Genetic-demographic processes in urban populations of the Ukraine in the 90's. The marital structure of the Poltava population

Analysis of records of the marriages that were contracted in the city of Poltava revealed an increase in outbreeding between 1960 and 1985 in the Poltava population. This was expressed in increased ethnic diversity, proportion of interethnic marriages, migration range, and the parent-offspring and average marital distances, whereas the proportion of the indigenous ethnic group (Ukrainians) decreased. By 1995, outbreeding decreased: the ethnic composition of the population became more homogeneous (98% Slavic), the proportion of Ukrainians and the frequency of monoethnic marriages increased, and the migration range decreased. During the period studied, the population became more panmictic with respect to ethnicity and birthplace, with the social and professional subdivisions of the population remaining unchanged.     

Genetic demographic parameters of the marriage structure of the Yevpatoria population

Records on marriages contracted in the city of Yevpatoria, Ukraine in 1960/1961, 1985, 1993, and 1994/1995 were used to determine some parameters of the city population structure. The coefficients of correlation with respect to the age of marriage in reproductive-age couples contracting marriages in these years were 0.77, 0.81, and 0.80, respectively. Women that contracted marriages at reproductively unfavorable ages (under 20 and over 30 years) in the respective years constituted 28.3, 40.6, and 45.4% of the total sample. The proportions of interethnic marriages in these years were 39.4, 43.9, and 46.6%. The proportion of Slavs decreased from 94 to 91% during 35 years, but the proportion of Ukrainians increased from 23.1 to 26.5%. The proportion of other ethnic groups (Tatars, Armenians, Karaites, Poles, Germans, etc.) increased from 3 to 8.6%. The marriage contingency with respect to ethnicity (K = 0.26 in 1960/1961, K = 0.22 in 1985, and K = 0.28 in 1994/1995) was higher than with respect to education (K = 0.18 in 1985 and K = 0.23 in 1993) or occupation (K = 0.18 in 1960/1961, K = 0.17 in 1985, and K = 0.23 in 1994/1995). The marriage assortativeness with respect to ethnicity was the highest in ethnic minorities (A' = 55.1%); that with respect to education, in persons who had higher or primary education (A' = 40.1% and A'= 78.0%, respectively); and that with respect to occupation, in students, military personnel, and production workers (60.6, 58.7, and 30.9%).     

Genetic demographic analysis of western Ukrainian populations: the marriage structure of populations from the Khmel'nitskii oblast with respect to ethnicity and birthplace

Ukrainians account for 85 and 91% of the populations of the city of Khmel'nitskii and the town of Starokonstantinov (Khmel'nitskii oblast, western Ukraine), respectively, and for 97% of the rural population of the Khmel'nitskii oblast. The proportions of Russians in the urban and rural populations of the Khmel'nitskii oblast are 7-10 and 1%, respectively. Between 1960 and 1995-1998, the proportions of Ukrainians in all populations studied increased and the proportion of interethnic marriages steadily decreased. The marriage association coefficient (K) with respect to ethnicity varied from 0.35 to 0.76 in different years. The highest assortative marriage indices (A') with respect to ethnicity were 75-98 and 71-84% in Ukrainians and Jews, respectively. The migration coefficient was 0.58-0.77. Western Ukrainian populations differ from eastern Ukrainian ones in a steadily decreasing outbreeding component.     

Genetic demographic data of Ukrainian urban populations in the 1990s: ethno-geographic characteristics of migrants in the Donetsk region

Analysis of data on the birthplaces and ethnicity of persons who contracted marriages in the city of Donetsk in 1960, 1985, and 1992 demonstrated that the proportions of Russians and Ukrainians (the dominant ethnic groups among Donetsk residents) in the migration flow increased. The trend towards formation of ethnically disperse groups from the city residents became stronger. The index of isolation by distance (parameter b of Malecot's model) was 0.00103, 0.00071, and 0.00083 in 1960, 1985, and 1992, respectively. The proportions of long-range and short-range migrants increased by 1.2 times and decreased by 2.3 times, respectively, during the period studied. The locality size of the Donetsk population was 50, 62, and 53 km in 1960, 1985, and 1992, respectively. The highest isolation by distance was observed in Jews and Greeks and the lowest one, in Russians.     

