基于核酸自组装纳米结构的siRNA药物递送研究进展

RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)作为转录后调节机制,可靶向mRNA进行剪切降解从而发挥基因沉默效应.siRNA (small interference RNA)因其高效性和特异性而被广泛应用于药物研究中.目前,研究者们已开发了多种阳离子载体用于siRNA递送.但由于siRNA双链结构具有相对较强的刚性结构,且阴离子电荷密度较低,无法与阳离子载体形成稳定、致密的复合物,使得siRNA的应用仍面临诸多挑战,如细胞摄取率低、靶向特异性差、递送过程不稳定、潜在的细胞毒性以及易诱发免疫反应等.近年来,核酸自组装纳米结构由于其结构灵活且负电荷密度较高而受到广泛关注,有望实现siRNA药物的高效递送和基因沉默.本文综述了近年来基于核酸自组装纳米结构的siRNA递送的研究进展及其应用.     

小干扰RNA透皮递送策略研究进展

小干扰RNA (Small interfering RNA,siRNA)已被用于各种皮肤病的治疗。然而,由于siRNA具有电负性、极性强、易被核酸酶降解以及难以突破皮肤表皮屏障等缺陷,使其应用受限。因此,安全高效的siRNA递送载体是siRNA有效治疗皮肤病的前提。近年来,随着对siRNA研究的不断深入,基于脂质、聚合物、肽和纳米颗粒的递送系统的开发取得了很大进展,一些新的siRNA透皮递送载体应运而生,如类脂质体、树枝状聚合物、细胞穿透肽、球形核酸纳米颗粒等等。文中将重点介绍近年来siRNA透皮递送载体的最新研究进展。     

核酸自组装纳米递送载体的研究进展

随着核酸纳米技术的飞速发展,核酸自组装纳米载体已成为药物递送领域的研究热点。针对核酸自组装纳米载体在药物递送中的应用进展进行了系统综述,讨论了不同的核酸自组装策略,阐述了多种靶向递送和药物控制释放方法,同时,总结了核酸自组装纳米递送载体在蛋白质药物、核酸药物、小分子药物和纳米药物递送中的应用,并针对该领域的挑战和未来发展趋势进行了总结和展望,以期为药物递送领域和新型药物系统研究提供参考。     

细胞/细菌驱动的药物递送系统研究进展

细胞/细菌驱动的药物传递系统是一种有前景的药物递送策略. 该策略将具有不同优异特性的活细胞/细菌与药物有机结合,能够有效克服传统纳米药物生物利用率低、靶向性能弱、组织穿透性不强等缺陷. 得益于对目标病灶特异响应,这类药物递送系统不仅能够实现药物高效的主动靶向递送,还可以降低对正常组织的毒副作用,目前已成功运用于药物呈递,在疾病诊断和治疗领域展示了广阔的应用前景. 本文初步探讨了细胞/细菌驱动的药物递送系统的研究进展,并对其未来研究进行展望.     

转运——小干扰RNA应用领域的瓶颈问题

自20世纪末RNA干扰现象(RNA interference)及其作用机制被发现以来,外源性的小干扰RNA(siRNA)已广泛地用于从基础研究到临床实践的多个领域。但,如何有效地、特异地将siRNA输送进入靶细胞,始终是使用者关注的重点,并已逐步成为siRNA应用于临床治疗的瓶颈问题之一。目前开展研究的siRNA转运方法主要包括3类:a.通过与配基偶联实现siRNA的转运;b.将siRNA包载于纳米颗粒等中经内吞进入细胞;c.载体与细胞膜融合释放所载siRNA进入细胞。     

siRNA抑制乙肝病毒的研究进展

乙型肝炎作为一种发病率高、死亡率高的传染性疾病,已严重威胁人类健康,乙肝病毒（hepatitis B virus,HBV）是诱发乙型肝炎的重要病因。目前,最主要的治疗方法是运用抗病毒药物控制病情,但这些药物都不能完全治愈乙型肝炎且复发率高。近年来,RNA干扰技术（RNA interference, RNAi）逐渐成为有效、快速治疗乙型肝炎的新疗法。利用RNA干扰技术体外合成针对HBV基因的siRNA,选择适当的载体将其运送至靶细胞,使HBV基因沉默,从而抑制病毒复制,可有效达到治疗乙肝的效果。本文围绕siRNA沉默HBV基因的设计原理、递送载体、靶向策略、以及治疗效果与应用前景等方面进行了系统综述,为今后siRNA治疗乙肝的临床应用提供参考。     

