激光针灸理论与光剂量选择

激光针灸和传统针灸由于物理过程的差异其治疗机理不同。应用生物能量模型定量讨论激光热作用效应,利用几何光学模型解释光作用力的产生及其作用。根据光子中医理论和物理学基本原理,从理论角度探讨激光针灸作机理,并分析影响激光针灸作用的基本因素和最佳治疗光剂量。     

Changes in the synaptic activity in sciatic nerve-extensor digitorum longus (preparations induced by ethanol)

The aim of this research is the study of the modification of synaptic activity caused by ethanol in the rat sciatic nerve-extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle preparation. For such a purpose, intracellular recordings have been carried out, keeping the muscle immersed in normal Ringer solution and in Ringer solutions containing ethanol at different concentrations up to 0,8 M. Therefore, the resting potential of muscle cells and the frequency of m.e.p.p.s were measured. Qualitative observations of m.e.p.p.s shape were also carried out. Ethanol increases the frequency of m.e.p.p.s in the rat sciatic nerve - EDL muscle preparation. The logarithm of relative frequency (frequency in Ringer solution with ethanol/frequency in normal Ringer solution) is linear with respect to the concentration of ethanol, with a slope of 1.44. Furthermore, ethanol increases the amplitude and lengthens the time course of m.e.p.p.s. The muscle cells undergo a hyperpolarization of about 2-3% at the lowest concentrations of ethanol tested.     

激光、~(60)Co—r射线对草毒生物效应的研究

本实验用CO_2激光功率密度10.44W/cm~2、3.40W/cm~2,一次10秒及再次6、10、14秒处理草莓、茎尖外植体,可使多数处理的无性后代,产量提高或品质改善。He—Ne激光输出功率10.6mW,原光斑照射30、40秒,也有与CO_2激光相似效应。~(60)Co—r射线吸收剂量193Gy,单独处理及与He—Ne激光30秒复合处理,可改善果实品质,He—Ne激光对~(60)Co—r射线的辐射损伤有修复作用。     

氦氖激光和亚硝基胍复合诱变选育高产乙醇的休哈塔假丝酵母

木糖的乙醇发酵一直被视为木质纤维原料生物转化产生乙醇的关键因素,休哈塔假丝酵母(Candidashehatae)是木糖发酵性能较好的天然酵母之一。对Candida shehatae HDYXHT-01进行了氦氖激光诱变和NTG诱变,力求选育出发酵木糖产乙醇能力强的菌株。氦氖激光诱变得到的突变株HN-3乙醇产量为17.03g/L,乙醇得率达到0.3393g/g,相比原始菌株提高20.36%。再对HN-3进行NTG诱变,得到的突变株NTG-2乙醇产量为24.20g/L,相比HN-3提高42.10%。进而对NTG-2菌株进行了摇瓶48h连续发酵试验,测得其乙醇产量、木糖利用率、乙醇得率和乙醇产率分别达到24.16g/L,69.26%,0.4360g/g和0.7075g/(L·h)。     

两种新型醛糖还原酶抑制剂的合成

本文以５－氨基－１－萘磺酸为原料,用乙酰水杨酰氯酰化,得５－乙酰水杨酰氨基－１－萘磺酸,再经氯化后,与甘氨酸或丙氨酸酰化,合成了两种效果较好的新型醛糖还原酶抑制剂－５－乙酰水杨酰基－１－萘磺酰甘氨酸和－５－乙酰水杨酰氨基－１－萘磺酰丙氨酸。     

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: a new target site of ethanol.

Whereas a variety of neuroreceptors and ion channels have been demonstrated to be affected by ethanol including GABAA receptors, NMDA receptors, non-NMDA glutamate receptors, 5-HT3 receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels, neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nnAChRs) have recently emerged as a new target site of ethanol. The nnAChRs are different from the muscle type nicotinic AChRs with respect to their molecular architecture and pharmacology. This article briefly reviews the structure, distribution and function of nnAChRs for which a considerable amount of information has been rapidly accumulated during the past 5-10 years. The potent and unique action of ethanol on nnAChRs has been unveiled only during the past few years. Most recent developments along this line of ethanol action are discussed in this paper.     

Effect of ethanol on young nerve endings

The ethanol changes the quantal spontaneous release of acetylcholine and it affects the reinnervation time course. The effects of ethanol on regenerated nerve endings have been tested. 20 days after crushing sciatic nerve, the m.e.p.p. frequency at the end plate of rat extensor digitorum longus muscle keep in Ringer solution without and with ethanol has been estimated by intracellular recordings. The increase of the m.e.p.p. frequency produced by ethanol is greater in immature, than in normal nerve endings.     

