香蕉线条病毒病研究进展

香蕉是重要的经济作物和粮食作物,广泛种植于热带、亚热带地区.在我国的广东、福建、海南、广西和云南等地均有大面积种植,产销量一直居南方四大水果之冠.然而,近年来,许多病毒病害成为香蕉生产发展的主要限制因素,主要包括香蕉束顶病毒(banana bunchy top virus,BBTV)、香蕉线条病毒(banana streak virus,BSV)、香蕉苞片花叶病毒(banana bract mosaic virus,BBrMV)、黄瓜花叶病毒(cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)等引起的病害.     

香蕉寒害研究现状及展望

我国绝大部分香蕉种植区域属于香蕉非最适宜种植区,容易受到冬春寒流的侵袭而造成重大经济损失。寒害已成为制约我国香蕉产业健康发展的主要灾害之一。对香蕉寒害症状和类型、香蕉抗寒生理生化研究、防寒措施、抗寒相关基因的挖掘等方面进行了综述,简述了香蕉寒害研究存在的问题和发展现状,以期对香蕉寒害的基础研究及生产应用提供参考。     

基于产量的海南省香蕉寒害风险分析与区划

根据海南省1990-2010年的香蕉产量数据,采用线性滑动平均、回归分析、信息扩散等方法,建立了香蕉理论收获面积模型,实现了寒害与其他气象灾害减产率的分离,构建了香蕉产量寒害危险性评价模型,结合地区间种植规模的差异,开展了海南省香蕉产量寒害风险区划.结果表明:海南省香蕉产量寒害危险性较高的区域主要存在于北部、中部和西部,其中儋州的危险等级为全岛最高,南部、东南部和西南部的危险性较低;种植规模较大的地区主要分布在北部和西部的沿海市县;风险以低级别为主,五指山的风险最高,澄迈、海口和昌江略低,东部沿海地区和南部三亚的风险最低,基本不受寒害影响.     

水肥一体化技术在海南干热香蕉种植区的应用

海南为我国栽培香蕉的主产区之一,西南部干热地区（昌江、东方、乐东、三亚）是海南省目前发展香蕉规模最大的区域,也是中国规模化反季节香蕉生产的主要基地之一。由于位处干热气候影响下的半干燥区,干旱较严重,加上施肥欠合理,对香蕉产业的可持续发展影响极大。发展节水灌溉是解决海南干热地区干旱缺水的必由之路,应用水肥一体化技术对香蕉实施节水灌溉, 根据作物需要进行施肥,在保证香蕉的产量和质量的前提下,实现节水、省肥、节省人工之效,从而达到产业增效目的。     

抗肿瘤药材—细梗香草规范化种植(GAP)初探

依据国家中药材生产质量管理规范(GAP)为指导原则,经课题组近几年试验研究,初步总结出细梗香草规范化种植(GAP)技术。从提高药材产量、保证药材质量出发,规范了细梗香草各生产环节和生产全过程,为促进细梗香草种植标准化、规范化提供有益的资料,为抗肿瘤新药的研究打下良好的基础。     

香蕉假茎象甲研究进展

香蕉假茎象甲主要蛀害香蕉假茎,是危害香蕉生产的最重要害虫之一。文章综述了香蕉假茎象甲研究(包括香蕉假茎象甲的生活史、生物学特性、生态学及其发生规律以及防治措施等方面)所取得的成就,并对其前景进行了讨论,以促进对香蕉假茎象甲的更深入研究。     

香蕉假茎象甲研究进展

香蕉假茎象甲主要蛀害香蕉假茎,是危害香蕉生产的最重要害虫之一.文章综述了香蕉假茎象甲研究(包括香蕉假茎象甲的生活史、生物学特性、生态学及其发生规律以及防治措施等方面)所取得的成就,并对其前景进行了讨论,以促进对香蕉假茎象甲的更深入研究.     

植物组织培养在香蕉生产上的应用

长期以来,香蕉(Musa spp.)生产上主要采用吸芽繁殖,用这种常规方法繁殖,不但数量有限,而且挖取吸芽还会伤及母株的地下真茎及挖断母株的根群,从而影响当年产量。同时,挖取的种苗切口大,成活率低。为了提供发展香蕉生产所需的大量种苗,应用植物组织培养技术,繁殖大量香蕉苗是非常必要的。此外,通过组织培养还可加快优良品种的繁殖速度,以满足生产上品种更新的需要。     

探究北方大豆种植技术

本文主要阐述了大豆的种植技术要点,主要包括:大豆生产的价值,大豆产量质量的影响因素,北方大豆种植技术等。目的是探讨大豆种植技术,从而科学有效的种植大豆,使北方大豆高产、优产。     

香蕉的生物学特性及其组织培养技术

香蕉是重要的热带水果之一,大多数的栽培香蕉都是三倍体,具有高度的不育性,主要靠无性繁殖。介绍了香蕉的生物学特性和组织培养技术,对香蕉产业发展提出设想。     

A historical overview of the appearance and spread of Musa pests and pathogens on the African continent: highlighting the importance of clean Musa planting materials and quarantine measures