介孔纳米二氧化硅作为药物载体在癌症治疗中的应用

介孔纳米二氧化硅作为抗肿瘤药物载体,在癌症治疗上的应用越来越受到关注。介孔纳米二氧化硅不仅可实现药物的有效递送,而且可显著提高药物的生物利用度。功能化介孔纳米二氧化硅还能提高药物对肿瘤细胞的靶向性,实现药物的特异性按需释放。该新型纳米载体在癌症治疗中具有非常广阔的应用前景。本文对介孔纳米二氧化硅作为药物载体在多种癌症治疗中的应用,以及不同表面修饰物对药物载体递送的影响和优势加以综述,并对功能化介孔纳米二氧化硅载体对提高药物抗癌活性和靶向性的积极作用提出了展望。     

单链抗体靶向递送系统在RNA干扰中的应用

RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)是一种由干扰小RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)介导的转录后基因沉默.随着医学的发展,通过RNAi来抑制靶基因的表达已经成为一种强有力的研究基因功能、验证药物靶标和治疗多种疾病的方法.然而,RNAi在哺乳动物中的治疗应用却受到基因递送系统的限制,即siRNA在体内递送的靶向性.目前,各种配体,如糖基化分子、肽类、蛋白质、抗体和基因工程抗体片段对于靶向递送siRNA具有巨大的应用潜力.它们改善了基因递送系统的有效性、特异性和安全性.本文主要就单链抗体-鱼精蛋白截短体融合蛋白在 RNAi中的应用进行综述.     

编者按: 转运——小干扰RNA应用领域的瓶颈问题

自20世纪末RNA干扰现象(RNA interference)及其作用机制被发现以来,外源性的小干扰RNA(siRNA)已广泛地用于从基础研究到临床实践的多个领域。但,如何有效地、特异地将siRNA输送进入靶细胞,始终是使用者关注的重点,并已逐步成为siRNA应用于临床治疗的瓶颈问题之一。目前开展研究的siRNA转运方法主要包括3类：a. 通过与配基偶联实现siRNA的转运;b. 将siRNA包载于纳米颗粒等中经内吞进入细胞; c. 载体与细胞膜融合释放所载siRNA进入细胞。 本刊在这期中特意选择了3篇文章组成了一个小专题来介绍与探讨siRNA的输送问题。梁伟等应邀撰写了题为《siRNA脂质纳米输送载体的研究进展》的综述,介绍了siRNA输送载体的基本要求,特别是脂质纳米载体(lipid-based siRNA delivering systems)的设计和构筑原则,以及这类载体的研发现状和应用前景;张洪杰等结合自身的研发工作撰写了《细胞穿透肽及其结构改造在siRNA传递中的应用》一文,从发现、毒副作用、传递机制、结构修饰与传递功能改进等几个方面,系统评述了细胞穿透肽(cell penetrating peptides)在siRNA传递方面研究与应用的进展;张兴梅等在《适配子介导的siRNA转运》一文中重点介绍了基于适配子(aptamer)的siRNA转运系统的转运机制、近期研究进展和应用前景。3篇文章各有侧重,反映了当前siRNA转运研究中几个比较活跃的领域的研究进展,希望能对广大读者有所帮助。     

纳米微球药物缓释技术

纳米微球作为药物载体被越来越多地应用于医药领域,这一技术得到研究者的广泛重视。目前已有多种纳米微球制剂投入临床使用。纳米微球的深入研究具有重要的意义。我们概述了近年来纳米微球的研究及应用情况,展望了纳米微球药物载体缓释技术的应用前景及需要解决的问题。     

Receptor-based targeting of engineered nanocarrier against solid tumors: Recent progress and challenges ahead

BackgroundIn past few decades, the research on engineered nanocarriers (NCs) has gained significant attention in cancer therapy due to selective delivery of drug molecules on the diseased cells thereby preventing unwanted uptake into healthy cells to cause toxicity.Scope of reviewThe applicability of enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect for the delivery of nanomedicines in cancer therapy has gained limited success due to poor accessibility of the drugs to the target cells where non-specific payload delivery to the off target region lack substantial reward over the conventional therapeutic systems.Major conclusionsIn spite of the fact, nanomedicines fabricated from the biocompatible nanocarriers have reduced targeting potential for meaningful clinical benefits. However, over expression of receptors on the tumor cells provides opportunity to design functional nanomedicine to bind substantially and deliver therapeutics to the cells or tissues of interest by alleviating the bio-toxicity and unwanted effects. This critique will give insight into the over expressed receptor in various tumor and targeting potential of functional nanomedicine as new therapeutic avenues for effective treatment.General significanceThis review shortly shed light on EPR-based drug targeting using nanomedicinal strategies, their limitation, and advances in therapeutic targeting to the tumor cells.     