Genetic Demographic Structure of the Lugansk (Ukraine) Population: Age,Ethnicity, Education,and Occupation

Data from marriage records from registry office archives of 1960, 1985, 1990, and 2000 have been used to calculate the genetic demographic parameters of the Lugansk city population. The population is mostly Ukrainian and Russian. In the years studied, Ukrainians accounted for 49.4, 44.0, 44.6, and 48.7% of the population and Russians, for 46.3, 52.1, 50.7, and 45.6%, respectively. The total proportion of the two ethnic groups decreased from 97.3 to 94.6% for 40 years. The marriage contingency coefficient (K) with respect to ethnicity decreased from 0.16 to 0.07 in the period between 1960 and 1985 and increased from 0.10 to 0.24 between 1990 and 2000. The frequency of interethnic marriages (48.4, 50.9, 52.0, and 60.0%, respectively, in the years studied) indicate that the outbreeding component has been constantly increasing in the Lugansk population. The marriage assortativeness indices (A′) for Ukrainians were 0.2, 4.8, 2.1, and 6.0% in 1960, 1985, 1990, and 2000, respectively. For pooled minor ethnic groups, A′ values in these years were 25.6, 12.4, 18.9, and 6.6%, respectively. The marriage contingency coefficient (K) with respect to occupation increased in the period between 1960 and 1990 (0.14, 0.16, and 0.19 in 1960, 1985, and 1990, respectively), and K with respect to education decreased (0.35, 0.30, and 0.26, respectively).     

Genetic Demography of Ukrainian Urban Populations in the 1990s: Ethnic Geographic Characteristics of Migration in the Donetsk Population

Analysis of data on the birthplaces and ethnicity of persons who contracted marriages in the city of Donetsk in 1960, 1985, and 1992 demonstrated that the proportions of Russians and Ukrainians (the dominant ethnic groups among Donetsk residents) in the migration flow increased. The trend towards formation of ethnically disperse groups from the city residents became stronger. The index of isolation by distance (parameter b of Malecot's model) was 0.00103, 0.00071, and 0.00083 in 1960, 1985, and 1992, respectively. The proportions of long-range and short-range migrants increased by 1.2 times and decreased by 2.3 times, respectively, during the period studied. The locality size of the Donetsk population was 50, 62, and 53 km in 1960, 1985, and 1992, respectively. The highest isolation by distance was observed in Jews and Greeks and the lowest one, in Russians.     

Dynamic of marriage structure in three cities of Ukraine from 1960 to 1992

Marriage structure was studied in the city of Kiev and in two cities of the Sumy oblast, Shostka and Trostyanets. Ethnic affiliations and birthplaces of persons contracting marriage were analyzed as the main characteristics of population genetic diversity. The ethnic composition of persons contracting marriage and the proportions of mono- and interethnic marriages remained almost unchanged during one generation. The majority of the persons contracting marriage were Ukrainians (66-91%); among other ethnic groups, only Russians considerably contributed to ethnic diversity (up to 26%). During the period studied, coefficients of marital migration substantially decreased in Kiev (from 0.66-0.82 to 0.34) and Shostka (from 0.72 to 0.52) and changed only insignificantly in Trostyanets. Outbreeding was estimated based on the migration parameters, exogamy level, and marital migration distances. The outbreeding level in the Shostka population (100,000 people) was comparable with that for the considerably larger Kiev population (two million people); however, it was significantly higher than that for the Trostyanets population, the size of which was close to the size of the Shostka population. It is supposed that "migration stress" may unfavorably affect the adaptive genetic structure of the Shostka population.     