The image of motor units architecture in the mechanomyographic signal during the single motor unit contraction: in vivo and simulation study

The mechanomyographic (MMG) signal analysis has been performed during single motor unit (MU) contractions of the rat medial gastrocnemius muscle. The MMG has been recorded as a muscle surface displacement by using a laser distance sensor. The profiles of the MMG signal let to categorize these signals for particular MUs into three classes. Class MMG-P (positive) comprises MUs with the MMG signal similar to the force signal profile, where the distance between the muscle surface and the laser sensor increases with the force increase. The class MMG-N (negative) has also the MMG profile similar to the force profile, however the MMG is inverted in comparison to the force signal and the distance measured by using laser sensor decreases with the force increase. The third class MMG-M (mixed) characterize the MMG which initially increases with the force increases and when the force exceeds some level it starts to decrease towards the negative values. The semi-pennate muscle model has been proposed, enabling estimation of the MMG generated by a single MU depending on its localization. The analysis have shown that in the semi-pennate muscle the localization of the MU and the relative position of the laser distance sensor determine the MMG profile and amplitude. Thus, proposed classification of the MMG recordings is not related to the physiological types of MUs, but only to the MU localization and mentioned sensor position. When the distance sensor is located over the middle of the muscle belly, a part of the muscle fibers have endings near the location of the sensor beam. For the MU MMG of class MMG-N the deflection of the muscle surface proximal to the sensor mainly influences the MMG recording, whereas for the MU MMG class MMG-P, it is mainly the distal muscle surface deformation. For the MU MMG of MMG-M type the effects of deformation within the proximal and distal muscle surfaces overlap. The model has been verified with experimental recordings, and its responses are consistent and adequate in comparison to the experimental data.     

Ethanol feeding to rats reversibly decreases hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity and increases enzyme sensitivity to malonyl-CoA

The effects of prolonged ethanol feeding on both carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity and enzyme sensitivity to inhibition by malonyl-CoA were studied in rat liver, heart, skeletal muscle and kidney cortex mitochondria. Heart and skeletal muscle enzymes showed the highest specific activity and sensitivity to malonyl-CoA. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I in extrahepatic tissues showed no changes on ethanol feeding. Only the liver enzyme activity was altered after long term ethanol administration, by suffering a progressive decrease in activity and a parallel increase in sensitivity to malonyl-CoA. These alterations reversed after 10 days of ethanol withdrawal. These results are discussed in relation to the control of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and the effects of ethanol on fatty acid metabolism.     

Theoretical Fraunhofer light diffraction patterns calculated from three-dimensional sarcomere arrays imaged from isolated cardiac cells at rest.

Sarcomere striation positions have been obtained throughout the volumes of calcium-tolerant resting heart cells by direct computer interfaced high-resolution optical imaging. Each sarcomere position is stored in a three-dimensional (3-D) matrix array from which Fraunhofer light diffraction patterns have been calculated using numerical methods based on Fourier transforms. Diffraction patterns have been calculated from heart cell data arrays oriented normal to a theoretical laser beam. Twelve characteristic features have been identified and described from these diffraction patterns that correlate to diffraction phenomena observed from both cardiac and skeletal muscle. This numerical approach provides the means to directly assess diffraction pattern formulation, the precision of layer line angular separation, layer-line intensity and angular asymmetries, line widths and fine structures in terms of the known diffracting source structures. These results confirm that theoretical calculations can predict real muscle diffraction patterns and their asymmetries.     

Comparative study of various methods for the extraction of free creatine and phosphocreatine from mouse skeletal muscle

The efficacy of various media regarding the extraction of free creatine and phosphocreatine of mouse skeletal muscle was evaluated. In anesthetized animals tissue was quick-frozen in situ and removed by means of a modified Rongeur forceps cooled in liquid N₂. Homogenization of muscle tissue in 1 m EDTA in 50% (v/v) ethanol at −20°C, which was gradually diluted with ice-cold 0.4 perchloric acid to a final concentration of 0.3 perchloric acid in 12.5% ethanol proved to be the most suitable procedure regarding rapid handling of tissue samples, recovery of total creatine, and the ratio of phosphocreatine to total creatine. Phosphocreatine values as high as 78% of total creatine of skeletal muscle were thus obtained. Extraction of free creatine and phosphocreatine with concentrated ethanolic solutions (50–80%, v/v) was found to be incomplete apparently due to irreversible binding of creatine and phosphocreatine to protein precipitates.     