基于酸敏感的双响应抗癌药物载体的研究进展

为了达到更好的肿瘤治疗效果,研究者们针对肿瘤微环境设计出了双重和多重响应性智能纳米药物载体。其中基于酸敏感的双重响应性智能纳米药物载体的研究是最广泛、最常见的一种。在当前的研究中,该智能纳米药物载体已经初步实现了体内长循环、有效地抵达肿瘤细胞、在特定肿瘤微环境下控制药物释放等功效,增加了药物抗肿瘤疗效,有效地减少了药物对机体中正常组织的伤害。但是这类研究仍存在许多问题需要解决,如价格昂贵、载体结构复杂、体内药物传递机理不明确等,使其很难用于临床治疗。这里主要从酸-温度、酸-磁、酸-氧化还原、酸-酶、酸-光和酸-超声几个方面简单介绍了近几年的纳米载体研究进展,为进一步实现纳米药物临床应用奠定基础。     

Strategies for ocular siRNA delivery: Potential and limitations of non-viral nanocarriers

ABSTRACT: Controlling gene expression via small interfering RNA (siRNA) has opened the doors to a plethora of therapeutic possibilities, with many currently in the pipelines of drug development for various ocular diseases. Despite the potential of siRNA technologies, barriers to intracellular delivery significantly limit their clinical efficacy. However, recent progress in the field of drug delivery strongly suggests that targeted manipulation of gene expression via siRNA delivered through nanocarriers can have an enormous impact on improving therapeutic outcomes for ophthalmic applications. Particularly, synthetic nanocarriers have demonstrated their suitability as a customizable multifunctional platform for the targeted intracellular delivery of siRNA and other hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs in ocular applications. We predict that synthetic nanocarriers will simultaneously increase drug bioavailability, while reducing side effects and the need for repeated intraocular injections. This review will discuss the recent advances in ocular siRNA delivery via non-viral nanocarriers and the potential and limitations of various strategies for the development of a 'universal' siRNA delivery system for clinical applications.     

Gold nanoparticles: Emerging paradigm for targeted drug delivery system

The application of nanotechnology in medicine, known as nanomedicine, has introduced a plethora of nanoparticles of variable chemistry and design considerations for cancer diagnosis and treatment. One of the most important field is the design and development of pharmaceutical drugs, based on targeted drug delivery system (TDDS). Being inspired by physio-chemical properties of nanoparticles, TDDS are designed to safely reach their targets and specifically release their cargo at the site of disease for enhanced therapeutic effects, thereby increasing the drug tissue bioavailability. Nanoparticles have the advantage of targeting cancer by simply being accumulated and entrapped in cancer cells. However, even after rapid growth of nanotechnology in nanomedicine, designing an effective targeted drug delivery system is still a challenging task. In this review, we reveal the recent advances in drug delivery approach with a particular focus on gold nanoparticles. We seek to expound on how these nanomaterials communicate in the complex environment to reach the target site, and how to design the effective TDDS for complex environments and simultaneously monitor the toxicity on the basis of designing such delivery complexes. Hence, this review will shed light on the research, opportunities and challenges for engineering nanomaterials with cancer biology and medicine to develop effective TDDS for treatment of cancer.     

Phospholipase A2 sensitive liposomes for delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA)

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is potent and highly specific for gene silencing and there is currently a lot of enthusiasm for developing siRNA into a drug. However, for most therapeutic applications of siRNA, delivery systems are needed. These delivery systems have multiple requirements and should on one hand ideally be stable carriers protecting the siRNA from degradation and on the other hand assist the siRNA in overcoming membrane barriers for intracellular delivery to the cytosol. Long-circulating liposomes, which are sensitive to secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) are feasible delivery systems for systemic administration of drugs due to their passive targeting to pathological tissue via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and their site-specific, enzyme-triggered release of encapsulated drug in response to sPLA(2) which exists locally at elevated levels at, e.g,. sites of inflammation. However, recent data suggest that endosomal membrane destabilizing approaches could be addressed to design sPLA(2)-sensitive liposomes as successful delivery systems for siRNA to the RNA interference pathway in the cytoplasm upon systemic administration.     

