主要组织相容性抗原的研究进展

主要上容性抗原是一种分布在细胞表面,并具种系特异性的抗原蛋白,用以将细胞内加工过程的肽段提呈到细胞表面,以激活免疫细胞,在移植器官的排斥反应、抗感染抗肿瘤当中起重要作用     

组织蛋白酶S在抗原提呈过程中的作用

效应T细胞激活需要两个或以上的信号诱导.抗原肽结合MHC-Ⅱ分子的溶酶体途径（第一信号）包括两个重要的步骤：不变链（invariant chain Ii）降解和抗原加工.目前所知的溶酶体蛋白酶中,组织蛋白酶S（cathepsin S,cat S）被认为以非冗长的作用参与了上述两步过程,其还参与了降解细胞外基质（extracellular matrix,ECM）的过程.因此被认为在调节免疫、自身免疫性疾病、抗肿瘤免疫、组织重塑等方面是具有潜力的研究靶点.     

主要组织相容性复合体—T细胞受体与病毒抗原肽

近年来有关主要组织相容性复合体－Ｔ细胞受体（ＭＨＣ－ＴＣＲ）与病毒抗原肽复合体的研究进展迅速,三者之间在空间结构上相互识别和结合,可以诱导病毒特异性ＣＤ８＾＋ＣＴＬ的产生,有可能利用病毒抗原肽作疫苗,清除胞内病毒颗粒。     

多西紫杉醇修饰的人工晶体与眼组织相容性分析

目的：探讨经多西紫杉醇修饰的人工晶体对眼组织相容性的影响。方法：按照随机数字表法将32 只日本大耳兔分为两组：实验组通过手术植入表面经多西紫杉醇修饰处理后的疏水性人工晶体,对照组植入疏水性人工晶体。比较两组人工晶体亲水角、术后24 小时光耀斑块计数以及人工晶体周围组织炎症浸润数。结果：实验组的亲水角小于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。实验组光耀斑块计数低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。实验组家兔人工晶体周围组织炎症浸润计数低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：人工晶体表面经多西紫杉醇修饰后,其亲水性、与眼组织的组织相容性增加,且可缓解光耀斑炎症感染和降低并发症的发生,有重要的临床参考价值。     

人类白细胞抗原部分基因多态性与丙型肝炎病毒感染相关性研究进展简

国内外有关宿主遗传基因与疾病关系的研究成果表明,人类白细胞抗原（HLA）在宿主免疫系统的免疫应答过程中发挥着举足轻重的作用。机体受到病原体感染后,其对病原体的清除以及疾病转归方面表现出的不同,在很大程度上取决于个体间基因组的差异。大量研究证实,HLA多态性是与丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）的易感性和清除相关的一个宿主基因,我们就该研究领域的进展进行简要综述。     

金属螯合亲和层析法纯化抗乙肝核心抗原单克隆抗体

采用金属螯合亲和层析法,纯化了小鼠腹水来源的抗乙肝核心抗原单克隆抗体,对上样缓冲液的pH和离子强度、洗脱液种类和洗脱方式进行优化。结果表明,采用降低pH分步洗脱时,最佳上样缓冲液为pH8.0,20mmol/LPB+0.5mol/LNaCl,抗体在pH5.0被洗脱下来,抗体回收率80%,纯度85%。采用咪唑浓度梯度洗脱时,最佳的上样缓冲液为pH8.0,20mmol/LPB+5mmol/L咪唑,抗体纯度大于95%,回收率65%;在上样缓冲液中不添加NaCl而添加少量的咪唑,更有利于抗体分离。以上洗脱方式都能较好地保持mAb的生物学活性,为该抗体的应用提供了必要的实验基础。     

小鼠精囊自身抗原的原核表达和纯化

目的：在原核细胞中表达小鼠精囊自身抗原（SVA）,并对表达产物进行鉴定和纯化。方法：提取小鼠附睾组织总RNA,RT-PCR获得SVA的cDNA,设计并合成特异引物序列,进一步扩增出不含信号肽的SVA编码序列,连入原核表达载体pET28a中,经酶切和测序鉴定正确的重组质粒转化大肠杆菌Rosetta（DE3）感受态细胞,IPTG诱导表达,Western印迹分析表达产物His-SVA,采用Ni-NTA纯化融合蛋白His-SVA。结果：原核表达获得融合6个组氨酸的SVA,用抗His单克隆抗体进行Western印迹鉴定,检测到相对分子质量约18×10^3的目的蛋白,与理论值一致;经Ni-NTA纯化获得较高纯度的His-SVA融合蛋白。结论：获得了在大肠杆菌中表达的小鼠附睾蛋白SVA,为后续研究其对小鼠生殖的影响奠定了基础。     

房间隔缺损闭合器组织相容性研究

目的:采用GB/T16175-1997和ISO10993-6:2007标准中植入后局部反应试验的结果判定方法,评价房间隔缺损闭合器植入体内后的组织相容性,探讨两种方法在组织相容性评价中的作用.方法:采用试验动物家兔皮下植入试验,将试验样品植入家兔背部皮下组织,分别于植入后1周、4周和12周后处死动物,取材,常规制片,HE染色,组织学观察采用炎症和纤维囊腔分级法及半定量记分法.结果:样品皮下植入后随着时间的延长,其周围组织的反应程度呈加重趋势.植入后12周,组织学反应未达到稳态.两种方法的组织学观察结果是一致的.结论:两种方法在组织学评价中均有其局限性,实际中可将两种方法结合来评价医疗器械的组织相容性,建议继续观察该样品植入后26周的局部反应,以减少临床使用的风险.     

