汉族人群的前额发际与指纹研究

汉族人群前额发际中,三角尖型与平齐型之间,其指纹分布是否存在着规律性变化。对在校汉族大学生进行了调查,采用面对面调查方式获取被检者前额发际资料,记录在调查表中,用油墨拓印法获取被检者指纹图样,并置于放大镜下确认,三角尖组与平齐组指纹中的弓形纹、箕形纹和斗型纹3种基本纹理图形,经χ2检验均有显著性差异（P﹤0.05）。控制前额发际的基因与决定指纹形成的基因之间是如何相互作用的,有待进行更深入的研究与探索。     

河北汉族拇指超伸展人群的指纹分析

采用面对面调查方式获取被检者拇指关节活动度资料。用无油墨法采集研究对象的指纹．放大镜下鉴定。通过对120名河北汉族拇指超伸展者的指纹组合及频率进行了分析,并与120名拇指直型者的指纹进行了对比研究,探讨人类指纹纹型及组合与拇指关节活动度之间是否具有关联性。发现超伸展组中小指出现的Lr频率显著高于对照组小指出现的Lr频率（p〈0．05）,而超伸展组ALO纹型组合中的230组合频率显著低于对照组（p〈0．05）。结论是河北汉族指纹的分布与拇指关节活动度具有一定相关性,但还有待进一步研究。     

内蒙古四个民族耳垂基因频率

本文在调查内蒙古汉族、蒙古族、回族、朝鲜族耳垂性状的基础上,计算出上述4个民族的基因频率,并进行了4个民族之间、 4个民族与赫哲族、柯尔克孜族之间耳垂显性基因频率的比较, 研究结果提示:我国北方地区民族群体的耳垂显性基因频率由西向东有逐渐降低的趋势。     

黑龙江省汉族大学生遗传性状调查分析

调查了黑龙江省675例大学生的苯硫脲尝味能力、眼睑、卷舌、发式、发旋、额前发际、耳垂、达尔文结节、拇指端关节外展的调节类型共9对遗传性状的基因频率。结果显示6个隐性基因频率高于显性基因频率;而且黑龙江地区汉族多数遗传性状的隐性基因频率与国内其他地区汉族存在显著差异。黑龙江省汉族人群已形成各地区汉族人群的遗传结构复合体。     

山西上党地区汉族肤纹研究

报道中国中原山西省上党地区汉族群体肤纹模式样本的参数。样本包括500名男性和500名女性。技术分类用《ADA标准-CDA版本》, 项目参数用《CDA标准》。分析了指纹总嵴线数(TFRC)、指三角a和b间嵴线数(a-bRC)、手掌轴三角t到指三角a和d角度(atd)、轴三角t百分距离(tPD)、指纹、指间纹、手大小鱼际、猿线、指三角等项目的二级模式样本。还分析了同名指指纹对应的情况,非随机组合的现象。山西东南部自古称为"上党", 地处黄河流域中下游广大的中原地带的中心区域,在远古时期就有原始人类聚集生息, 是中华民族发祥地之一, 是研究中原汉族肤纹参数的较具代表性地域。我们建立中原汉族肤纹的模式样本, 为体质人类学等学科研究提供较完整的资料。     

鄂尔多斯蒙古族、汉族4项人类遗传学指标的研究

报道了内蒙古鄂尔多斯地区508例蒙古族人（男223例,女285例）和461例汉族人（男233例,女228例）的蒙古褶,上眼睑皱褶,铲型门齿和耳垂的出现率。调查结果显示：1）有蒙古褶率蒙古族为97．84％,汉族为97．83％,有上眼睑皱褶率蒙古族为81．69％,汉族为85．25％, 有铲型门齿率蒙古族为91．54％,汉族为88．72％;有耳垂率蒙古族为83．86％,汉族为82．86％;2）有蒙古褶率蒙古族汉族均存在性别间的羞异,有耳垂率汉族存在性别间差异;3）4项指标间无相关关系;4）蒙古族与汉族间蒙古褶出现率存在极显著差异。     

汉族左利人群的指纹研究

对111名长治市的汉族左利手者的指纹进行了分析研究, 并与138名右利手者组成的对照组进行了对比分析, 发现左利手组的双箕斗纹(Wd)显著高于对照组(P<0.005).     

人类指端斗形纹的遗传学研究

本文对汉族446个家庭,共1788名成员的皮纹作了调查,对指端斗形纹的遗传特点进行了研究。结果发现,指端斗形纹的遗传方式不是由外显充分的单基因常染色体显性或隐性遗传。根据Falconer第一公式计算其遗传度为65.6%,支持指端斗形纹是多基因遗传的观点。     

甘肃汉族9项头面部遗传学特征的研究

遗传学性状的出现率及基因频率在不同民族中可能会有所差异,调查分析不同族群的头面部遗传学特征,有助于确定当代各族群的体质特征,也为探讨族群的起源提供生物学依据。本研究采用随机整群抽样法,对甘肃省汉族400例（男、女性各200例）成人9项头面部遗传学特征与基因频率进行调查,统计学分析结果显示：甘肃汉族大多具有蒙古褶和上眼睑皱褶,门齿类型以铲型为主,鼻孔大多比较窄,鼻梁较直,头发多为直发,下颏类型凸型较多,其中上眼睑褶皱、鼻梁类型、鼻孔形状、额头发际和耳垂类型的出现率存在性别间差异（P<0.05）;9项头面部指标中两两相关的较多,体现其独特的规律;与我国南方汉族和内蒙古其他族群相比,甘肃汉族头面部特征在基本符合北方汉族特征的同时又体现其独特性。     

指纹遗传的双生子研究——Ⅱ.指纹纹型的研究

采用双生子法对26对MZ及24对DZ的指纹纹型进行研究,发现在各类指纹纹型中,斗形最多,桡箕最少。男女间纹型频率差异不大。纹型的左右手对称性为77.20％。作者提出了指纹系数的计算公式,即[(斗形纹数)+(斗形纹数+箕形纹数)]×100％。认为以此来反映10指纹型的构成和复杂程度,以及分析指纹较为合适。 纹型和三辐线在MZ与DZ对间一致率的比较,以及指纹系数、花样强度和生物学指纹价在MZ与DZ对间的相关系数的比较,发现MZ对间的一致率及相关系数明显高于DZ对间的一致率及相关系数,其遗传度为56—92％。本文发现指纹系数在MZ对间并非完全一致,即MZ对间纹型不一致,且指纹系数呈一连续常态分布。纹型的分析表明,指纹纹型以多基因遗传的可能性较大,但不能排除异质性遗传的可能。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418