Genetic Demographic Analysis of Western Ukrainian Populations: The Marriage Structure of Populations from the Khmel'nitskii Oblast with Respect to Ethnicity and Birthplace

Ukrainians account for 85 and 91% of the populations of the city of Khmel'nitskii and the town of Starokonstantinov (Khmel'nitskii oblast, western Ukraine), respectively, and for 97% of the rural population of the Khmel'nitskii oblast. The proportions of Russians in the urban and rural populations of the Khmel'nitskii oblast are 7–10 and 1%, respectively. Between 1960 and 1995–1998, the proportions of Ukrainians in all populations studied increased and the proportion of interethnic marriages steadily decreased. The marriage association coefficient (K) with respect to ethnicity varied from 0.35 to 0.76 in different years. The highest assortative marriage indices (A) with respect to ethnicity were 75–98 and 71–84% in Ukrainians and Jews, respectively. The migration coefficient was 0.58–0.77. Western Ukrainian populations differ from eastern Ukrainian ones in a steadily decreasing outbreeding component.     

Genetic demography of the Kuznetsk Basin population: changes in marriage assortativeness with respect to ethnicity and age in the Belovo city population with time

A genetic demographic study has been performed in the city of Belovo with the use of the data on marriages contracted there in 1970 and 1994-1999. Marriage assortativeness with respect to age has been found to be the strongest and remain unchanged during the lifetime of one generation (r = 0.730 in 1970 and r = 0.801 in 1994-1999). Monoethnic marriages were substantially more frequent than interethnic ones in the Belovo population during the period studied, although the ethnic marriage assortativeness considerably decreased (K = 0.386 in 1970 and K = 0.141 in 1994-1999). Panmixia has been observed in the Russian population of Belovo. Other Eastern Slavs (Ukrainians and Belarussians) are characterized by negative marriage assortativeness and panmixia; positive marriage assortativeness has been found in other ethnic groups.     

Genetic demographic parameters of the marriage structure of the Yevpatoria population

Records on marriages contracted in the city of Yevpatoria, Ukraine in 1960/1961, 1985, 1993, and 1994/1995 were used to determine some parameters of the city population structure. The coefficients of correlation with respect to the age of marriage in reproductive-age couples contracting marriages in these years were 0.77, 0.81, and 0.80, respectively. Women that contracted marriages at reproductively unfavorable ages (under 20 and over 30 years) in the respective years constituted 28.3, 40.6, and 45.4% of the total sample. The proportions of interethnic marriages in these years were 39.4, 43.9, and 46.6%. The proportion of Slavs decreased from 94 to 91% during 35 years, but the proportion of Ukrainians increased from 23.1 to 26.5%. The proportion of other ethnic groups (Tatars, Armenians, Karaites, Poles, Germans, etc.) increased from 3 to 8.6%. The marriage contingency with respect to ethnicity (K = 0.26 in 1960/1961, K = 0.22 in 1985, and K = 0.28 in 1994/1995) was higher than with respect to education (K = 0.18 in 1985 and K = 0.23 in 1993) or occupation (K = 0.18 in 1960/1961, K = 0.17 in 1985, and K = 0.23 in 1993). The marriage assortativeness with respect to ethnicity was the highest in ethnic minorities (A′ = 55.1%); that with respect to education, in persons who had higher or primary education (A′ = 40.1% and A′ = 78.0%, respectively); and that with respect to occupation, in students, military personnel, and production workers (60.6, 58.7, and 30.9%).     

Spatial characteristics of marriage migration in the Belgorod population

Data from marriage records of the city of Belgorod for 1960, 1985, and 1995 have been used to calculate parameters characterizing migration in the Belgorod population. The marriage migration coefficients (m) in these years were 0.83, 0.68, and 0.58, respectively, and the endogamy indices were 0.05, 0.13, and 0.22, respectively. The marriage convergence (K) with respect to birthplace in the same years were 0.15, 0.13, and 0.14, respectively. In the period studied, spatial parameters reflecting the genetic efficiency of migration increased. The mean migration distance also increased; it was 430, 667, and 926 km in 1960, 1985, and 1995, respectively. The migration distances for men and women in the same years were 477, 725, and 986 km and 383, 609, and 866 km, respectively. The radius of the Belgorod population in terms of Malecot's isolation by distance model increased in the period studied (55, 81, and 95 km in 1960, 1985, and 1995, respectively). The parameter b in that period decreased (0.00110, 0.00074, and 0.00062, respectively), which indicates a decrease in the inbred component. The increase in marital distance (590, 796, and 891 km in 1960, 1985, and 1995, respectively) indicates a steady increase in the outbred component of the population.     

