典型草原区达乌尔鼠兔繁殖生态学的初步研究

达乌尔鼠兔是我国典型草原区的主要鼠种之一,对其繁殖特征知之甚少。作者于2009年7-11月和2010年4-9月在内蒙古典型草原区采用整洞群夹捕的取样方法捕获了199只达乌尔鼠兔(Ochotona dauurica),对其种群数量、性比、繁殖特征和年龄结构进行了研究。结果显示：2009年鼠兔数量118只,2010年81只;雌鼠数量显著多于雄鼠;达乌尔鼠兔的繁殖期为3-9月,高峰期集中在4-6月份,平均胎仔数为6.15±0.50(n=13);2009年的7-9月幼年和亚成年比例均小于50%,成年个体成为种群的重要成分;2010年幼体主要集中在5-7月份,且6月和7月幼体和亚成体的数量超过了成年鼠兔的数量,8-9月份种群的主要成员为亚成年和成年鼠兔。达乌尔鼠兔种群繁殖特征是对草原环境适应的体现。     

不同种群密度下高原鼠兔的行为模式

在2003年高原鼠兔(Ochotonacurzoniae)的繁殖初期、繁殖盛期、繁殖中期和繁殖末期,采用目标动物取样法对其不同种群密度条件下的行为模式进行研究,探讨高原鼠兔的行为变化和种群密度的相互关系。结果表明:在繁殖盛期和繁殖中期,低密度种群内雌性高原鼠兔的观望时间均显著高于高密度种群内,而在其它两个时期内无明显不同;雄性高原鼠兔的观望时间在不同密度间比较均无显著差异;同一密度条件下,雄性高原鼠兔的观望行为持续时间和发生频次均表现显著的季节性变化,而雌性高原鼠兔无明显差异。高原鼠兔的地面活动时间在不同种群密度间比较无显著差异。低密度种群内,雄性高原鼠兔的地面移动距离和频次均呈显著的季节性差异,而雌性高原鼠兔的差异不显著;高密度种群内,雌、雄个体的地面移动距离和频次都具有显著的季节性差异。在高原鼠兔的社会行为中,亲昵行为和攻击行为强度在不同种群密度间比较均无显著差异;在同一密度条件下,亲昵行为和攻击行为强度也没有表现出明显的季节性变化。以上结果说明高原鼠兔的行为变化与其繁殖期和性别有明显的关系,而在密度间无明显的差异,其主要原因是在不同的繁殖期,动物的繁殖投入不同,导致行为模式产生差异     

高原鼠兔家群结构的季节变异

采用标志重捕法测定高原鼠兔家群年龄结构和性比,探讨其家群结构的季节变异及原因.结果显示,繁殖早期,家群由越冬成体和第1胎幼体构成;繁殖后期,家群主要由第1胎幼体构成.高原鼠兔家群年龄结构依季节存在显著的差异.5月,成体和雌性第1胎幼体个体数显著多于其他月份;5月和6月雄性第1胎幼体个体数显著多于7月和8月;6月第2胎幼体个体数显著多于7月和8月;7月雄性第2胎幼体个体数显著多于8月.7月和8月,第1胎幼体个体数显著多于第2胎幼体.高原鼠兔家群内5月成体性比显著高于7月和8月.结果表明,高原鼠兔在冬季漫长、食物匮乏以及繁殖季节极短等条件下,调整家群结构,提高繁殖成功率,使其种群在严酷的高寒环境中得以延续.     

蒙古黄兔尾鼠的生态观察

蒙古黄兔尾鼠(Lagurus przewalskii Buechner)是内蒙古和青海等省(区)荒漠草原的代表鼠种,因破坏草原和传播某些动物流行病而被列为重要害鼠之一。迄今为止,国内有关该鼠的生态研究尚无报道,为此,我们在1978年9月至1980年5月于内蒙古四子王旗北部的荒漠草原进行了蒙古黄兔尾鼠的生态学调查。现就观察结果总结如下。     

