Newly reported fungi from Orissa (India) — I

Summary Two species of fungi,Tryblidiella rufula (Spreng.)Sacc. andTrabutia butleri Theiss &Syd. have been figured and described for the first time from Orissa. The former was found growing on dead twigs ofCitrus aurantifolia (Christm.)Swingle and onCitrus sp. and the latter on living leaves ofFicus religiosa L.     

On the occurrence of Bangia atropurpurea (Roth.) Ag. in a freshwater site in Britain

Summary Bangia atropurpurea (Roth.) Ag. has been found growing in a sluice in Hertfordshire, England, apparently a first record for this alga in fresh water in Britain. An analysis of the water is given.

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Zusammenfassung Bangia atropurpurea (Roth.) Ag. ist in einer Schleuse in Hertfordshire in England gefunden worden. Scheinbar hat man diese Alge nicht früher in Süsswasser in Grossbritannien verzeichnet. Eine Wasseranalyse wird angehängt.

     

Regulation of ergotoxine biosynthesis in Claviceps purpurea submerged fermentation

Summary The effect of exogenously administered l-valine on the ratio of ergocornine/ergokryptine in submerged cultures of Claviceps purpurea was studied. The desired ratio of alkaloids (1:1) was achieved by the use of very small concentrations of l-valine when proper conditions had been established.     

Contributions to the morphology,anatomy, and karyology ofRhabdodendron,and a reconsideration of the systematic position of theRhabdodendronaceae

Rhabdodendron macrophyllum (Spruce ex Benth.)Huber andR. amazonicum (Spruce exBenth.)Huber differ in several anatomical and morphological characters (secretory cavities, hypoderm, peltate hairs, internodal region and petiole). A position of the monotypicRhabdodendronaceae in theCentrospermae as recently suggested is hardly supported: Peltate hairs, lysigenous secretory cavities and spicular cells in the leaves, multilacunar nodes, chromosome number (R. macrophyllum: n = 10; first count for the genus resp. family), ± simultaneous (or slightly centripetal) development of the androeceum, anacrostyly and two ovules in the unicarpellate gynoeceum, apparent disc, monotelic racemes, and data available from literature (pollen, sieve tube plastids) clearly indicate a close affinity toRutaceae, and even make the family rank ofRhabdodendron questionable.     

Influence de passages répétés du virus de la polyèdrose nucléaire deAutographa californica chezSpodoptera littoralis [Lep.: Noctuidae]

Résumé Au cours de 7 passages du virus de la polyèdrose nucléaire deAutographa californica Speyer surSpodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) par la méthode d'ingestion libre des polyèdres il n'a pas été possible d'adapter ce virus à son nouvel h?te. Par contre les passages successifs du virus étranger permettent au virus occulte du nouvel h?te de se révéler, transformant ainsi la maladie latente en une infection caractérisée.

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Summary Adaptation of theAutographa californica Speyer nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Baculovirus) by successive passages of orally fed inclusion bodies, in a new host (Spodoptera littoralis) (Boisd) was unsuccessful. It is demonstrated, by using biochemical identification methods as well as specificity difference indices, that the occult virus ofS. littoralis is stressed by the artificial infection of theA. californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Thus it seems that NPV's are more stable than sometimes is suggested as far as natural routes of infection are used in the experimentation.

     

Decarboxylierung von L-Methionin durch Proteus vulgaris und Bacillus sphaericus

Zusammenfassung Acetonpräparate von Proteus vulgaris und Bacillus sphaericus ATCC 245 sowie in geringerem Umfang Umpflanzkulturen der Pilze Claviceps purpurea und Penicillium nigricans decarboxylieren L-Methionin zu 3-Methylmeracaptopropylamin (MMPA). Die Identität des Decarboxylierungsproduktes mit authentischem MMPA wurde durch chromatographischen Vergleich und übereinstimmende Schmelzpunkte der Pikrate und DNP-Derivate gesichert. Es wird angenommen, daß die Methionindecarboxylierung durch eine substratunspezifische Decarboxylase für neutrale Aminosäuren katalysiert wird. Das entsprechende Enzym bei P. vulgaris wäre die von Ekladius et al. (1957) beschriebene Valin/Leucin-Carboxy-lyase (E.C. 4.1.1.14).

