoid these and other confusions, we wish to emphasize the importance of a pharmaceutical name, which defines the species name, the plant part, and sometimes the special process performed on the herb, including cultivating conditions. The pharmaceutical name as referred to in this article is defined, and is limited to those botanicals that are intended to be used as drug. It is hoped that by following the pharmaceutical name, toxic herbs can be effectively identified and substitution or adulteration avoided.     

Radical scavenging activity of spring mountain herbs in the Shikoku mountain area and identification of antiradical constituents by simple HPLC detection and LC-MS methods

The functionality of spring mountain herbs, which were collected in the Kajigamori mountain area of Shikoku area in Japan, was investigated in the course of our studies for utilizing local plant resources. The radical scavenging activity of the extracts from seventeen herbs was measured. Among these herbs, two extracts from Polystichym ovato-paleaceum (Japanese name: Tsuyanashiinode) and Sambucus racemosa subsp. sieboldiana (Japanese name: Niwatoko) showed potent DPPH radical scavenging activity. The material evidence for the potent activity of the extracts was studied by a combination of our developed method for detecting antiradical compounds, LC-MS/MS, and enzymatic hydrolysis.     

Phomopsidone, a novel depsidone from an endophyte of the medicinal plant Eupatorium arnottianum

The medicinal plant Eupatorium arnottianum can be found in the Northeast and center of Argentina and the South of Bolivia. From plant material collected in Argentina an endophytic Phomopsis was isolated. The fungus was identified by microscopic features and analysis of its ITS sequence. Cultures yielded, besides mellein and nectriapyrone, a novel depsidone derivative for which we propose the name phomopsidone (1). The structure of 1 was determined from its spectroscopic data.     

Aethophyllum BRONGNIART 1828, Conifère (non Équisétale)du Grès à Voltzia (Buntsandstein supérieur) des Vosges (France): Note préliminaire

AethophyllumBRONGNIART 1828 is a plant genus from the Voltzia Sandstones (Upper Bunter) of the Vosges which has been classified first into the Monocotyledons and than into the Equisetales. A careful study of new material shows that it actually is a Gymnosperm and more exactly a Conifer. Male cones found separately have already been described under the name Masculostrobus acuminatusGRAUVOGEL-STAMM and GRAUVOGEL, 1973. This Triassic plant presents simultaneously affinities with some Cordaites (Poacordaites) and with some Podozamites (P. schenki-agardhianus group of Harris 1935 + Swedenborgia).     

One fungus, one name promotes progressive plant pathology

The robust and reliable identification of fungi underpins virtually every element of plant pathology, from disease diagnosis to studies of biology, management/control, quarantine and, even more recently, comparative genomics. Most plant diseases are caused by fungi, typically pleomorphic organisms, for which the taxonomy and, in particular, a dual nomenclature system have frustrated and confused practitioners of plant pathology. The emergence of DNA sequencing has revealed cryptic taxa and revolutionized our understanding of relationships in the fungi. The impacts on plant pathology at every level are already immense and will continue to grow rapidly as new DNA sequencing technologies continue to emerge. DNA sequence comparisons, used to resolve a dual nomenclature problem for the first time only 19 years ago, have made it possible to approach a natural classification for the fungi and to abandon the confusing dual nomenclature system. The journey to a one fungus, one name taxonomic reality has been long and arduous, but its time has come. This will inevitably have a positive impact on plant pathology, plant pathologists and future students of this hugely important discipline on which the world depends for food security and plant health in general. This contemporary review highlights the problems of a dual nomenclature, especially its impact on plant pathogenic fungi, and charts the road to a one fungus, one name system that is rapidly drawing near.     

