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1.
Six plasma eserine resistant esterase phenotypes were observed in a population of 1438 dogs consisting of 38 breeds. Analysis of parentage records of the dogs examined revealed that the phenotypic variation of eserine resistant esterases was controlled by 3 codominant alleles EsA, EsBand EsCat one autosomal locus. The gene frequency of EsBwas high in most of the breeds examined. Allele EsCwas only seen in 5 Japanese native breeds, Akita, Shikoku, Hokkaido, Shinshu-Shiba and Mino-Shiba, and in a Spitz dog. Allele EsAhas a low frequency in Japanese breeds but a higher frequency in some of the European breeds tested. 相似文献
2.
Abstract— Proteins of the brain extracts of 85 individual pigeons ( Columba livia) were mapped by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The method is a modification of O'Farrell 'S technique and separates proteins first by charge and then by molecular weight. There were three proteins, A, B and D which had each a variant form. The positions of these six proteins on the gel corresponded to the following pH values and molecular weight values: protein A 1, 6.4/43,000; A 2, 6.6/43,000; B 1, 5.7/41,000; B 2, 5.8/40,000; D 1, 6.2/22,000; D 2, 6.2/21,000. The variants are genetically determined, since protein A, B and D each occurred in three phenotypes (A 1, A 1A 2 and A 2; B 1, B 1B 2 and B 2; D 1, D 1D 2 and D 2) corresponding to the three possible genotypes. From the observed frequencies of the phenotypes the following allele frequencies were calculated: allele A 1, 72%; A 2, 28%; B 1, 15%; B 2, 85%; D 1, 74%; D 2, 26%. A fourth protein named C occurred in four different forms (C 1, 7.2/37,000; C 2, 7.2/36,000; C 3, 7.1/37,000; C 4, 7.1/36,000) and six phenotypes (C 1, C 1C 2, C 2, C 1C 3, C 2C 3 and C 4C 3). This polymorphism is also interpreted as being genetically determined. The four alleles coding for the four protein C forms had the following frequencies: allele C 1, 62%; C 2, 27%; C 3, 10.5%; C 4, 0.5%. 相似文献
3.
Genetic polymorphism of glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) was found in the erythrocytes of dogs of six Japanese breeds by using starch gel electrophoresis. Analysis of parentage records of dogs revealed that the phenotypic variation of erythrocyte glucose phosphate isomerase was controlled by one autosomal locus with two codominant alleles, GPIAand GPIB. The allele GPIBwas observed in the following breeds: San'in-Shiba, Shinshu-Shiba, Shikoku, Kai and Kishu, but not in Hokkaidoes and Akitas. All the dogs belonging to 25 European breeds, 5 oriental or China-origin (except Japan) breeds examined in this experiments had the genotype constitution GPIA/GPIA, whereas one Dalmation dog was heterozygous GPIA/ GPIB. 相似文献
4.
Nitrogen uptake by plants is a key step for efficient nitrogen use, which affects plant growth and yield. Arabidopsis thaliana gene NRT1.1 was identified as a transporter related to nitrate (NO3−) signaling and uptake. In rice, three orthologs of NRT1.1, named OsNRT1.1A, OsNRT1.1B, and OsNRT1.1C, have been identified. This study evaluated the potential of OsNRT1.1A, OsNRT1.1B, and OsNRT1.1C in NO3− signaling and uptake through overexpression in the Arabidopsis chl1-5 mutant. The expression of OsNRT1.1A, OsNRT1.1B, and OsNRT1.1C was evaluated in the roots and shoots of rice cultivated with NO3− or NH4+. OsNRT1.1A was expressed in the roots and shoots cultivated with NO3− and NH4+. OsNRT1.1B was expressed predominantly in roots of rice cultivated with NO3−, while the expression of OsNRT1.1C was low in roots and shoots. Arabidopsis chl1-5 plants were transformed by the floral dip method using Agrobacterium tumefaciens to overexpress OsNRT1.1A and the alternative splicing product named OsNRT1.1As, OsNRT1.1B, and OsNRT1.1C. The chlorate test showed the ability of OsNRT1.1A, OsNRT1.1B or OsNRT1.1C to take up chlorate, as evidenced by the decrease in fresh weight. The OsNRT1.1B lineages presented higher toxicity to chlorate. Gene expression analyses showed that the insertion of OsNRT1.1A and OsNRT1.1B into Arabidopsis chl1-5 induced the expression of NRT2.1 and NAR2.1. OsNRT1.1As overexpression did not significantly affect the expression of NRT2.1 and NAR2.1. The results show the differential ability of NRT1.1 orthologs in rice to take up chlorate and signal the expression of other nitrate transporters, which may affect the efficiency of nitrogen utilization and its uptake. 相似文献
5.