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Decarboxylation of L-Methionine in Proteus vulgaris and Bacillus sphaericus

Summary Acetone powders of Proteus vulgaris and Bacillus sphaericus ATCC 245 as well as to some lower extent washed suspensions of the fungi Claviceps purpurea and Penicillium nigricans decarboxylate L-methionine to 3-methyl-mercaptopropylamine (MMPA). Identity of the product of decarboxylation with authentic MMPA was proved by chromatographic comparison and conformance of the melting points of the picrates and DNP-derivatives. It is assumed that the decarboxylation of methionine is catalyzed by a substrate-unspecific decarboxylase of neutral amino acids. The respective enzyme in P. vulgaris would be the valine/leucine-carboxylyase (E.C. 4.1.1.14) already described by Ekladius et al. (1957).

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Herrn Professor Dr. Maximilian Steiner zum 65. Geburtstag.     

Die Mykostatische Wirkung von Trichophyton rubrum auf Kryptokokken

Zusammenfassung Schwarz pigmentierende Kulturformen desTrichophyton rubrum (Cast.)Sabouraud bilden auf Sabouraud's Agar ein Antimykotikum, das gegenCryptococcus neoformans, C. diffluens undTorulopsis stellata wirksam ist. Es ist uns bisher nicht gelungen, die wirksame Substanz zu isolieren.     

Effect of Sclerospora graminicola infection on total nitrogen content and free aminoacid composition of bajra plants

Summary Studies on the total nitrogen content and free aminoacid composition of healthy Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides Stapf &Hubb.) plants and those infected withSclerospora graminicola (Sacc.)Schroet. were made. Total nitrogen content of the diseased tissues increased as a result of infection. Considerable difference existed in free aminoacid composition of healthy and diseased tissues. Tryptophane was one of the aminoacids which was constantly isolated from the extracts of diseased tissues only.     

Curvularia leaf blight of bajra (pennisetum typhoides Stapf.) in India

Summary The symptoms of leaf blight of bajra (Pennisetum typhoides Stapf.) from India, its cause which has been identified asCurvularia penniseti (Mitra)Boedijn var.poonensis n. var. together with the morphology and host range of the fungus etc. have been given.Part of the work submitted by ShriP. L. Patil for M. Sc. (Agric.), University of Poona, under the guidance of Dr.N. B. Kulkarni.The authors express their sincere thanks to Prof.M. Sulaiman for providing necessary facilities for this work.     

Biometrische Untersuchungen an Populationen vonOphrys cornuta,O. holosericea und ihren Hybriden (Orchidaceae)

Population variability ofOphrys holosericea (Burm. f.)Greut. subsp.holosericea (=O. fuciflora Crantz subsp.fuciflora) from near Vienna (Austria), and of subsp.maxima (Fleischm.)Greut. andO. cornuta Steven with intermediates from the Dalmatian island Hvar (Yugoslavia) was analysed and illustrated by scatter diagrams. A hybrid origin of these intermediates is suggested. Aspects of hybridization betweenO. holosericea agg. andO. scolopax agg. are discussed.

     

Relation of nitrogen fertilizers and manure to vascular wilt of egyptian cotton caused by four fusaria species and strains

Summary Four different species and strains ofFusarium, namely,F. oxysporum f.vasinfectum (Atk.)Snyder &Hansen,F. solani (Mart.)App. &Wr.,F. vasinfectum (Atk.) f₁ Wr. strainFahmy, andF. vasinfectum Atk. are responsible for cotton wilt in U.A.R. Pathogenicity experiments have shown that the four experimentalFusaria possess varying degrees of pathogenicity towards two susceptible cotton varieties, namely, Karnak and Bahtim 190. On the other hand, Ashmouni cotton proved resistant to the fourFusaria. Variability of pathogenicity of the experimentalFusaria is not only related to host cotton plant or parasite, but also to nitrogenous fertilizer or manurial treatment of the soil. Resistance of Ashmouni cotton was not broken in presence of sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate or stable manure added to soil inoculated with any of the fourFusaria. The application of nitrogen fertilizers or manure resulted on the whole, in increased wilt-disease incidence of the susceptible cotton varieties. Stable manure enhanced predisposition to vascular-wilt more than other nitrogen treatments, especially in presence of the virulentF. oxysporum f.vasinfectum or both strains ofF. vasinfectum Atk. Ammonium nitrate induced the sudden appearance of mottling characteristic of vascular-wilt of cotton when Bahtim 190 plants were raised in nitrogen-fertilized soil inoculated withF. solani (Mart.)App. &Wr. At the same time, the raised affected plants showed increased growth-vigour and enhanced maturity of their leaves.     