种群密度对高原鼠兔类固醇激素水平的影响

本研究于2003 年在野外条件下,通过比较不同密度种群间高原鼠兔的种群增长、4 种类固醇激素水平和肾上腺重量的变化,探讨种群密度与其内分泌水平间的相互关系。结果表明,在最高密度的种群内高原鼠兔种群密度增长最大,在最低密度种群内种群密度增长最小。繁殖盛期时高密度种群内雄性高原鼠兔血浆皮质酮水平显著高于低密度种群内个体,肾上腺重量在不同密度种群间也有显著差异,而血浆雌二醇、睾酮、皮质醇水平均未表现出种群密度间的显著变化。整个繁殖期内,高密度和低密度种群间高原鼠兔的皮质酮水平和肾上腺重量呈现不一致的季节变化模式,高密度种群内繁殖盛期和中期显著高于其它繁殖时期,低密度种群内则无明显变化。不同密度种群内高原鼠兔的雌二醇、睾酮、皮质醇水平的季节性变化具有相似的模式。本研究结果表明,在当前种群密度相对较低的自然情况下,高种群密度不能使高原鼠兔产生强烈的社群应激,从而限制其种群增长。     

一种醇类雄性不育剂对高原鼠兔精子的影响

高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae),隶属于兔形目(Lagomorpha),鼠兔科(Ochotonidae),又名黑唇鼠兔,主要分布于青藏高原及其边缘地带,栖息于海拔4 000 m左右的宽谷草原草甸区(王酉之和胡锦矗,1999),在食物链中扮演着重要的角色,是青藏高原草原生态系统中的关键物种.近年来随着全球变暖、若尔盖湿地水位下降等因素,高原鼠兔在若尔盖湿地繁殖加快,高原鼠兔成了危害草原生态系统的主要害兽(刘少英,2005).1997年,若尔盖湿地高原鼠兔平均种群密度为6 400只/km2(刘少英和冉江洪,1999),据我们2007年的调查显示,平均种群数量上升到25 000只/km2,控制鼠兔数量迫在眉睫.     

草原兔尾鼠一些生活习性的初步观察

草原兔尾鼠(Lagurus lagurus)的生活习性、国内尚未见报道。为了有效地防除这种害鼠,我们于1978年5月至1979年9月分别在新疆和靖县巴音布鲁克草原和奇台县草原站一带对其生活习性进行了一些观察。现将结果报告如下。     

呼和浩特地区黑线仓鼠种群动态研究

1984—1989年,每年3—11月中旬在呼和浩特郊区定点调查,共捕获黑线仓鼠2920只,本文分析了该鼠每年的种群数量变动和年龄结构,用臼齿咀嚼面磨损程度划分年龄组,研究种群年龄结构。种群数量年际变化较大,季节变化也较明显,一般年有两个繁殖高峰和数量高峰(后峰8—10月,前峰5—6月)。每年3—10月为繁殖期,平均每胎产仔6.2±0.1只,各年间繁殖有一定差异。     

高原鼠兔生态学研究进展

高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)是青藏高原生态系统特有的小型优势哺乳动物,具有维持草原生态系统多样性、改善土壤等重要的生态学意义。目前,高原鼠兔的生态学研究已有大量报道,本文从高原鼠兔栖息地、种群生态、繁殖生态、行为生态、高原适应性以及与草原生态系统的关系等方面,综述了国内外的研究现状,并分析了未来有待深入研究的问题,高原鼠兔的高原适应性及其生态意义值得进一步研究。     

两种兔尾鼠的化学信息及其在群体中的作用

黄兔尾鼠(Lagurus lutens)及草原兔尾鼠(Lagurus lagurus)是新疆某些地区主要害鼠之一,它们的繁殖能力很强,数量高峰时,对草场危害极大。此外,它们还能传染某些地方性流行病,所以对这两种害鼠的防治是十分必要的。 近年来,我们在研究动物化学通讯的过程中,了解到外激素(信息素)在动物间传递信     

Reproduction of the inshore coral trout Plectropomus maculates (Perciformes: Serranidae) from the Central Great Barrier Reef, Australia

The reproductive biology of the serranid fish Plectropomus maculatus sampled from inshore waters of the Central Great Barrier Reef was studied based on histological analyses of gonad material. This species was shown to be a monandric protogynous hermaphrodite. The process of sex change foliowed the spawning period observed during September through November. Plectropomus: maculatus showed multiple spawning during this period. Sex change followed the usual protogynous mode with degeneration of ovarian germinal tissue accompanied by proliferation of male germinal tissue in the gonad. The sex structure of the sampled population was analysed based on age and size information. The size and age of first reproduction for females was 30.0cm s. L. and 2 years of age. The size and age of sex-transition was 35.4 cm s. L. and 4.4 years of age. The sex/size and sex/age relationships indicated that sex-change can occur over a broad range of sizes and ages. The sizes and age distributions of males and females P. maculates overlapped over 38% of the length range and over 42% of the maximum age observed.     