The distribution of transferrin alleles in a group of common baboons, Papio cynocephalus of East Africa, was determined after starch gel electrophoresis of plasma and autoradiography of electrophoretograms. Three alleles, TfA, TfB, and TfC, were found, in agreement with results previously reported. The frequencies of these alleles are TfA = 0.276, TfB = 0.515, Tfc = 0.209. The difference between the frequencies reported here and those reported by Buettner-Janusch (1963 Folia Primat., 1: 73–87) for the same species ( TfA = 0.205, TfB = 0.332, Tfc = 0.463) is significant. Transferrin of P. cynocephalus contains four residues of sialic acid per molecule of transferrin, as determined by electrophoresis and autoradiography of plasma treated with neuraminidase. 相似文献
6.
Summary. This study presents evidence that sheep haemopexin phenotypes are genetically controlled by three alleles, Hpx A, Hpx B1 and Hpx B2, of a single autosomal locus. Frequencies of two alleles, Hpx A and Hpx B (Hpx B encompasses two isoalleles, Hpx B1 and Hpx B2), were studied in eight sheep breeds in Czechoslovakia. The frequency of the HpxA allele was highest (ranging from 0.81 in Merino to 1.0 in East Friesian sheep). Qualitative and quantitative changes in haemopexin during postnatal development were studied by starch gel electrophoresis and rocket immunoelectrophoresis respectively. In electrophoresis, 1- or 2-day-old lambs had two very weak zones corresponding in mobility to two slower zones of adult animals. Later, the third more anodic zone appeared and gradually increased in intensity. In 1-month-old lambs the patterns were practically identical with those of adult animals. Using rocket immunoelectrophoresis, the level of haemopexin shortly after birth was practically zero. It rose sharply till the sixth day of life; then the level continued to rise slowly till about 1 month of age. The mean haemopexin level in adult sheep was 64.5 ± 18.26 (SD) mg/100ml serum, ranging from 30.5 to 116.5 mg/100ml. 相似文献
7.
Many hybrid zones have a mosaic structure, yet we know of no theoretical work that examines the impact of mosaicism on the outcome of evolution. We developed a computer simulation model designed to test whether the outcome of reinforcing selection differs in a mosaic and a clinal hybrid zone. Our model was a one-dimensional stepping-stone model. The mosaic and clinal hybrid zones that we modeled were, respectively, a mosaic maintained by differential fitness of the interacting taxa in patchy habitats and a tension zone. We modeled changes in gene frequency at two biallelic loci, A and B. Hybrids at the A locus were selected against. An allele at the B locus caused assortative mating at the A locus, which promoted reinforcement; there was a selective cost to this allele. In a mosaic hybrid zone, spatial variation in the fitness of A-locus homozygotes in different patches caused gene and genotype frequencies at the A and B loci to differ greatly from those in a tension zone. Compared to a tension zone, a mosaic hybrid zone had a broader region in which hybrids could be formed and, thus, a broader region in which the assortative-mating allele provided a net selective advantage (via decreased production of the less fit A-locus hybrids). This caused the assortative-mating allele to be favored under a broader set of conditions in a mosaic hybrid zone than in a tension zone. In mosaic and tension hybrid zones, both low and high levels of migration could prevent the establishment of the allele that promoted reinforcement, but the allele could establish under a wider range of migration rates in a mosaic than in a tension zone. In a tension zone, both low and high levels of selection against A-locus hybrids could prevent the establishment of the assortative-mating allele. In a mosaic hybrid zone, the assortative-mating allele established under lower levels of selection against hybrids than in a tension zone, and high levels of selection did not impede the establishment of this allele. Overall, our work illustrates how the structure of a hybrid zone can alter the outcome of an important evolutionary process, in this case, reinforcement. 相似文献
8.
