对硫磷对三角褐指藻核酸和蛋白质合成动态的影响

应用同位素标记法研究了对磷磷对三角褐指灌核酸和蛋白质合成动态的影响。结果表明,低浓度的对硫酸（≤１．５ｍｇ／Ｌ）对三角褐指的生长有刺激作用,而高浓度的对硫磷（≥２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ）却严重抑制三角褐指藻的生长,低浓度划硫磷在促进生长的过程中,藻细胞中蛋白质、ＤＮＡ、ＲＮＡ３种大分子物质的合成活跃,其合成速度升高,而在高浓度对硫磷的胁迫下,蛋白质,ＤＮＡ,ＲＮＡ的合成明显地受到了抑制,合成速度降低。     

重金属胁迫引起的水稻和小麦幼苗DNA损伤

供试浓度的重金属Cu2 、Cd2 和Hg2 能在不同程度上导致水稻和小麦DNA损伤。 (1)Hg2 ≥ 0 .0 2 5mmol L、Cu2 和Cd2 ≥ 0 .1mmol L处理使水稻幼苗期外DNA合成速率显著高于对照 ,且当Cu2 、Cd2 和Hg2 浓度进一步增高时 ,水稻幼苗期外DNA合成速率呈现先上升而后较最大值有所下降的规律。 (2 ) 0 .1～1.0mmol L的Cu2 及 0 .1mmol L的Cd2 、Hg2 能引起水稻、小麦叶内DNA和蛋白质交联 ,并且这种和DNA交联的蛋白质易被胰蛋白酶水解。 (3) 0 .1～ 1.0mmol L的Hg2 及 1.0mmol L的Cd2 还能使水稻、小麦叶片内DNA链间发生交联     

3′-poly(A)~-病毒RNA的大分子cDNA的合成和克隆

为了合成3′端无poly(A)的病毒RNA(登革热病毒Ⅱ)的3′区的长的cDNA,我们用RNA连接酶,把3′端被pCp封闭了的poly(A)<50bp连在病毒RNA的3′端,构成一个病毒RNA-poly(A)-pCp型模板,可用oligo(dT_(10-12))作引物,再用Watson和Jackson(1985)的RNase H代替硷降解法来合成cDNA。结果获得了≥5kb的cDNA。重组克隆的鉴定证明这个大分子cDNA确是病毒RNA 3′区的拷贝。这将有利于对这类RNA病毒基因组的结构-功能分析和对病毒cDNA拷贝的感染性的研究。     

水稻叶片的蔗糖合成酶

糖型叶水稻、小麦、苜蓿叶片中SS的活力≥SPS。中间型叶高粱、菠菜叶片和淀粉型叶烟草、大豆叶片中SS的活力相似文献   

诱导子对藏红花悬浮培养细胞生产藏红花色素的影响

考察壳聚糖（chitosan）、壳寡糖（chitosanoligosaccharides,COS）、茉莉酸甲酯（methyljasmonate,MJ）、水杨酸（salicylicacid,SA）和Cu2＋等诱导子对藏红花悬浮培养细胞生长和藏红花色素合成的影响。结果表明：在实验考察浓度范围内,壳寡糖（1～500mg／L）和较低浓度壳聚糖（≤10mrdL）、MJ（≤10μmol／L）、SA（≤10μμmol／L）和Cu2＋（≤1μmoL／L）对细胞生长无显著影响;较高浓度壳聚糖（≥100mg／L）、MJ（≥100μmol／L）、SA（≥100μmoL／L）和cu“（≥10μmoL／L）显著抑制细胞生长。5种诱导子对藏红花色素合成的诱导效果不同,并且与诱导子作用浓度和添加时间有关。MJ诱导效果最好,在细胞培养第0天添加终浓度100仙moL／LMJ,藏红花色素含量（以1克干细胞计）达到28．57mg,比对照提高177．9％。其次是cu“,在细胞培养第4天添加终浓度500μmoL／LCu2＋,色素含量达到19．82mg,比对照提高108．2％。再次是壳聚糖和壳寡糖,在细胞培养第14天分别添加终质量浓度100mg／L壳聚糖和壳寡糖,色素含量分别达到18．33和17．39mg,比对照提高69．1％和69．0％。最后是SA,在细胞培养第14天添加终浓度10μmoL／LSA,色素含量达到14．65mg,比对照提高45．4％。     