轮状病毒与人类组织血型抗原相关性的研究进展

轮状病毒是引起婴幼儿腹泻的重要病原体,该病毒颗粒的VP4在病毒颗粒吸附和侵入宿主细胞过程中发挥着重要作用。最近研究发现VP4刺突蛋白远端的VP8*与人类组织血型抗原结合,是轮状病毒新的受体,并发表在Nature,Journal of Virology等杂志。本文对人类组织血型抗原与轮状病毒之间的研究进展进行简要概述,总结已有的研究结果,阐明组织血型抗原与轮状病毒研究的重要意义。     

Genetics of life span in mice

Thymic involution that occurs earlier in some individuals than others may be the result of complex interactions between genetic factors and the environment. Such interactions may produce defects of thymus-dependent immune regulation associated with susceptibility to developing autoimmune diseases, malignancy, and an increased number of infections associated with aging.The major histocompatibility complex may be important in determining profiles of cause of death and length of life in mice. Genetic influences on life span involve interactions between loci and allelic interactions during life which may change following viral infections or exposure to other environmental factors. We have used different experimental protocols to study the influence of H-2 on life span and found that interactions between genetic regions, are inconsistent, particularly when comparing mice infected or not infected with Sendai virus.Genes important for life span need to be studied against many genetic backgrounds and under differing environmental conditions because of the complexity of the genetics of life span. Several genetic models were used to demonstrate that the MHC is a marker of life span in backcross and intercross male mice of the H-2^d and H-2^b genotypes in B10 congenic mice. Females lived longer than males in backcross and intercross mice, while males lived longer than females in B10 congenics. H-2^d was at a disadvantage for life span in backcross mice of the dilute brown and brown males exposed to Sendai infection, but intercross mice not exposed to Sendai virus of the same genotype were not at a disadvantage. H-2^d mice were not disadvantaged when compared to H-2^b in B10 congenics that had not been exposed to Sendai virus infection but the reverse was true when they were exposed. Overall, all our studies suggest that genetic influences in life span may involve interactions between loci and many allelic interactions in growing animals or humans. These genetic influences on life span may vary after they are exposed to infections or other environmental conditions. This paper emphasizes the need to use several genetic models, especially animals that have been monitored for infections, to study the genetics of life span.     

5 S RNA-protein complex is involved in ribosomal subunit association

The immobilized tRNA-50 S ribosomal subunit protein (TP50) complex binds the smaller ribosomal subunit. We constructed tRNA . TP50 . 5 S [32P] RNA and tRNA . TP50 . t [32P] RNA complexes and investigated the accessibility of the 32P-labelled tRNAs to ribonuclease T1. It was found that in this complex both 5 S RNA and tRNA are attacked by T1 RNase. In sharp contrast, the addition of 30 S subunit protects 5 S RNA as well as tRNA from degradation. We suggest that 5 S RNA-TP50 complex is exposed to the ribosomal interface and is involved in subunit interaction.     

Peptide Modulation of Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex Protein Molecular Flexibility and the Implications for Immune Recognition

T cells use the αβ T cell receptor (TCR) to recognize antigenic peptides presented by class I major histocompatibility complex proteins (pMHCs) on the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells. Flexibility in both TCRs and peptides plays an important role in antigen recognition and discrimination. Less clear is the role of flexibility in the MHC protein; although recent observations have indicated that mobility in the MHC can impact TCR recognition in a peptide-dependent fashion, the extent of this behavior is unknown. Here, using hydrogen/deuterium exchange, fluorescence anisotropy, and structural analyses, we show that the flexibility of the peptide binding groove of the class I MHC protein HLA-A*0201 varies significantly with different peptides. The variations extend throughout the binding groove, impacting regions contacted by TCRs as well as other activating and inhibitory receptors of the immune system. Our results are consistent with statistical mechanical models of protein structure and dynamics, in which the binding of different peptides alters the populations and exchange kinetics of substates in the MHC conformational ensemble. Altered MHC flexibility will influence receptor engagement, impacting conformational adaptations, entropic penalties associated with receptor recognition, and the populations of binding-competent states. Our results highlight a previously unrecognized aspect of the “altered self” mechanism of immune recognition and have implications for specificity, cross-reactivity, and antigenicity in cellular immunity.     

A gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method to monitor detergents removal from a membrane protein sample

In membrane protein biochemical and structural studies, detergents are used to mimic membrane environment and maintain functional, stable conformation of membrane proteins in the absence of lipid bilayers. However, detergent concentration, esp. molar ratio of membrane protein to detergent is usually unknown. Here, a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring (GC–MS-SIM) method was developed to quantify four detergents which are frequently used in membrane protein structural studies. To remove excessive detergents, a filtered centrifugation using Centricon tubes was applied. A membrane protein Ig-Beta fragment in four different detergent micelles was exemplified. Detergent concentrations in the upper and lower fraction of the Centricon tube were measured after each round of centrifugation. The results were very consistent to basic properties of detergent micelles in aqueous solvents. Therefore, coupling of GC–MS-SIM and detergent removal by Centricon tubes, detergents concentration, esp. molar ratio of membrane protein to detergent could be controlled, which will expedite membrane protein structural and biochemical studies.     

NADP-Specific Isocitrate Dehydrogenase from the Simian Malaria Parasite Plasmodium knowlesi: Partial Purification and Characterization

ABSTRACT. Cell-free schizonts of Plasmodium knowlesi , a simian malaria parasite, possess significant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) activity, about 90% of which is contributed by the NADP-specific enzyme that is localized in the cytosolic fraction. The enzyme has been partially purified by affinity chromatography using Blue sepharose CL-6B. Although unstable in nature, it is stabilized by citrate and glycerol. Kinetic studies with dl -isocitrate and NADP yielded hyperbolic curves with Michaelis constants of 0.210 and 0.038 mM, respectively. Manganous or magnesium ions are essential for activity. The enzyme is thermosensitive, shows maximum activity at pH 8.0, and has a molecular mass of about 48.5 kDa. It is strongly inhibited by thiolblocking agents but protected against them by thiol-providing agents. Cupric and argentic ions also have a marked inhibitory effect on its activity. The enzyme is significantly inhibited by chloroquine and oxytetracycline in vitro, but to a lesser degree by tetracycline.     

利用环状糊精纯化淀粉水解酶类

环状糊精是由环状糊精葡萄糖基转移酶作用于淀粉所产生的一组非还原性环状低聚糖 ,最常见的有α,β和γ型 ,它们分别是由 6、7或 8个葡萄糖单元以α 1,4糖苷键联结而成的。由于其特殊的“内疏水外亲水”分子结构 ,使得环状糊精能与多种有机分子形成特殊结构的包合物 ;同时环状糊精还能与酶的活性 /非活性部位相互作用 ,所以以环状糊精为配体 ,利用亲和层析纯化水解淀粉的酶类     

用琼脂糖亲和层析一步纯化蓖麻毒蛋白

本文报道了一种单用琼脂糖(Sepharose4B)来纯化蓖麻毒蛋白的快速简便的方法。我们发现在pH5的条件下,蓖麻毒蛋白和与其密切相关的蓖麻凝集素对琼脂糖的结合能力有很大的差别。在有0.2mol/LD-半乳糖存在下可将蓖麻毒蛋白从Sepharose上洗下,同样条件下蓖麻凝集素仍牢固地结合在柱上。从而经一步柱层析便可得到电泳纯的蓖麻毒蛋白。此法不需另行合成亲和胶,适合于蓖麻毒蛋白的大规模纯化。     

Binding of ATP to Brain Glutamate Decarboxylase as Studied by Affinity Chromatography

Abstract: The interactions of two forms of porcine brain glutamate decarboxylase (β-GAD and γ-GAD) with the effector ATP were studied by affinity chromatography. A third form, γk-GAD, was only slightly retarded by the affinity matrix and was eluted in the buffer wash. The interaction of GAD with the ATP affinity matrix was qualitatively similar to its interaction with free ATP as reported in previous kinetic studies. The rank order of adenine nucleotides as eluting agents and affinity ligands was ATP > ADP > AMP. GAD was also eluted by its cofactor, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, and this was enhanced by 1 mM P_i In contrast, a high concentration (140 mM) of P_i by itself was required to elute the enzyme. GAD remained active while bound to the affinity column and was eluted in the holoenzyme form by ATP, indicating that the affinity ligand did not bind in the active site and did not displace catalytically active cofactor from the enzyme.     

血浆蛋白分离纯化的进展——亲和技术的重要作用

从血浆中分离纯化各种药用蛋白质仍然是生物技术的重要产业。分离纯化技术的进展使得一血多用成为可能 ,大大降低了产品成本。其中 ,亲和技术扮演了重要的角色。经过 2 0多年的进展 ,亲和层析已经从实验室走进产业化 ,以其高选择性、高活性回收率和高纯度等特点 ,成为纯化蛋白质等生物大分子最有效的技术之一。在血浆分离中 ,以乙醇沉淀或离子交换层析预处理后血浆组分为原料 ,用亲和层析可高效地获得目标血浆蛋白。综述了近年来各种亲和层析在血浆蛋白分离制备中的应用 ,并展望了血浆蛋白分离纯化发展的趋势。