植物水孔蛋白的亚细胞分布与生理功能研究浅析

水孔蛋白(aquaporin,AQP)因具有水转运活性而得名,然而随着研究的深入,水孔蛋白转运活性的多样性与生理功能的多样性不断被报道．本文综合分析了植物水孔蛋白亚细胞定位与功能多样性的研究进展,重点综述了植物水孔蛋白广泛的亚细胞分布特点,以及亚细胞上的再分布现象与植物水孔蛋白生理功能多样性间的关系,并对植物水孔蛋白研究中存在的 问题及研究方向进行了分析,认为水孔蛋白多样化的生理功能的作用机制需要结合其组织定位与亚细胞定位进行分析才能 揭示．     

Ent-labdane-type diterpene glucosides from leaves of Rubus chingii

Previously, a sweet steviol bisglucoside named rubusoside was isolated from leaves of a Chinese Rubus spp. which was tentatively assigned as R. chingii. From leaves of Japanese Rubus chingii (Japanese name Gosho-Ichigo) which are not sweet, five ent-labdane-type diterpene glucosides named goshonosidies F1-5 were isolated instead of rubusoside and their structures were elucidated. The name ‘R. suavissimus’ has been proposed for the Chinese plant.     

中国蕨类植物志中两色鳞毛蕨学名的纠正

两色鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris bissetiana (Baker) C. Chr.)在中国是比较常见和熟知的一种蕨类植物。《中国植物志》和《云南植物志》中采用的是一不合法的学名。在此给予纠正。     

葛的学名及其在美国的入侵教训

葛(Pueraria montana),豆科多年生藤本,原产东亚、南亚和东南亚,热带和温带广泛栽培并逸为野生;不仅学名多而混乱,而且已成为美国危害最严重的外来入侵种之一.考证了葛的学名并给出异名,同时介绍葛在美国从鼓励引入到大量栽培,最后被列入联邦危害植物并全面禁止的引种教训.     

Two hundred and sixty eigth medicinal plants used to fertility control in some countries of South America (author's transl)]

A review is made of the various anthropological, botanical and empirical medical papers from a number of the countries of the South-American continent, whose populations use medical plants for fertility control. Also included is a field research conducted among indigenous and rural populations of Paraguay. The scientific name, family and common name 268 plants are described. With each plant, the country and type of population (indigenous or rural) using same is stated, as well as their empiric properties attributed to same and the name of the author. Comments are made upon the background related to the use of said plants at the level of the American indigenous, world folkloric and Paraguayan indigenous & folkloric medicine. Emphasis is given to the significance of these data on contraceptives, abortives, sterilization and fertilization agents of vegetal origin, due to their value for future research in the physiology and clinic of reproduction.     

植物古汉名渊源及蕴含的古文化

本文通过植物古汉名训诂研究，探讨了一些鲜为人知的植物古汉名命名的渊源，以例析形式阐明植物古汉名命名的几种主要类型，并挖掘基因中有价值的古代文化。     

Plants of common use in Paraguayan folk medicine for regulating fertility

Information on the use of plants for contraception and abortion inducement among the rural indigenous inhabitants of Paraguay was collected by surveying 223 obstetricians and 17 local vendors. Information obtained on 33 commonly used plants is presented in tabular form. For each plant, the table provides 1) the scientific name; 2) the local name; 3) the part of the plant used; 4) how the plant is prepared for consumption; 5) the quantity used, described as a bunch, a handful, a few roots, or pieces; and 6) the taste, described as either pleasant, bitter, or sour. 2 or more of these plants are frequently mixed and administered in combination. The proportions used in these combinations are not very exact. The plants are taken in combination either to create a more concentrated effect or to insure that at least one effective drug will be consumed. 14 of these combinations are presented.     

葛的学名及其在美国的入侵教训(英文)

葛(Pueraria montana),豆科多年生藤本,原产东亚、南亚和东南亚,热带和温带广泛栽培并逸为野生;不仅学名多而混乱,而且已成为美国危害最严重的外来入侵种之一。考证了葛的学名并给出异名,同时介绍葛在美国从鼓励引入到大量栽培,最后被列入联邦危害植物并全面禁止的引种教训。     

Plant folk medicines among the nicobarese of Katchal Island,India

This paper deals with the plant folk medicines among Nicobarese aboriginals of Katchal Island, in the Nicobar group, India. The tribals, living in complete geographical isolation, have been using folk medicines from time immemorial. Data on 65 plant species were gathered from experienced old men and women. Therapeutic applications and manner of using are initially documented and described as plant remedies in folkloric tradition and popular domestic medicine. No chemical principles are identified; no putative herbal remedies are pharmaceutically and medically evaluated. A brief account of the geography of the islands, climate, ethnology, and methodology of the present work is given. Vernacular name(s) of the plants in the Nicobarese language are incorporated for the first time in literature.