213份苎麻种质资源农艺性状及品质性状鉴定评价

对213份苎麻种质的农艺性状和品质性状进行了分析和评价。结果表明,农艺性状和产量以及纤维品质存在丰富的变异;8个性状间存在着不同的相关性;筛选出高产种质(单蔸产量≥110g)56份,优质种质(纤维细度≥2200m/g)38份,高产(单蔸产量≥110g)优质(纤维细度≥2200 m/g)的种质5份。     

栝楼籽核糖体失活蛋白的纯化、性质及晶体生长研究

栝楼（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｓａｎｔｈｅｓｋｉｒｉｌｏｗｉ）籽经粉碎抽提、硫酸铵沉淀、阳离子交换及凝胶过滤柱层析等步骤,得到一种单链核糖体失活蛋白－Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｋｉｒｉｎ（ＴＣＫ）．ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和ＩＥＦ显示为单一条带,其分子量为２９ｋＤ,ｐＩ≥９．３,含糖量约为１．７５％．该蛋白对兔网织红细胞裂解液系统的蛋白质合成具较强的抑制活性,ＩＣ５０为６．７×１０－１０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ．改进了纯化方法,提高了产率,并培养出晶体．     

1978年前、后中国≥10 ℃年积温对比

利用620个气象站点的逐日平均气温分别计算了1951—1978和1979—2005年≥10 ℃年积温及其初日、终日,并对比分析了1978年前、后≥10 ℃年积温及其初日、终日和持续天数.结果表明：与1951—1978年相比,1979—2005年全国大部分地区≥10 ℃年积温有所增加,其增幅以东北、华北、华南地区较大;长江以北大部分地区的≥10 ℃年积温初日提前0～5 d,长江以南大部分地区则推迟0～5 d;除华南沿海和西南小部分地区的≥10 ℃年积温终日推迟5 d以上外,其余地区则推迟0～5 d;全国≥10 ℃年积温日数总体呈增加趋势,以0～5 d和5～10 d的增幅为主,各地区的差异大且连片性差.对积温变化趋势的准确掌握可为农业结构布局调整以及农业生产潜力评估提供重要依据.     

寡核苷酸合成的一种优化方法

为提高寡核苷酸的合成效率,结合本实验室研制出的探针并行合成装置,提出了一种寡核苷酸合成的优化方法,可有效减少合成的循环次数,同时使合成成本降低、合成时间缩短,合成效率大大提高。     

DNA合成技术及应用

DNA从头合成技术是指以寡核苷酸链为起始的合成DNA片段的技术,其不断进步是合成生物学快速发展的基石之一。常规使用的连接介导的DNA合成技术和PCR介导的DNA合成技术日益成熟,精确合成长度已经达到0．5—1kb。微阵列介导的DNA合成技术不断发展,其低成本、高通量的特点吸引了人们的注意;而酵母体内DNA合成技术的成功探索也为体外DNA合成提供了一种补偿方法。DNA合成在优化密码子用于异源表达、构建异源代谢途径、合成人工基因组以及合成减毒病毒用于疫苗研制等方面有广泛应用。综述了DNA从头合成技术的研究进展,并介绍了DNA合成的前沿应用。     

Standardised ileal crude protein and amino acid digestibilities in protein supplements for piglets

Standardised ileal digestibilities (SID) of crude protein and amino acids (AA) originating from 24 different feed ingredients, including 11 feed ingredients produced from soybeans, seven by-products of starch processing, four whey products and two fish meals, were determined in piglets by means of the difference method. For the indispensable AA, the highest SID values were obtained in three out of four whey proteins (SID ≥90% for most indispensable AA), one out of two fish meals (SID ≥86%), soy protein concentrate, hydrolysed soy protein isolate (SID ≥86% for most indispensable AA), and by-products of starch processing (SID ≥84% for most indispensable AA). The lowest SID values were obtained in extruded soybeans and microbially fermented soy protein (SID ≤78% for most indispensable AA), whereas the SID values for high-protein soybean meal were intermediate (SID 80–89% for indispensable AA except for Thr). The SID values in the three enzymatically fermented soy proteins (SID 80–94% for most indispensable AA) were similar to those in high-protein soybean meal and soy protein concentrate. The results of the present study indicate that SID values of AA in feed ingredients for piglets differ considerably from those reported for grower-finisher pigs, thus there may be a need for separate feed tables for piglets.     