Genetic demographic structure of the Belgorod population: age, ethnicity, education, and occupation

Data from marriage records of the city of Belgorod for 1960, 1985, and 1995 have been used to determine some parameters of population structure in this city. The coefficients of correlation with respect to age of marriage between spouses in the couples contracting marriages in these years were 0.74, 0.62, and 0.80, respectively. Women of reproductively unfavorable age (under 20 or over 30 years) accounted for 5.5, 0.83, and 19% of all women contracting marriages in these years, respectively. The proportions of interethnic marriages in these years were 16.9, 14.9, and 15.6%, respectively. The percentage of Slavs decreased from 99 to 97% during the 35 years studied, whereas the proportion of Russians insignificantly increased (from 90.4 to 91.4%). The proportion of Caucasian ethnic groups increased by six time (from 0.3 to 1.8%), and that of other non-Slavic ethnic groups increased by almost two times (from 0.7 to 1.2%). The marriage convergence (K) with respect to ethnicity (0.095, 0.106, and 0.090 in 1960, 1985, and 1995, respectively) was lower than that with respect to education (0.296 and 0.350 in 1985 and 1995, respectively) or occupation (0.212 and 0.231 in 1985 and 1995, respectively). The maximum coefficients of ethnically, educationally, and occupationally assortative marriage have been found, respectively, in ethnic minority groups (A' = 20%); in persons with higher and primary education (A' = 37.5 and A' = 49.9%, respectively); and in the military officers/soldiers, engineers, healthcare professionals, and researchers (the respective A' values are 65.6, 32.2, 31.5, and 39.8%).     

Genetic demography of Ukrainian urban populations in the 1990's: ethnicity and birth places of migrants to the Poltava population

Analysis of the birthplace and ethnicity of males and females contracting marriages in the city of Poltava in 1960, 1985, and 1995 revealed a trend towards return of Ukrainians from various regions of the former Soviet Union to their places of origin. In the migration flow, Russians were gradually substituted by Ukrainians, and the total proportion of Slavs increased. The isolation by distance (b) decreased from 0.00122 to 0.00075 in the period from 1960 to 1985 and then increased to 0.00098 by 1995. Positive association was found between the parent-offspring distance and marriage distance (the correlation coefficient r = 0.65-0.75).     

Genetic Demography of Ukrainian Urban Populations in the 1990s: Ethnicity and Birthplaces of Migrants to the Poltava Population

Analysis of the birthplaces and ethnicity of males and females contracting marriages in the city of Poltava in 1960, 1985, and 1995 revealed a trend towards return of Ukrainians from various regions of the former Soviet Union to their places of origin. In the migration flow, Russians were gradually substituted by Ukrainians, and the total proportion of Slavs increased. The isolation by distance (b) decreased from 0.00122 to 0.00075 in the period from 1960 to 1985 and then increased to 0.00098 by 1995. Positive association was found between the parent–offspring distance and marriage distance (the correlation coefficient r = 0.65–0.75).     