At the gene locus for liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) of the Japanese quail, three alleles which give electrophoretic variants, A, B, and C, exist. This enzyme is autosomally inherited. Allelic polymorphism was not observed in the chicken, but the wild-type ADH of the chicken can readily be distinguished from A, B, and C of the quail by starch gel electrophoresis. In the development of both species, ADH activity reached a near adult level at about the nineteenth day (a few days after hatching in the quail and a few days before hatching in the chicken). Chicken-quail hybrids at the day of hatching (nineteenth day) revealed the presence of maternally derived quail ADH only, and their ADH activities were about half that of both parental species. Those hybrids which received either A or C allele from the mother quail showed three bands of ADH at the third day after hatching. The chicken and quail alleles began to function in synchronous harmony. One 3-day-old and two adult hybrids which received B allele from the quail, however, still revealed complete absence of the paternally derived chicken ADH.This work was supported in part by a grant (CA-05138) from the National Cancer Institute, U.S. Public Health Service, and in part by a research fund established in honor of General James H. Doolittle. Contribution No. 20-67, Department of Biology, City of Hope Medical Center.Dr. Eduardo Castro-Sierra is a fellow of the Institute for Advanced Learning of the City of Hope Medical Center. 相似文献
9.
Using starch gel electrophoresis, polymorphism of hordein-encoding loci Hrd A, Hrd B, and Hrd Fwas studied in 147 accessions of local Ethiopian barley cultivars. Loci Hrd A, Hrd B, and Hrd Fwere shown to have 26, 36, and 4 alleles, respectively. The allele frequencies in the collection examined varied from 0.17 to 45.72%. For loci Hrd Aand Hrd B, families of blocks of hordein components were found. Based on the allele frequencies and their combinations at loci Hrd Aand Hrd Bas well as the numbers of families of component blocks of hordeins A and B, we identified genotypes that could be considered as the most ancient in Ethiopia. A catalog of hordein variant encoded by these loci was created. The list of hordein genetic formulas for the studied accessions is presented. 相似文献
10.
Phytostabilization strategies may be suitable to reduce the dispersion of uranium (U) and the overall environmental risks
of U-contaminated soils. The role of Glomus intraradices, an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, in such phytostabilization of U was investigated with a compartmented plant cultivation
system facilitating the specific measurement of U uptake by roots, AM roots and extraradical hyphae of AM fungi and the measurement
of U partitioning between root and shoot. A soil-filled plastic pot constituted the main root compartment (C A) which contained a plastic vial filled with U-contaminated soil amended with 0, 50 or 200 mg KH 2PO 4−P kg –1soil (C B). The vial was sealed by coarse or fine nylon mesh, permitting the penetration of both roots and hyphae or of just hyphae.
Medicago truncatula plants grown in C A were inoculated with G. intraradices or remained uninoculated . Dry weight of shoots and roots in C A was significantly increased by G. intraradices, but was unaffected by mesh size or by P application in C B. The P amendments decreased root colonization in C B, and increased P content and dry weight of those roots. Glomus intraradices increased root U concentration and content in C A, but decreased shoot U concentrations. Root U concentrations and contents were significantly higher when only hyphae could
access U inside C B than when roots could also directly access this U pool. The proportion of plant U content partitioned to shoots was decreased
by root exclusion from C B and by mycorrhizas (M) in the order: no M, roots in C B > no M, no roots in C B > M, roots in C B > M, no roots in C B. Such mycorrhiza-induced retention of U in plant roots may contribute to the phytostabilization of U contaminated environments. 相似文献
11.
A novel chiral sensor based on the self‐assembled monolayer of (6 A‐ω‐mercaptoethylureado‐6 A‐deoxy)heptakis(2,3‐di‐ o‐phenylcarbamoyl)‐6 B, 6 C, 6 D, 6 E, 6 F, 6 G‐ hexa‐ o‐phenylcarbamoyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (Ph‐β‐CD‐SH) on a quartz crystal transducer for chiral recognition was set up. ( R,S)‐(±)‐(3‐Methoxyphenyl)ethylamine were recognized by this QCM chiral sensor with a QCM chiral discrimination factor of 1.33. Furthermore, UV spectroscopy was used to investigate the mechanism of host‐guest interactions between (6 A‐azido‐6 A‐deoxy)heptakis(2,3‐di‐ o‐phenylcarbamoyl)‐6 B, 6 C, 6 D, 6 E, 6 F, 6 G‐hexa‐ o‐phenylcarbamoyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (Ph‐β‐CD) and ( R,S)‐(±)‐(3‐methoxyphenyl) ethylamine. The UV discrimination factor was determined to be 0.066. Chirality, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
12.