Correlation between activities of starch debranching enzyme and α-polyglucan structure in endosperms of sugary-1 mutants of rice

The biochemical lesion of the sugary-1 mutation was examined in five different mutants of rice with varying phenotypes but with mutations at the same locus. The cells in the inner part of the endosperm of all mutants tested contained phytoglycogen instead of starch, while the cells located in the outer part of the endosperm tissue from some mutants were filled with numerous starch granules. The molecular size of phytoglycogen was markedly smaller than that of amylopectin as measured by Sephacryl S-1000 chromatography. Analysis of the distribution of α-1,4 chain lengths revealed that in phytoglycogen the number of A-chains dramatically increased, while long B chains with DP ≥ 37 remarkably decreased or were almost absent, which resulted in the disappearance of the cluster structure. The results suggest that changes in the balance of enzymic activities induced by the mutations brought about a drastic alteration in polyglucan structure and the shape of the polyglucan granule. The greater the extent of phytoglycogen regions in su1 endosperm tissues became, the greater was the phytoglycogen content, and the greater the reduction in the activity of starch debranching enzyme, a type of enzyme referred to as R-enzyme (RE), limit dextrinase or pullulanase. Immunoblot analysis showed that the reduction in RE activity was due to a decrease in the amount of RE protein, and that the reduction in RE was specific since proteins of starch-branching enzymes I and IIa and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase were not markedly affected by su1 mutations. The proportion of starch region to the whole endosperm tissue of various su1 mutants was correlated with the RE activity in these endosperms. The results strongly suggest that the reduction in RE activity is involved in the su1 phenotype and that the enzyme plays an essential role in determining the fine structure of the amylopectin molecule     

Composition and Structure of Starch from Taproots of Contrasting Genotypes of Medicago sativa L

The objective of this study was to examine the composition and branch chain lengths of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) taproot starch during starch utilization and reaccumulation in response to defoliation. Genotypes were propagated vegetatively and well-established plants were sampled at defoliation and at weekly intervals thereafter. Starch granules from root tissues were dispersed in dimethyl sulfoxide and starch components separated using gel permeation chromatography. Root starches also were debranched enzymically, and branch chain lengths were examined. Results indicate that, irrespective of starch concentration, starch from taproots of the high starch genotype was composed of approximately 80% high molecular weight starch with I₂-Kl absorbance characteristics similar to amylopectin. The remaining 20% of the starch was low molecular weight with I₂-Kl absorbance characteristics similar to amylose. Starches of the low starch genotype contained approximately 85% high molecular weight polysaccharide at high root starch concentrations (>50 grams per kilogram). At low root starch concentrations (<10 grams per kilogram), starch from the low starch genotype had nearly equal proportions of low and high molecular weight polysaccharide. The I₂-Kl absorbance properties of the low molecular weight starches from roots of the low starch genotype indicated that some branching may be present. The distribution of chain lengths from amylopectin did not change during starch degradation and reaccumulation for the high starch genotype. In the low starch genotype, the proportion of low molecular weight branches having a degree of polymerization between 1 and 30 was decreased at the very low starch concentrations observed on the 14th day of regrowth. Higher concentrations and/or quantities of starch in roots of the high starch genotype were not associated with greater rate of herbage regrowth, when compared to the low starch genotype.     

Physicochemical properties and development of wheat large and small starch granules during endosperm development

Wheat mature seeds have large, lenticular A-type starch granules, and small, spherical B-type and irregular C-type starch granules. During endosperm development, large amyloplasts came from proplastid, divided and increased in number through binary fission from 4 to 12 days after flowering (DAF). Large starch granules formed and developed in the large amyloplast. One large amyloplast had only one large starch granule. Small amyloplasts came from the protrusion of large amyloplast envelope, divided and increased in number through envelope protrusion after 12 DAF. B-type starch granules formed and developed in small amyloplast from 12 to 18 DAF, C-type starch granules formed and developed in small amyloplast after 18 DAF. Many B- and C-type starch granules might form and develop in one small amyloplast. The amyloplast envelopes were asynchronously degraded and starch granules released into cell matrix when amyloplasts were full of starch granules. Apparent amylose contents of large starch granules were higher than that of small starch granules, and increased with endosperm development. The swelling powers and crystallinity of large starch granule were lower than that of small starch granules, and decreased with endosperm development. Small starch granules displayed broader gelatinization temperature ranges than did large starch granules.     