Dynamics of the genetic demographic structure of the Kursk province population: migration processes

Marriage records from parish books of the second half of the 19th century and marriage records of 1967-1970 and 1993-1995 obtained from registry offices were used to analyze the dynamics of genetically significant parameters of migration and marriage structure with respect to spouses' birthplaces in populations of different hierarchical levels in the Kursk oblast. It was found that, among the persons contracting marriage (both males and females), the proportions of those who were born in the same population and those who were born in any population of the Kursk oblast decreased by about one third and one fifth, respectively, for the 130-year period. In rural and small urban populations, the coefficients of marriage migration in the 19th century were an order of magnitude lower than in the 20th century. The immigration to urban populations was maximum in the late 1960s (m = 0.745 in small towns and m = 0.680 in Kursk), and that to rural populations, in the 1990s (m = 0.344). In both urban and rural populations, the mean distance between the spouses' birthplaces has increased by several times for the period studied. The endogamy level has decreased approximately twofold: from 0.797 to 0.380 in Kursk, from 0.897 to 0.419 in small towns, and from 0.958 to 0.440 in rural districts. The marriage assortativeness with respect to birthplace was maximum in the late 19th century (K = 0.393-0.491) and minimum in the 1960s (K = 0.155-0.246). The increase in genetic diversity of the urban population of the Kursk oblast due to migration has been slowing down since the late 20th century, whereas the outbreeding level is still increasing in rural populations.     

Genetic Demographic Structure of the Belgorod Population: Age,Ethnicity, Education,and Occupation

Data from marriage records of the city of Belgorod for 1960, 1985, and 1995 have been used to determine some parameters of population structure in this city. The coefficients of correlation with respect to age of marriage between spouses in the couples contracting marriages in these years were 0.74, 0.62, and 0.80, respectively. Women of reproductively unfavorable age (under 20 or over 30 years) accounted for 5.5, 0.83, and 19% of all women contracting marriages in these years, respectively. The proportions of interethnic marriages in these years were 16.9, 14.9, and 15.6%, respectively. The percentage of Slavs decreased from 99 to 97% during the 35 years studied, whereas the proportion of Russians insignificantly increased (from 90.4 to 91.4%). The proportion of Caucasian ethnic groups increased by six time (from 0.3 to 1.8%), and that of other non-Slavic ethnic groups increased by almost two times (from 0.7 to 1.2%). The marriage convergence (K) with respect to ethnicity (0.095, 0.106, and 0.090 in 1960, 1985, and 1995, respectively) was lower than that with respect to education (0.296 and 0.350 in 1985 and 1995, respectively) or occupation (0.212 and 0.231 in 1985 and 1995, respectively). The maximum coefficients of ethnically, educationally, and occupationally assortative marriage have been found, respectively, in ethnic minority groups (A′ = 20%); in persons with higher and primary education (A′ = 37.5 and 49.9%, respectively); and in the military officers/soldiers, engineers, healthcare professionals, and researchers (the respective A′ values are 65.6, 32.2, 31.5, and 39.8%).__________Translated from Genetika, Vol. 41, No. 6, 2005, pp. 823–829.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Atramentova, Filiptsova.     

Genetic Demography of the Kuznetsk Basin Population: Changes in Marriage Assortativeness with Respect to Ethnicity and Age in the Belovo City Population with Time

A genetic demographic study has been performed in the city of Belovo with the use of the data on marriages contracted there in 1970 and 1994–1999. Marriage assortativeness with respect to age has been found to be the strongest and remain unchanged during the lifetime of one generation (r = 0.730 in 1970 and r = 0.801 in 1994–1999). Monoethnic marriages were substantially more frequent than interethnic ones in the Belovo population during the period studied, although the ethnic marriage assortativeness considerably decreased (K = 0.386 in 1970 and K = 0.141 in 1994–1999). Panmixia has been observed in the Russian population of Belovo. Other Eastern Slavs (Ukrainians and Belarussians) are characterized by negative marriage assortativeness and panmixia; positive marriage assortativeness has been found in other ethnic groups.__________Translated from Genetika, Vol. 41, No. 7, 2005, pp. 938–942.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Lavryashina, Ulyanova.     