基因型多样性对羊草种群年龄结构的影响

基因型多样性作为遗传多样性的重要组成部分,不仅在群落水平,而且在种群水平均可以发挥重要生态作用。以羊草（Leymus chinensis）为研究对象,设置5种基因型多样性梯度试验控制小区,进行基因型多样性对羊草种群年龄结构的影响研究。结果表明：随基因型多样性梯度的逐步增加,2a分蘖株生物量和数量均显著增加（P<0.05）;1-4龄级羊草根茎生物量、长度和干物质积累量多数呈极显著性增加的变化趋势（P<0.01）。在1、2、4、8和12种基因型多样性梯度时,分蘖株生物量及数量年龄结构均以1a或2a分蘖株所占比例为最高,年龄结构表现为增长型或稳定型;而羊草种群根茎生物量和长度也以2a根茎所占比例为最高,年龄结构表现为稳定型。随基因型多样性水平的增加,羊草种群分蘖株数量和生物量的年龄结构从增长型向稳定型过渡,但根茎长度和生物量的年龄结构均为稳定型。12基因型多样性水平的4龄级分蘖株和根茎的特征高于其他基因型多样性水平。因此,在不同基因型多样性水平羊草种群分蘖株和根茎具有增长型或稳定型的年龄结构,适当的基因型多样性数量显著促进了各龄级羊草分蘖株和根茎的生物量和数量特征的升高,但高度的基因型多样性水平会增加羊草种群中高龄级的分蘖株和根茎所占的比例,种群发展表现出衰退信号。     

封闭群草原兔尾鼠正常血液生化指标的测定

利用雅培 (AEROSET)全自动血液生化测定仪对封闭群草原兔尾鼠 2 3项血液正常生化指标进行了测定。与昆明小鼠、BALB c nu小鼠、Wistar大鼠、人的正常值相比较 ,该种实验动物血液正常生化指标具有以下特点 :①总蛋白 (TPROT)、白蛋白 (ALB)、球蛋白 (GLOB)、总胆红素 (TBILI)、直接胆红素 (DBILI)、间接胆红素 (IBILI)、尿素氮 (UREA)、二氧化碳 (CO2 )、甘油三脂 (TG)、胆固醇 (CHOL)、钠 (Na)、氯 (Cl)、镁(Mg)、总钙 (TCA)的测定值 ,五者间无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;②封闭群草原兔尾鼠与昆明小鼠相比 ,谷草转氨酶 (AST)、谷丙转氨酶 (ALT)、糖 (GLU)、钾 (K)、磷 (P3 + )存在显著性差异 (P <0 0 1或P <0 0 5 ) ;③封闭群草原兔尾鼠与BALB c nu小鼠相比 ,谷草转氨酶 (AST)、谷丙转氨酶 (ALT)、碱性磷酸酶 (ALP)、糖 (GLU)测定值 ,存在显著性差异 (P <0 0 1或P <0 0 5 ) ;④封闭群草原兔尾鼠与Wistar大鼠相比 ,谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、钾、糖测定值 ,存在显著性差异 (P <0 0 1或P <0 0 5 ) ;⑤封闭群草原兔尾鼠与人相比 ,谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)、肌肝 (CREAT)、尿酸 (UA)、钾 (K)存在显著性差异 (P <0 0 1或P <0 0 5 )。结果表明 :该种动物可能适合于作为研     

The structure of a population of Lobelia dortmanna L. along a gradient of increasing depth in an oligotrophic lake

The density, spatial structure, reproductive strategy and age of a population of Lobelia dortmanna L. (macrophyte, isoetid) were investigated in a transect consisting of 6000 squares of 0.1 × 0.1 m. Micro-scale cartography during SCUBA observations was used without disturbing the natural structure of the population. The area occupied by the population depended on fluctuations in water level in the lake (observations were made from 1977 to 1983) and on the intensity of certain ecological factors. The population structure altered directionally with increasing depth.The paper discusses (1) the area covered by the local population, its natality, density and spatial structure with respect to the intensity and nature of ecological conditions, (2) the directionality of changes in the population structure, (3) the influence on reproduction on the non-uniformity of habitat conditions and of the social position of individuals in a population, (4) “boundary” effects and the pulsation of boundaries, (5) the periodic restriction in reproduction and its consequences.     