小麦籽粒抗性淀粉含量的分析

选用3个抗性淀粉含量较高的小麦品种和3个抗性淀粉含量较低的小麦品种按Griffing双列杂交设计配置成15个杂交组合, 以亲本及F₁为材料进行了小麦籽粒抗性淀粉含量的遗传规律分析, 旨在为高抗性淀粉含量且综合性状优良的新型保健小麦新品种(系)的选育提供理论依据。结果表明, 在6个小麦品种中, 安农90202和D68-20抗性淀粉含量的一般配合力较好, 能显著地提高杂种后代籽粒抗性淀粉含量。安农90202×04单28和06-5×D68-20组合的特殊配合力最好, 两者特殊配合力效应值显著地高于其他组合。小麦抗性淀粉含量的遗传符合加性-显性模型, 显性程度为超显性。控制抗性淀粉含量的增效等位基因表现为隐性, 且亲本中抗性淀粉含量的增减效等位基因的分布不平衡, 高抗性淀粉含量的亲本中隐性基因数量多于显性基因数量。实验中安农90202和04单28控制抗性淀粉含量的隐性基因较多,而宁春18和新春5号含有的显性基因数量较多。同时研究发现小麦抗性淀粉含量的狭义遗传力中等, 为36.49%。     

The influence of various small plasticisers and malto-oligosaccharides on the retrogradation of (partly) gelatinised starch

Ageing of gelatinised and partly gelatinised potato starch and wheat starch were investigated in the presence of plasticisers with increasing size and number of OH groups (ethylene glycol, glycerol, threitol, xylitol, glucose, and for potato starch also maltose). The influences of these plasticisers and of granular remnants (ghosts) on recrystallisation were determined by using X-ray diffraction. Recrystallisation of potato starch samples in the presence of plasticisers resulted in crystallinity indices of 0.5. The largest reduction in potato starch recrystallisation is found for threitol (4 OH) and xylitol (5 OH). In the plasticiser range examined, the crystallisation inducing effect of granular potato starch remnants is reduced better when the plasticiser contains more OH groups. Wheat starch recrystallises to a lesser extent than potato starch, resulting in crystallinity indices of 0.4. The results for wheat starch do not show clear trends for the influences of plasticiser size and of ghosts. The difference in behaviour of the two starches is probably caused by wheat starch having shorter amylopectin chains. Resulting from these shorter amylopectin chains, the remaining structure in wheat starch ghosts may resemble A-type crystallinity, making it more difficult to form B-type crystals. Alternatively, the trends as found for potato starch may occur, but are less manifest for wheat starch, due to the lower total extent of recrystallisation. Solid state CP/MAS NMR spectra of the wheat starch samples containing ethylene glycol were obtained, in order to compare completely and partly gelatinised systems. The spectra were identical, confirming that the ghost structures do not influence wheat starch recrystallisation. Apparently, wheat starch ghosts do not act as nuclei for crystallisation.

Similarly, the influence of various malto-oligosaccharides in combination with granular remnants (ghosts) was investigated on wheat starch ageing. Gelatinised and partly gelatinised wheat starch were plasticised with maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose or maltohexaose. This resulted in crystallinity indices of 0.2, with the largest reduction in recrystallisation for maltotriose and maltotetraose. No trend was found for the influence of ghosts. The presence of ghosts did not influence the ¹³C solid state HP/DEC NMR spectra. Less recrystallisation took place than with the previously mentioned smaller plasticisers that resulted in crystallinity indices of 0.4. The finding that maltose was able to reduce retrogradation better than glucose could be of practical importance.     

A quantitative histochemical procedure for measurement of starch in apple fruits

Measurements of starch (e.g. amyloplasts in stomatal guard cells, sieve elements, root tips or the starch sheath) is often very difficult using most analytical methods. An evaluation was made of interactive computer image analysis of starch measurements in apple fruits. The results obtained indicate that quantitative histochemistry can be an appropriate method to quantify starch. Correlations for starch values between the image analysis system and a colorimetric system were quantified. The thickness of plastic-embedded slices had no influence on the accuracy of the area occupied by image-quantified starch (starch/slice) or on its variance. The magnification of the objective also had no effect on measured starch-occupied areas (starch/slice), but there were big differences in variance. The number of replications required to establish statistically significant differences were calculated.