Fungi causing plant diseases at jabalpur (madhya pradesh)-IX

Summary The present paper describes 6 foliicolous fungi from Jabalpur (India). These includeAsterina lawsoniae Syd. on leaves ofLawsonia alba, Diplocarpon rosae Wolf. onRosa sp.,Cercospora jujubae Chowdhury onZizyphus jujuba andCercospora subsessilis Henn. &Nym. onAzadirachta indica, new fungus records for Madhya Pradesh;Asterostomella strophanti Henn. on leaves ofFlacourtia ramontchii, a new fungus for the country andCorynespora cassiicola (Berk. &Curt.)Wei. onClerodendron inerme, a new host record.     

Effect of algal hormones on stomatal and epidermal development in rice leaves

Effect of presoaking seeds with different concentrations (0.5, 1 and 5%) of algal extracts on the development of stomata and epidermal cells in rice leaves has been investigated. One percent ether extract of Phormidium foveolarum (Mont.) Gomont suspended in water increases the number of stomata and also the total perimeter of stomatal pores, suggesting that the plants are better adopted for photosynthetic activity.     

Fungi causing plant diseases at jabalpur (M.P.). VIII

Summary This paper describes five foliicolous fungi imperfecti from Jabalpur in India. It includesPhyllosticta hasijai Agarwal on leaves ofAcacia melanoxylon R. Br. andCercospora anisochilicola Agarwal onAnisochilus eriocephalus, two new species,C. jasminicola Mueller &Chupp onJasminum sp. andC. achyranthina Thirum. &Chupp onAchyranthes aspera L., two new records for the state, andPestalotiopsis glandicola (Cast.)Steyaert onCassia tora L., a new addition to the fungus flora of India.     

Normania,an endemic Macaronesian genus distinct fromSolanum (Solanaceae)

Morphological data and results from scanning electron microscopy of seeds and pollen show thatNormania Lowe [syn.Solanum L. subg.Potatoe (G. Don)D'Arcy sect.Normania (Lowe)Bitter] (Solanaceae: Solaneae) should be considered as a distinct genus fromSolanum L. It has two species, one restricted to the island of Madeira [Normania triphylla (Lowe)Lowe] and the other to Tenerife and Gran Canaria [Normania nava (Webb & Berthel.)Franc.-Ort. & R. N. Lester]. These species are extremely rare and had not been found for about 100 years, untilN. nava was rediscovered in two different localities in Tenerife in 1973 and 1982.Normania triphylla was reported in two different places from northern Madeira in 1991. Both species have the highest conservation priority in the Macaronesian region.     

Carotenoids in the muscles of Orconectes limosus (Raf. ) (Crustacea- Decapoda)

Summary The presence of carotenoids pigments in the muscles of Orconectes limosus (Raf.) (Decapoda, Crustacea)- was studied.In extracts separated by means of column and thin-layer chromatography, the following carotenoids were indentified : -carotene, cantaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, neoxanthin, ketocarotenoid and astaxanthin.     

Influence des parasites oophages sur la régulation des populations deCassida deflorata Suff

Summary The layings ofCassida deflorata Suffr. are parasited in southern France byMymaridae (Anaphoidea sp. andFulmekiella ovata soyka),Trichogrammatidae (Monorthochaeta nigra Blood.) andEulophidae (Foersterella flavipes Foerst. andTetrastichus rhosaces Walk.). In the Alpes-Maritimes, two successive generations ofMymaridae andTrichogrammatidae seem to attack the layings ofC. deflorata. In Corsica, parasitism byMymaridae andF. flavipes is very frequent and may be the essential regulating factor of the populations ofCassida. In the other regions that have been studied, although the large number ofCassida imagos appearing in spring show that mortality during the aestivation and hibernation is not the primary factor, it does not seem that the limitation of the populations is essentially caused by the activity of oophagous insects.      