Background: Oxidative degradation of human recombinant erythropoietin (hrEPO) may occur in manufacturing process or therapeutic applications. This unfavorable alteration may render EPO inefficient or inactive. We investigated the effect of methionine/54 oxidative changes on the amino acid sequences, glycoform distribution and biological activity of hrEPO. Methods: Mass spectrometry was applied to verify the sequence and determine the methionine oxidation level of hrEPO. Isoform distribution was studied by capillary zone electrophoresis method. In vivo normocythemic mice assay was used to assess the biological activity of three different batches ( A, B, and C) of the proteins. Results: Nano-LC/ESI/MS/MS data analyses confirmed the amino acid sequences of all samples. The calculated area percent of three isoforms (2–4 of the 8 obtained isoforms) were decreased in samples of C, B, and A with 27.3, 16.7, and 6.8% of oxidation, respectively. Specific activities were estimated as 53671.54, 95826.47, and 112994.93?mg/mL for the samples of A, B, and C, respectively. Conclusion: The observed decrease in hrEPO biological activity, caused by increasing methionine oxidation levels, was rather independent of its amino acid structure and mainly associated with the higher contents of acidic isoforms. 相似文献
13.
Four isoimmunized baboons each produced isoantibodies defining a number of blood factors of baboon blood of which two, A p and B p, have been most intensively studied. The two blood factors determine the A P-B P blood group system which, judging from its serological behavior, may be the baboon analogue of the human M-N system and the chimpanzee V-A-B system. Tests for A P-B P types of 592 baboons showed striking differences in the distributions of the four types among the four sub-species, Papio cynocephalus, Papio anubis, Papio ursinus (South Africa) and Papio papio (Senegal). The baboon A P-B P types could also be demonstrated by tests on the red cells of geladas ( Theropithecus gelada). If one assumes inheritance by multiple allelic genes, then the existence of only a single gene O p need be invoked for Papio ursinus, three alleles O p, A p and B p for Papio cynocephalus and Papio anubis, but four alleles for Papio papio including an allele, very frequent in that subspecies, which determines an agglutinogen having both blood factors A p and B p. 相似文献
14.
Inheritance of gel consistency in rice was studied in crossés involving highamylose, low-gelatinizalion temperature parents
with hard, medium, and soft gel consistency. The results of single-grain analysis of parents, F 1, F 2, B 1F 1, B 2F 2, and their reciprocal crosses from a single-season harvest showed that the differences between hard and soft, hard and medium,
and medium and soft gel consistency are under monogenic control and that modifiers affect the expression of the trait. Multiple
alleles at the same locus, hereby designated as gec
a for medium gel consistency and gec
b for soft gel consistency, were recessive to the wild type allele for hard gel consistency and gec
a was dominant over gec
b. The results indicate that selection for desired gel consistency can effectively be done in early segregating generations. 相似文献
15.
By the use of the Immobiline technique at pH ranges 7.0–7.6 and 6.9–7.9, 16 different hemoglobin (Hb) phenotypes were observed
in 61 English Saanen goats. They are explained in this breed by a genetic theory of five β-globin genes ( A
4, A
6, A
8, E, and D) and two closely linked α-globin loci (′α and ″α) of which the ″α has a variant allele, provisionally called ″α
X
. Family data together with observed and expected Hb frequencies were in agreement with the genetic theory. Among six Barbary
sheep there were three Hb phenotypes explained by the occurrence of the β-chain alleles B and C
na. 相似文献
16.
Summary C6 typing was performed in a family material by two different techniques: serum or plasma samples were subjected either to high-voltage agarose gel electrophoresis or to isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel slabs. Proteins with C6 activity were then visualized by a specific, hemolytic assay.In 81 unrelated adults within the family material the following allele frequencies were found: C6
A:0.61 and C6
B:0.39.Linkage studies exclude linkage between C6 and HLA region marker loci, and also between C6 and another chromosome 6 marker locus PGM3. 相似文献
17.