Engineering imaging probes and molecular machines for nanomedicine

Nanomedicine is an emerging field that integrates nanotechnology, biomolecular engineering, life sciences and medicine; it is expected to produce major breakthroughs in medical diagnostics and therapeutics. Due to the size-compatibility of nano-scale structures and devices with proteins and nucleic acids, the design, synthesis and application of nanoprobes, nanocarriers and nanomachines provide unprecedented opportunities for achieving a better control of biological processes, and drastic improvements in disease detection, therapy, and prevention. Recent advances in nanomedicine include the development of functional nanoparticle based molecular imaging probes, nano-structured materials as drug/gene carriers for in vivo delivery, and engineered molecular machines for treating single-gene disorders. This review focuses on the development of molecular imaging probes and engineered nucleases for nanomedicine, including quantum dot bioconjugates, quantum dot-fluorescent protein FRET probes, molecular beacons, magnetic and gold nanoparticle based imaging contrast agents, and the design and validation of zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and TAL effector nucleases (TALENs) for gene targeting. The challenges in translating nanomedicine approaches to clinical applications are discussed.     

综述——纳米材料与药物输递：基于介孔二氧化硅的多功能纳米药物输送体系研究进展

介孔二氧化硅因具有有序介孔结构、比表面积大、生物相容性好及表面易于修饰等特点, 在生物医药等领域显示出了极大的应用前景, 目前, 基于介孔二氧化硅的纳米药物输送体系已成为众多科研工作者研究的热点. 本文讨论了靶向修饰及成像等多功能化的介孔二氧化硅药物输送体系的研究进展, 同时详细介绍了一系列具有特定形态结构（如中空/摇铃状、纳米管等）的介孔二氧化硅基载药体系的制备、表面修饰及在其在药物输送、释放等领域的应用研究. 最后, 对目前介孔二氧化硅基药物输送体系（主要包括具有特定形态结构的介孔二氧化硅药物载体、多功能复合药物载体及可生物降解的介孔二氧化硅药物输送体系等）在实际应用中存在的问题进行了分析并对其未来的发展前景进行了展望.     

Phospholipase A2 Sensitive Liposomes for Delivery of Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is potent and highly specific for gene silencing and there is currently a lot of enthusiasm for developing siRNA into a drug. However, for most therapeutic applications of siRNA, delivery systems are needed. These delivery systems have multiple requirements and should on one hand ideally be stable carriers protecting the siRNA from degradation and on the other hand assist the siRNA in overcoming membrane barriers for intracellular delivery to the cytosol. Long-circulating liposomes, which are sensitive to secretory phospholipase A₂ (sPLA₂) are feasible delivery systems for systemic administration of drugs due to their passive targeting to pathological tissue via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and their site-specific, enzyme-triggered release of encapsulated drug in response to sPLA₂ which exists locally at elevated levels at, e.g,. sites of inflammation. However, recent data suggest that endosomal membrane destabilizing approaches could be addressed to design sPLA₂-sensitive liposomes as successful delivery systems for siRNA to the RNA interference pathway in the cytoplasm upon systemic administration.     

Zwitterionic polymers in drug delivery: A review

Developments of novel drug delivery vehicles are sought-after to augment the therapeutic effectiveness of standard drugs. An urgency to design novel drug delivery vehicles that are sustainable, biocompatible, have minimized cytotoxicity, no immunogenicity, high stability, long circulation time, and are capable of averting recognition by the immune system is perceived. In this pursuit for an ideal candidate for drug delivery vehicles, zwitterionic materials have come up as fulfilling almost all these expectations. This comprehensive review is presenting the progress made by zwitterionic polymeric architectures as prospective sustainable drug delivery vehicles. Zwitterionic polymers with varied architecture such as appending protein conjugates, nanoparticles, surface coatings, liposomes, hydrogels, etc, used to fabricate drug delivery vehicles are reviewed here. A brief introduction of zwitterionic polymers and their application as reliable drug delivery vehicles, such as zwitterionic polymer–protein conjugates, zwitterionic polymer-based drug nanocarriers, and stimulus-responsive zwitterionic polymers are discussed in this discourse. The prospects shown by zwitterionic architecture suggest the tremendous potential for them in this domain. This critical review will encourage the researchers working in this area and boost the development and commercialization of such devices to benefit the healthcare fraternity.