The genus Musa is not native to Africa. It evolved in tropical Asia, from southwest India eastward to the island of New Guinea. There is a growing circumstantial evidence which suggests that the East African Highland banana and the tropical lowland plantain were cultivated on the African continent since before 1 AD. It is also probable that ABB cooking and AB and AAB dessert cultivars were brought to the continent from India by Arabian traders from 600 AD, and that these were disseminated throughout East Africa. During the colonial era, the main centres of distribution for banana cultivars were botanical gardens, such as Zomba in Malawi, Entebbe in Uganda and Amani in Tanzania. It appears that the very early introductions of Highland banana and plantain arrived in Africa as a relatively clean material without the conspicuous pests and diseases that affect them in Asia. In contrast, several devastating problems now impact the crop in Africa, including nematodes, the borer weevil and diseases, most notably banana bunchy top, banana streak, Sigatoka leaf spots, Xanthomonas wilt and Fusarium wilt. We (a) provide chronological overviews of the first reports/observations of different Musa pests and pathogens/diseases in Africa, (b) highlight specific examples of when a pest or pathogen/disease was introduced via planting materials and (c) give recent examples of how the pests and pathogens spread to new regions via planting materials. In total, these production constraints threaten banana and plantain production throughout the continent and impact those who can ill afford lost production, the small‐holder producer. Our intent in this review is to highlight the significance of these problems and the great importance that infested planting materials have played in their development.     

Banana and plantain production systems in Benin: ethnobotanical investigation,varietal diversity,pests, and implications for better production

Background

The cultivated banana and plantain (Musa spp.) are valuable for nutritional and socio-economic security for millions of people worldwide. In Benin, banana and plantain are among the most produced, consumed, and traded commodities. Its production is mainly for local consumption and remains insufficient to the demand. However, the varietal diversity of banana and plantain cultivated in Benin is not documented. This study aims at characterizing the banana and plantain cropping systems, genetic diversity, and production constraints as a baseline to the full utilization of this resource in crop improvement and to identify the potential production and agronomic qualities.

Methods

A baseline investigation of ethnobotanical attributes of banana cultivars was done in 51 randomly chosen villages in southern Benin. Interviews with randomly selected representative farmers were carried out. Key informant interviews and focus group discussions were used for global confirmatory investigation of survey data. Socio-demographic data and indigenous knowledge on the farmer uses of banana and plantain diversity, such as cultural practices, origin, and availability of banana and plantain planting materials, and the constraints and criteria of varietal preference cited by farmers were ranked.

Results

Eighty-seven locally recognized cultivars were found: 73 of banana and 14 of plantain groups. The most popular cultivars were Sotoumon (banana) (52.94%), Aloga (plantain) (41.17%), Planta (banana) (33.33%), and Adjangan (plantain) (27.45%). Of the eleven production constraints identified, the main biotic challenges were banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus Germar and banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), while abiotic problems were drought and the wind. Some local varieties like Amandan, Assonwonnou, Coleti, and Ninkouin are extremely rare owing to agronomic and economic preference perceptions.

Conclusion and implications

This study provides a baseline for banana diversity in Benin and the West African region and entry points for biological characterization and production improvement. This would enable the exploitation of this resource for plant breeding towards biotic and abiotic challenges facing banana production.

     

香蕉种植密度对蕉园光能利用与产量的影响

本试验研究了福建沿海地区蕉园种植密度与光能利用效率和产量之间的关系。结果表明,适当提高种植密度,可增加香蕉单位空间的光能利用,充分利用地力,改善蕉园生态条件,显著地提高香蕉亩产量。亩植160～180株是沿海地区达到高产稳产的有效措施。     

Screening of banana bunchy top virus through multiplex PCR approach

Bunchy top disease caused by the banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is a serious disease in hill banana. Detection of the BBTV infection in the planting material could help in the effective management of the disease. An attempt was made to develop a sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multiplex PCR-based method for detection of BBTV in hill banana. DNA was isolated from the experimental plants at third and sixth months after planting. Multiplex PCR was done with Coat Protein (CP) and Replicase (Rep) gene-specific primer, and banana ethylene insensitive like protein (EISL) primer as internal control to identify failure in PCR reaction. This study revealed that multiplex PCR is effective for BBTV screening in hill banana with the advantage of overcoming the false positive in PCR amplification.     