Spatial Characteristics of Marriage Migration in the Belgorod Population

Data from marriage records of the city of Belgorod for 1960, 1985, and 1995 have been used to calculate parameters characterizing migration in the Belgorod population. The marriage migration coefficients (m) in these years were 0.83, 0.68, and 0.58, respectively, and the endogamy indices were 0.05, 0.13, and 0.22, respectively. The marriage convergence (K) with respect to birthplace in the same years were 0.15, 0.13, and 0.14, respectively. In the period studied, spatial parameters reflecting the genetic efficiency of migration increased. The mean migration distance also increased; it was 430, 667, and 926 km in 1960, 1985, and 1995, respectively. The migration distances for men and women in the same years were 477, 725, and 986 km and 383, 609, and 866 km, respectively. The radius of the Belgorod population in terms of Malecot’s isolation by distance model increased in the period studied (55, 81, and 95 km in 1960, 1985, and 1995, respectively). The parameter b in that period decreased (0.00110, 0.00074, and 0.00062, respectively), which indicates a decrease in the inbred component. The increase in marital distance (590, 796, and 891 km in 1960, 1985, and 1995, respectively) indicates a steady increase in the outbred component of the population.__________Translated from Genetika, Vol. 41, No. 5, 2005, pp. 686–696.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Atramentova, Filiptsova.     

Genetic demographic characteristics of the rural population of the Tuva Republic: marriage structure and inbreeding]

Marriage structure was studied in three rural populations of the Tuva Republic: the Shinaan population and the populations of Todzhinskii and Bai-Taiginskii raions (districts). The Shinaan and Bai-Taiginskii populations had high levels of endogamy (0.6704 and 0.6050, respectively). In the Todzhinskii population, which was characterized by a mixed ethnic composition, endogamy was 0.3779 for the total population and 0.4626 for Tuvinians; interethnic marriages in this population were rare. The values of marriage assortativeness with respect to birthplace were 19.38, 40.75, 75.87, and 41.87% in the Shinaan, Bai-Taiginskii, all the Todzhinskii populations, and Tuvinian monoethnic marriages in the Todzhinskii raion, respectively. High marriage assortativeness with respect to ethnicity was found. Its values (A') were 91.85 and 93.49% in Tuvinians and Russians, respectively. Tuvinian populations were characterized by high inbreeding. The total (F(it)), random (Fst), and nonrandom inbreeding (Fis) estimated by isonymy were 0.004237, 0.002298, and 0.001944 in the Shinaan population, 0.007292, 0.009448, and -0.002177 in the Bai-Taiginskii population, and 0.003846, 0.004152, and -0.000307 in the Todzhinskii population, respectively (in the latter populations, the F(it), Fst, and Fis values for Tuvinian marriages alone were 0.005000, 0.007222, and -0.002238, respectively). The results obtained indicate that individual territorial groups of Tuvinians retain a high degree of genetic isolation from one another.     

Spatial and geographic characteristics of marriage migration in the Lugansk population

Data from the Lugansk City Registry Office archives of 1960, 1985, 1990, and 2000 were used to calculate genetic demographic parameters characterizing marriage migration. The migration coefficients (m) in these years were 0.69, 0.54, 0.47, and 0.36; the endogamy indices were 12.1, 24.4, 30.5, and 43.2%, and the marriage contingency coefficients with respect to birthplace (K) were 0.12, 0.10, 0.11, and 0.13, respectively. The mean migration distance increased by a factor of 1.5 (from 599 to 870 km), and the mean parent-offspring distance decreased by a factor of 1.3 (from 415 to 317 km) during the period between 1960 and 2000. The mean marriage distance increased from 654 to 718 km between 1960 and 1985 and then decreased to 594 km by the year 2000. The proportion of "long-distance" migrations calculated using Malecot's model increased from 0.013 to 0.021 between 1960 and 1990 and decreased to 0.005 by 2000. The proportion of "short-distance" migrations was 0.77 in 1960 and 0.51 in 2000. The migration efficiency increased from 0.09 to 0.18 between 1960 and 1990 and decreased to 0.07 by 2000. In the years studied, the indices of isolation by distance (b) were 0.0005, 0.0004, 0.0005, and 0.0002, and the population "radii" were 90, 118, 119, and 168 km, respectively.