Zusammenfassung Die im Jahre 1951 zunächst allgemein gegen die Rassen A und D nachgewiesene Mehltauresistenz von 8 röntgeninduzierten Wintergerstenmutanten ist differenziert und erweitert worden. Mut. 501 ist gegen 10 von 14 untersuchten Rassen der Rassengruppen A, D, B und C resistent ( A
1, A
2, A
3, A
4, D
1, D
3, B
2, B
3, C
2, C
3) und gegen vier anfällig ( B
5, B
6, C
4, C
5). Die übrigen 7 Mutanten 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 520 und 525a zeigen übereinstimmendes Resistenzverhalten: Von den 16 untersuchten Rassen der Rassengruppen A, D, B, C sind die Mutanten gegen acht resistent ( A
2, A
5, D
1, B
2, B
3, B
7, C
2, C
4) und für die anderen acht anfällig ( A
1, A
3, A
4, D
3, B
5, B
6, C
3, C
5). Die Mutanten stellen durch diese ihnen eigentümliche, bisher nicht bekannte Kombination der Resistenz gegen verschiedene Rassen von Erysiphe graminis hordei wertvolle Differentialwirte dar.Die Genetik der Mehltauresistenz ist bei den acht Mutanten für die Rasse A
2 untersucht worden. Zwei unabhängige Gene sind nachgewiesen: eines bedingt die Resistenz von Mut. 501 ( Obsistens) und ein zweites diejenige der übrigen sieben Mutanten 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 520, 525a ( Resistens). Diese sieben Mutanten sind also bzgl. der Mehltauresistenz genetisch identisch, während Mut. 501 heterogen ist. Vererbt wird die Mehltauresistenz bei allen acht Mutanten monogen und vollständig bzw. unvollständig dominant. Lediglich Mut. 520 scheint sich labil zu verhalten. alle Mutanten zeigen zusätzliche Merkmalsänderungen. 相似文献
18.
A series of 60 chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) were tested for their human-type A-B-O blood groups and for ten simian-type blood factors. Of the 60 chimpanzees four were group O and 56 group A; combining this with our previous results, among 274 chimpanzees there were 36 group O and 238 group A. Gene frequency analysis of the V-A-B types (determined by three antisera, anti- V c, anti- A c and anti- B c) of the 60 chimpanzees indicated inheritance by four allelic genes, namely, the amorphic gene v and the three additional alleles vA, vB and V. This theory allows for the existence of ten genotypes but only seven V-A-B phenotypes, since the type V.AB is excluded. Gene frequency analysis confirmed that C c and c c are contrasting antigens determined by corresponding allelic genes. The distribution of the C-c-E-F types among the 60 chimpanzees, as well as among 133 chimpanzees previously tested, is compatible with the postulation of five allelic genes, namely, the amorph c, and the alleles CE, CF, CEF and the very rare allele C. The blood factor G c appears to define a separate blood group system, independent of the V-A-B and C-E-F systems. The newly defined blood factor Lindsay appears to be related to the V-A-B system, while factor H c may be related to the C-E-F system. 相似文献
19.
Evidence is presented for a crossover between the genes coding for the serologically determined (SD) antigens on erythrocytes and an immune response gene (Ir-GAT) controlling immune response to the synthetic polypeptide GAT within the B complex, the MHC of chickens. The Ir-GAT
1 and Ir-GAT
19 alleles control low and high immune response to GAT, respectively. Both low and high responders were recovered as recombinants from B
1
B
1 and B
19
B
19 birds. The low-responder haplotypes are homozygous for the Ir-GAT
1 allele and the high-responder haplotypes carry the Ir-GAT
19 allele. Mortality for B
1
B
1 nonresponder birds was 39%, compared with 19% for the B
1
B
1 high responders; this suggests the possibility that genes located within the immune response region of the B complex exert some genetic control over viability and survival.The following abbreviations are used in this paper MHC
major histocompatibility complex
- Ir
immune response
- SD
serologically determined
- GA
(L-glutamic acid 60, L-alanine 40) n
- DNP-GL
dinitrophenyl-(L-glutamic acid 60, L-lysine 40)
- PLL
poly-L-lysine
- (T,G)-A--L
poly-(L-tyrosine-L-glutamic acid)-poly-D, L-alanine-poly-L-lysine
- GAT, GAT 10
(L-glutamic acid 60 L-alanine 30 L-tyrosine 10) n
- CFA
complete Freund's adjuvant
- PBS
phosphate-buffered saline 相似文献
20.
Electrophoretic variation of glyoxalase 1 (GLO) has been detected in chicken red-cell lysates. Three phenotypes are shown to be inherited through a diallelic system, just as in humans and mice. The chicken GLO phenotypes differ from their mammalian counterparts in that one of the homozygotes is devoid of GLO activity. The heterozygote produces two bands, while the other homozygote yields a single band of GLO activity with mobility equal to the faster of these two bands. In noninbred White Leghorn birds, the GLO
*2 allele occurred significantly more often in birds homozygous for the B
*1 allele at the chicken MHC than in those homozygous for B
*19, suggesting that the products of these loci may have population associations in the chicken. Absence of close linkage between the GLO and B loci was, however, demonstrated by appropriate test crosses. 相似文献
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