Meriones meridianus and Lagurus lagurus as alternative definitive hosts of Echinococcus multilocularis and E. granulosus.

The utilization of Meriones meridianus and Lagurus lagurus as alternative definitive hosts for Echinococcus multilocularis and E. granulosus was investingated. Tapeworm stage development of E. multilocularis was observed and their recovery rate was determined in the small intestine of M. meridianus and L. lagurus. These were compared with those in golden hamsters, which are known as alternative definitive hosts. The animals were treated with PTBA (prednisolone tertiary butylacetate) and PA (prednisolone acetate), after which M. meridianus showed the highest recovery rate, whereas L. lagurus had few or no worms. The recovery rate of worms from golden hamsters was between those of M. meridianus and L. lagurus. On day 20 post-infection, developing tapeworms with mature segments were collected from M. meridianus treated with PA. The worms were mostly from the proximal and medial small intestine. The three species of animals infected orally with E. granulosus were divided into two groups, PTBA-treated and non-treated control groups. PTBA promoted/enhanced the recovery rate of the worms until 5 days, but none or only a few worms were found in PTBA treated animals thereafter. The highest recovery rate was obtained from M. meridianus treated with PTBA on day 5 post-infection. Some worm developments were observed on days 5 and 10 post-infection. These results demonstrate that M. meridianus could be useful as an alternative definitive host of Echinococcus.     

Changes in population structure and reproduction during a 3-yr population cycle of voles

Cyclic changes in population growth rate are caused by changes in survival and/or reproductive rate. To find out whether cyclic changes in reproduction are an important part of the mechanism causing cyclic fluctuations in small mammal populations, we studied changes in the population structure and reproduction of field voles ( Microtus agrestis ), sibling voles ( M. rossiaemeridionalis ), bank voles ( Clethrionomys glareolus ), and common shrews ( Sorex araneus ) in western Finland during 1984–1992, in an area with 3-yr vole cycles. We also modelled the population growth of voles using parameter values from this study. The animals studied were collected by snap trapping in April, May, June, August, September, and, during 1986–1990, also in October. We found several phase-related differences in the population structure (age structure, sex ratio, proportion of mature individuals) and reproduction (litter size, length of the breeding season) of voles. In non-cyclic common shrews, the only significant phase-related difference was a lower proportion of overwintered individuals in the increase phase. According to the analyses and the vole model, phase-related changes in litter size had only a minor impact on population growth rate. The same was true for winter breeding in the increase phase. The length and intensity of the summer breeding season had an effect on yearly population growth but this impact was relatively weak compared to the effect of cyclic changes in survival. The population increase rates of Microtus were delayed dependent on density (8–12-month time lag). Our results indicate that cyclic changes in reproduction are not an important part of the mechanism driving cyclic fluctuations in vole populations. Low survival of young individuals appeared to play an important role in the shift from the peak to the decline phase in late summer and early autumn.     

年龄和性别因素对封闭群草原兔尾鼠正常血液生化指标的影响

目的　探讨性别和年龄因素对封闭群草原兔尾鼠正常血液生化指标的影响。方法　利用雅培(AEROSET)全自动血液生化测定仪对雄性组、雌性组、1月龄 2月龄组和 2 4月龄组封闭群草原兔尾鼠的 2 3项血液正常生化指标进行了测定。结果　两年龄组各指标间以及两性别组各指标间均无统计学差异。结论　本实验中封闭群草原兔尾鼠的性别因素和年龄 (1月龄 - 2月龄年龄段和 2 4月龄年龄段 )因素对测定的 2 3项正常血液生化指标没有显著影响。     

花鼠种群年龄和繁殖的初步研究

1991年3-10月在山西省中条山区猎获花鼠202只。以眼晶体干重为指标划分出4个年龄组,分析了种群年龄组成的季节变化。该鼠每年繁殖1次, 3月下旬-1月中旬怀孕,产仔期在4月中旬-5月中旬,胎仔数5.08±0.16只, 6月上旬幼鼠出现。幼鼠于翌年春季出蛰后参加繁殖。此外,还将晶体干重、齿高指数和臼齿磨损程度3种年龄指标所划分的结果作了比较,也证实体重、体长和尾长不能用于该鼠的年龄鉴定。