Further investigations concerning the applicability of laser analysis in quantitative histochemistry

Summary Further investigations on the applicability of the laser technique for qantitative purposes in histochemistry were conducted. Special attention has been paid to the relationship between the volume of the crater burnt out in the tissue by laser ray treatment and the photometric readings of the spectral bands. A statistical evalution of the measurements of crater volumes for quantitative histochemistry as well as determination of the error of the former method used and previously described (Kozik et al., 1970b) have been performed. Special agar standards containing known amounts of Pb(NO₃)₂ and appropriately prepared photographic plates were used. From the results obtained it appeared that the variances calculated for the differences between density of spectral bands for the Pb present in the investigated sample and the density of the respective band for the Ag present in the photographic plate fall in the range of between 14.1 and 19.7%, whereas the error of the method in which the density of spectral bands was related to the crater volumes covered a range from 3.45–7.7%.Based on the discussion of results the authors conclude that both methods of acP assay in histological slices by means of laser microanalysis may be successfully used.     

Fine structure in near-field and far-field laser diffraction patterns from skeletal muscle fibers.

Regions of muscle fibers that are many sarcomeres in length and uniform with regard to striation spacing, curvature, and tilt have been observed by light microscopy. We have investigated the possibility that these sarcomere domains can explain the fine structure in optical diffraction patterns of skeletal muscle fibers. We studied near-field and far-field diffraction patterns with respect to fiber translation and to masking of the laser beam. The position of diffracted light in the near-field pattern depends on sarcomere length and position of the diffracting regions within the laser beam. When a muscle fiber was translated longitudinally through a fixed laser beam, the fine structural lines in the near-field diffraction pattern moved in the same direction and by the same amount as the fiber movement. Translation of the muscle fiber did not result in fine structure movement in the far-field pattern. As the laser beam was incrementally masked from one side, some fine structural lines in both the near-field and far-field diffraction patterns changed in intensity while others remained the same. Eventually, all the fine structural lines broadened and decreased in intensity. Often a fine structural line increased in intensity or a dark area in the diffraction pattern became brighter as the laser beam was restricted. From these results we conclude that the fine structure in the laser diffraction pattern is due to localized and relatively uniform regions of sarcomeres (domains) and to cross interference among light rays scattered by different domains.     

Isolation of substances with vascular permeability-increasing activity from the skin of the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.)

A methanolic extract of plaice skin, from which lipids had been removed, was chromatographed on alumina, eluted with decreasing concentrations of ethanol. Only the 60% ethanol fraction exhibited smooth muscle activity, with bradykinin-like properties. The 20% ethanol fraction increased vascular permeability in rat skin, as measured by dye-leakage. This was not due to the degranulation of mast cells. Intradermal injection of either fraction into the plaice caused localized erythema.     

Analysis and Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic,Cadmium, and Mercury in Manta Birostris (Manta Ray) Caught Along the Ghanaian Coastline

The Ghanaian marine water of the Atlantic Ocean could be said to be polluted with As and Hg. However, Cd levels do not appear to pose an environmental concern based on levels reported in tissue samples collected. Tissue samples from six Manta birostris (manta ray) used as a bioindicator were tested for these heavy metals because many people in Ghana eat this fish (aka “kako”). The pattern of bioaccumulation of these heavy metals found in the tissues of manta rays, which feed on phytoplankton, suggests that pollution has traveled deeper into the sea, which is an environmental concern and one that may require some urgent attention. Concentrations of As, Cd, and Hg were determined in kidney, liver, and muscle samples from six Manta birostris using the neutron activation analysis method. The results showed elevated levels of the metals in the manta rays. If these values are interpreted to represent daily human exposure estimates of possible human health cancer and non-cancer risks may be derived to conclude some potential risk for daily consumers of manta ray tissues. From the assessment, most of the hazard indexes for children were less than 1 except for arsenic, which was greater than 1. This means that there is for arsenic some hazard risk for children consumers of the manta ray. This is the first study to show the accumulation of heavy metals in manta ray; although the sources are not very clear, and may be due to the numerous mining activities, it needs to be investigated further. The presence of the heavy metals is very significant because the meat (muscle) is consumed in Ghana and hence there is possible accumulation in humans.     

Differential effects of ethanol on membrane-bound and soluble acetylcholinesterase from sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes

The action of ethanol on the activity of membrane-bound and soluble acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle has been studied. Treatment of membranes with 2.5–12.5% v/v ethanol produced a slight stimulation of the AChE activity and inhibition at higher concentration. The enzyme remained associated with the membranes after these treatments. The enzyme solubilized with Triton X-100 was inhibited by ethanol in a time-independent manner. Isolated 16 S (A₁₂), 10.5 S (G₄) and 4.5 S (G₁) forms of AChE were inhibited by ethanol to a similar extent. Samples were reversibly inhibited by ethanol, up to 12.5% v/v, and irreversibly at higher concentrations. Kinetic studies performed with isolated forms in the presence of 5–12.5% v/v ethanol showed that the solvent behaved as a competitive inhibitor of the asymmetric form but as a mixed inhibitor of the tetrameric and monomeric forms. The results show that the solvent interacts with active and/or regulatory sites of AChE from muscle microsomes.     