Oral immunogenicity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus antigen expressed in transgenic banana

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a persistent threat of economically significant influence to the swine industry worldwide. Recombinant DNA technology coupled with tissue culture technology is a viable alternative for the inexpensive production of heterologous proteins in planta. Embryogenic cells of banana cv. ‘Pei chiao’ (AAA) have been transformed with the ORF5 gene of PRRSV envelope glycoprotein (GP5) using Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation and have been confirmed. Recombinant GP5 protein levels in the transgenic banana leaves were detected and ranged from 0.021%–0.037% of total soluble protein. Pigs were immunized with recombinant GP5 protein by orally feeding transgenic banana leaves for three consecutive doses at a 2‐week interval and challenged with PRRSV at 7 weeks postinitial immunization. A vaccination‐dependent gradational increase in the elicitation of serum and saliva anti‐PRRSV IgG and IgA was observed. Furthermore, significantly lower viraemia and tissue viral load were recorded when compared with the pigs fed with untransformed banana leaves. The results suggest that transgenic banana leaves expressing recombinant GP5 protein can be an effective strategy for oral delivery of recombinant subunit vaccines in pigs and can open new avenues for the production of vaccines against PRRSV.     

物理诱变技术及其在香蕉育种中的研究进展

我国是世界产蕉大国,香蕉总产量已居世界第2位,香蕉产业已成为我国南亚热带地区农民脱贫致富的重要支柱产业。但目前我国香蕉品种更新缓慢,现有品种的高产性、抗寒性、抗病性均存在一定程度的缺陷,而物理诱变技术在培育改良品种特性上具有独特的优势。本文综述了物理诱变技术及其在香蕉育种中的研究进展,包括物理诱变定义、种类及应用等方面,以期对香蕉诱变研究及新品种选育实践提供参考。     

The pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana: what happens after an endophytic phase in plants?

The banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a serious constraint to banana (Musa spp.) production throughout the world. The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) offers a potential weevil management option, but conventional delivery mechanisms have limited its success. As an endophyte, however, B. bassiana can be efficiently delivered to banana planting materials for the potential management of C. sordidus. However, entomopathogens can change morphology and efficacy against their target host when successively sub-cultured on artificial media or when exposed to certain physical and chemical environmental conditions. Whether such changes occur in B. bassiana after an endophytic phase inside a banana plant remains unknown. The primary aim of our study was to evaluate the viability, growth, sporulation and pathogenicity of endophytic B. bassiana. To attain this, two sets of experiments, namely morphological characterization and larval bioassays, were conducted under laboratory conditions. In these experiments, growth and pathogenicity of the wild-type B. bassiana strain G41, obtained originally from banana farms, was compared with the endophytic B. bassiana strain G41, re-isolated from the rhizome of B. bassiana-inoculated banana plants at one month post-inoculation. Morphological characterization, conidial germination, colony growth and sporulation rate was assessed on SDAY media while pathogenicity was determined 15 days after immersing the larvae of C. sordidus in different conidial doses. No differences were observed in colony appearance and growth rate between the endophytic and wild-type strain. Percentage conidial germination for the endophytic strain (91.4-94.0%) was higher than for the wild-type (86.6-89.7%). LD50 equated 1.76 x 10(5) and 0.71 x 10(5) conidia/ml for the wild-type and endophytic B. bassiana strains, respectively, but did not differ between strains. Our study demonstrated that, after an endophytic phase inside the banana plant, B. bassiana retains it morphology and pathogenicity against the banana weevil larvae; and thus can offer protection against the damaging larvae feeding inside the rhizome.     

Ex-Ante Economic Impact Assessment of Genetically Modified Banana Resistant to Xanthomonas Wilt in the Great Lakes Region of Africa

Background

Credible empirical evidence is scanty on the social implications of genetically modified (GM) crops in Africa, especially on vegetatively propagated crops. Little is known about the future success of introducing GM technologies into staple crops such as bananas, which are widely produced and consumed in the Great Lakes Region of Africa (GLA). GM banana has a potential to control the destructive banana Xanthomonas wilt disease.

Objective

To gain a better understanding of future adoption and consumption of GM banana in the GLA countries which are yet to permit the production of GM crops; specifically, to evaluate the potential economic impacts of GM cultivars resistant to banana Xanthomonas wilt disease.

Data Sources

The paper uses data collected from farmers, traders, agricultural extension agents and key informants in the GLA.

Analysis

We analyze the perceptions of the respondents about the adoption and consumption of GM crop. Economic surplus model is used to determine future economic benefits and costs of producing GM banana.

Results

On the release of GM banana for commercialization, the expected initial adoption rate ranges from 21 to 70%, while the ceiling adoption rate is up to 100%. Investment in the development of GM banana is economically viable. However, aggregate benefits vary substantially across the target countries ranging from US$ 20 million to 953 million, highest in countries where disease incidence and production losses are high, ranging from 51 to 83% of production.

Conclusion

The findings support investment in the development of GM banana resistant to Xanthomonas wilt disease. The main beneficiaries of this technology development are farmers and consumers, although the latter benefit more than the former from reduced prices. Designing a participatory breeding program involving farmers and consumers signifies the successful adoption and consumption of GM banana in the target countries.     

香蕉抗病基因工程

长期以来,香蕉生产遭受病害的严重威胁,制约了其发展,目前,随着转基因抗病香蕉基因工程技术的日趋成熟,为培育抗病香蕉品种开辟了新途径。