Brachysporium helgolandicum nov. sp., ein neuer Deuteromycet auf Treibborke im Meer

Zusammenfassung 1. Die mikroskopische Untersuchung eines am Strand der Helgoländer Düne gesammelten Stückes Treibborke erbrachte den Neufund eines Deuteromyceten, der in die GattungBrachysporium (Sacc.)Mason etHughes zu stellen war und alsB. helgolandicum nov. spec. beschrieben wird.2. Die neue Art unterscheidet sich von den übrigen Vertretern der GattungBrachysporium vor allem durch ihre großen, breit birnenförmigen, 2- bis 3-septierten Konidien, die jeweils auf einer bemerkenswert langen, spiralisierten Trägerzelle an der Spitze des Konidienträgers entstehen.3. Dem gegenwärtigen Hyphomyceten-Klassifikationssystem vonBarron (1968) folgend, ist der Pilz in die Reihe der Aleuriosporae einzuordnen.4. Außer durchB. helgolandicum war das Substrat durchMonodictys pelagica (Johnson)Jones,Corollospora maritima Werd.,C. trifurcata (Höhnk)Kohlm. sowie zwei weitere, z. Z. nicht näher bestimmte Pilzarten besiedelt.5. Ob und inwiefernB. helgolandicum als eine typisch marine Species anzusehen ist, läßt sich auf Grund des bisher vorliegenden Materials nicht beurteilen.

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Brachysporium helgolandicum nov. sp., a new deuteromycete on driftbarks in the sea

The new fungus described differs from the known species of the genus by its large, 2- to 3-septate, broadly pyriform conidia, which are attached to the conidiophore by long, spirally coiled pedicels. With regard to the modern classification system of the Hyphomycetes, the fungus belongs to the series Aleuriosporae sensuBarron (1968). Within the genusBrachysporium (Sacc.)Mason etHughes,B. helgolandicum is the first species reported from marine habitats.

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Teil einer Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades im Fachbereich Biologie der Universität Hamburg. Die Untersuchungen wurden durch eine Sachbeihilfe der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft gefördert.     

A comparative study on the effects of aerial versus ground spraying of poisoned baits against the mediterranean fruit fly on the natural enemies of scale insects in citrus groves

Summary Control measures applied against the Mediterranean fruit fly in citrus groves in Israel consist of poisoned — bait sprays containing a protein hydrolysate and malathion. The effects of two methods of application of these materials, namely ground versus air, on the natural enemies of citrus scale insects were studied during 1961–1962. The populations of the California red scaleAonidiella aurantii (Mask.) (in 12 citrus groves) and of the Florida wax scaleCeroplastes floridensis Comst. (in 13 groves) were sampled and the rate of parasitation by Hymenoptera was determined. The abundance of the predatorChilocorus bipustulatus (L.) was recorded in all 25 groves. No significant differences were found between the effects of the two methods of application on the beneficial insects under study.

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Résumé Les mesures de contr?le appliquées contre la Mouche méditerranéenne dans les plantations d'agrumes en Israel, consistent en pulvérisation d'appats empoisonnés, contenant hydrolysat de protéine et malathion. L'action de l'application de ces produits par voie terrestre et aérienne sur les parasites des chenilles d'agrumes a été étudiée en 1961–1962. La population de la chenilleAonidiella aurantii (Mask.) (dans 12 plantations d'agrumes) et celle deCeroplastes floridensis Comst. (dans 13 plantations) ont été échantillonnées et le taux de parasitisme par les Hyménoptères a été déterminé. L'abondance du prédateurChilocorus bipustulatus (L.) a été relevée dans les 25 plantations. Aucune différence significative n'a été trouvée entre les effets d'application des deux méthodes sur les insectes utiles considérés.

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This investigation was supported by a grant from the Citrus Marketing Board of Israel.     

Multiple temperature optima in collectotrichum graminicola

Summary The dry weights of three isolates ofColletotrichum graminicola (Ces.)Wills., growing at 10°, 15°, 20°, 30°, and 35° C in yeast extract liquid medium were recorded. Two temperature growth optima and minima occurred at 20°C, 30°C and 10°C, 25°C respectively.Portion of a Ph. D. thesis, The Ohio State University, Columbus 10, Ohio, U.S.A. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology. Paper Number 657.