弱激光对脂质体介导的血管平滑肌细胞基因转染的影响

本研究采用阳离子脂质体介导外源基因转染体外培养的兔血管平滑肌细胞（ＳＭＣ）,在基因转染过程中给予激光照射,用细胞化学染色方法测定基因转染阳性率。结果显示：用５１０．６ｎｍ激光于基因转染前,以功率密度１ｍｗ／ｃｍ２,能量密度２、４、６Ｊ／ｃｍ２和５ｍＷ／ｃｍ２,４、６Ｊ／ｃｍ２;及１０ｍＷ／ｃｍ２,２Ｊ／ｃｍ２进行照射均能显著提高基因转染率（ｐ＜０．０５）;于基因转染后即刻以功率密度１ｍＷ／ｃｍ２、能量密度２Ｊ／ｃｍ２和５ｍＷ／ｃｍ２、６Ｊ／ｃｍ２照射也能提高基因转染率（ｐ＜０．０５）。而用６２７．８ｎｍ激光照射对基因转染率无显著影响     

Structural and functional characteristics of muscle allotransplants, formed under different conditions of laser irradiation

It is known that a low-energy laser radiation can cause reflex suppression of immunity. The present experiments were designed to determine the plastic activity of allogenic muscle tissue in different conditions of a previous action of laser rays. The cross homotransplantation of gastrocnemius muscles was carried out between intact rats, or between rats in which 14 days before transplantation each hind leg was subjected to low-energy He-Ne laser radiation in dose of 7.5-9 J/cm2 (10 procedures, the duration of each exposure was equal to 5 min), or between intact and radiated rats. It was shown that the donor muscle tissue survived longer when a nonradiated muscle was transplanted into the radiated muscle bed. The axons grew into the donor muscle tissue. More allogenic muscle tissue was involved in contractile reaction when stimulation was carried out via the nerve. Laser radiation of a homotransplant alone, or that of a homotransplant and a muscle bed in the recipient was less effective. So, He-Ne laser radiation of the area of a planned allotransplantation decreased the transplant immunity response and favoured a longer development of allogenic muscle tissue. The viability of donor muscle tissue therewith increased, if the muscle allograft had not been subjected to a previous laser radiation.     

Action of the Calcium Antagonists Cocaine and Ethanol on Contraction and Potassium Efflux of Smooth Muscle

Isolated longitudinal smooth muscle from guinea pig ileum exposed to a high potassium depolarizing medium exhibited a sustained increase in muscle tone and an increase in potassium efflux. When the concentration of calcium ion in the medium was elevated the increase in muscle tone was enhanced, but the change in potassium efflux was reduced slightly. Lowering the calcium concentration diminished the increase in muscle tone. Both cocaine and ethanol completely inhibited the sustained contraction of potassium-depolarized fibers. Addition of excess calcium ion reversed these inhibitions. Cocaine acted primarily like a competitive antagonist; and ethanol, like an indirect antagonist of calcium, ion. Under certain conditions acetylcholine potentiated the reversal by calcium ion of the drug-induced inhibitions. The two inhibitory drugs had dissimilar effects on potassium efflux from smooth muscle fibers immersed in Tyrode solution. Cocaine depressed and ethanol enhanced this membrane process. However, the increase in potassium efflux induced by acetylcholine was inhibited by ethanol. This inhibition also was reversed by increasing the concentration of calcium ion in the medium. The data suggested that calcium activates and cocaine and ethanol inhibit a cellular reaction which occurs beyond the point of membrane depolarization and is essential for smooth muscle contraction. Furthermore, calcium serves to depress membrane excitability, but appears to have a specific stimulatory role in the acetylcholine-induced increase in potassium efflux from longitudinal fibers.     

Effects of minced muscle tissue implantation and subsequent laser therapy on regeneration of skeletal muscles in guinea pigs]

It is known that regenerative capacity of skeletal muscles in guinea pigs is less than in rats. The guinea pig muscle regenerates are characterized by smaller muscle fibers and greater amounts of interstitial connective tissue. The present experiments were designed to stimulate the regenerative capacity of muscle tissue in adult guinea pigs, using tissue and laser therapy. It was shown that the minced muscle tissue implantation to the site of injury in m. gastrocnemius increased the quantity of regenerating muscle tissue. When the same operation was combined with following laser therapy the increase of muscle tissue was observed as well but not by far. At the same time laser therapy promoted noticeable acceleration of fibrin resorption, wound healing and regenerative modifications in implanted muscle fragments. Thus, the present methods stimulated relatively law regenerative capacity of guinea pig muscle tissue and promoted more qualitative recovery of injured area.