植被光合呼吸模型在长白山温带阔叶红松林的优化及验证

植被光合呼吸模型(VPRM)关键参数的确定和优化是准确计算生态系统净CO_2交换(NEE)的基础。利用中国通量观测研究联盟(China FLUX)长白山站温带阔叶红松林2005年的通量观测资料,对VPRM的4个参数(最大光能利用率ε_0、光照为半饱和条件下光合有效辐射值PAR0和呼吸参数(α、β))进行优化,并使用2006年的观测资料对参数优化前后的模拟结果进行评估。结果表明:参数优化后,VPRM能够较好地模拟长白山地区2006年植物生长季NEE的变化。对30min NEE模拟的平均误差为-1.81μmol m~(-2)s~(-1),相关系数为0.72,模拟NEE平均日变化的峰值约为观测值的91%,相关系数为0.97。但在植物非生长季模型对森林NEE的模拟效果较差。模型模拟30min NEE的平均误差为0.39μmol m~(-2)s~(-1),相关系数仅为0.10,并且模拟低估NEE平均日变化白天吸收峰值约82%,日变化模拟值与观测值的相关系数为0.50。通过分析不同天气个例,发现模型可以较好地模拟晴天条件下NEE的变化,而对阴雨天NEE的模拟误差较大。该研究有利于提高VPRM模型对温带落叶阔叶林NEE的模拟能力,对进一步改进区域陆地NEE的模拟具有重要意义。     

次生栎林与火炬松人工林土壤呼吸的季节变异及其主要影响因子

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分.随着全球气候变暖趋势逐渐明显,土壤呼吸的时空变异及其对温度变化的响应已成为生态学研究的重要内容之一.利用LI-6400-09土壤碳通量观测仪,在江苏省南京林业大学下蜀实验基地,采用随机区组实验设计方法,连续两年测定了北亚热带次生栎林和火炬松人工林土壤呼吸的季节动态变化,结果表明:(1)两种林分内土壤呼吸速率均具有明显的季节波动,表现为:在最冷的1月份,土壤呼吸速率最低,随着土壤温度的升高,土壤呼吸速率也逐渐上升,在7、8月份达到最大值,随后又逐渐下降;(2)次生栎林月平均土壤呼吸速率在0.271～3.22μmolCO2 · m-2 · s-1之间,年变异幅度为11.88;火炬松人工林月平均土壤呼吸速率在0.336～3.06μmolCO2 · m-2 · s-1 ,年变异幅度为9.11;(3)次生栎林土壤呼吸的 Q10值在2.19至2.27之间,火炬松人工林土壤呼吸的Q10值在2.02至2.15之间,次生栎林土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性大于火炬松人工林;(4)土壤呼吸速率与不同深度层次土壤温度之间均呈显著性正相关,与土壤微生物生物量之间呈显著性负相关,而与土壤含水率、凋落物输入量之间相关不显著.研究结果初步阐明了江淮流域北亚热带典型森林植被土壤呼吸的季节动态特征及主要影响因子,为进一步揭示该区域森林土壤碳循环特点提供了理论基础.     

Effects of experimental drought on soil respiration and radiocarbon efflux from a temperate forest soil

Soil moisture affects microbial decay of SOM and rhizosphere respiration (RR) in temperate forest soils, but isolating the response of soil respiration (SR) to summer drought and subsequent wetting is difficult because moisture changes are often confounded with temperature variation. We distinguished between temperature and moisture effects by simulation of prolonged soil droughts in a mixed deciduous forest at the Harvard Forest, Massachusetts. Roofs constructed over triplicate 5 × 5 m² plots excluded throughfall water during the summers of 2001 (168 mm) and 2002 (344 mm), while adjacent control plots received ambient throughfall and the same natural temperature regime. In 2003, throughfall was not excluded to assess the response of SR under natural weather conditions after two prolonged summer droughts. Throughfall exclusion significantly decreased mean SR rate by 53 mg C m^?2 h^?1 over 84 days in 2001, and by 68 mg C m^?2 h^?1 over 126 days in 2002, representing 10–30% of annual SR in this forest and 35–75% of annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of C. The differences in SR were best explained by differences in gravimetric water content in the Oi horizon (r²=0.69) and the Oe/Oa horizon (r²=0.60). Volumetric water content of the A horizon was not significantly affected by throughfall exclusion. The radiocarbon signature of soil CO₂ efflux and of CO₂ respired during incubations of O horizon, A horizon and living roots allowed partitioning of SR into contributions from young C substrate (including RR) and from decomposition of older SOM. RR (root respiration and microbial respiration of young substrates in the rhizosphere) made up 43–71% of the total C respired in the control plots and 41–80% in the exclusion plots, and tended to increase with drought. An exception to this trend was an interesting increase in CO₂ efflux of radiocarbon‐rich substrates during a period of abundant growth of mushrooms. Our results suggest that prolonged summer droughts decrease primarily heterotrophic respiration in the O horizon, which could cause increases in the storage of soil organic carbon in this forest. However, the C stored during two summers of simulated drought was only partly released as increased respiration during the following summer of natural throughfall. We do not know if this soil C sink during drought is transient or long lasting. In any case, differential decomposition of the O horizon caused by interannual variation of precipitation probably contributes significantly to observed interannual variation of NEE in temperate forests.     

东北地区4种林分土壤呼吸及温、湿度敏感性对氮添加的短期响应

全球变化中氮沉降日益严重,已对森林生态系统的各个过程产生了重要影响。因此,通过研究氮添加对森林生态系统土壤碳输出的影响,对分析全球变化背景下土壤碳吸存具有重要意义。对黑龙江省帽儿山实验林场白桦(Betula platyphylla)次生林,以及水曲柳(Fraxinus mandschurica)、红松(Pinus koraiensis)、长白落叶松(Larix olgensis)人工林通过2年氮添加(对照(0 kg N hm~(-2) a~(-1)),低氮(50 kg N hm~(-2) a~(-1)),中氮(100 kg N hm~(-2) a~(-1))和高氮(150 kg N hm~(-2) a~(-1)))试验,测定根生物量密度、土壤微生物量碳浓度、土壤呼吸速率及温、湿度敏感性等指标,旨在探讨森林生态系统土壤呼吸对氮添加的短期响应。结果表明:(1)低氮处理对白桦和水曲柳林土壤呼吸速率影响不显著,但显著提高了红松和长白落叶松林土壤呼吸速率;水曲柳林分中高氮处理土壤呼吸速率显著降低于低氮和中氮处理,而其他林分高氮处理土壤呼吸速率仅显著低于低氮处理。(2)氮添加处理下,4种林分中林分土壤呼吸速率与根生物量密度呈极显著正相关,Pearson相关系数为0.81。(3)低氮处理下5 cm和10 cm处土壤呼吸温度敏感性系数Q_(10)值较CK处理分别提高了2.65%和3.12%,高氮处理较CK处理分别降低了6.29%和5.46%。但氮添加处理对土壤呼吸和土壤湿度间的相关性无影响。综上所述,阔叶林与针叶林土壤呼吸速率对氮添加的响应存在差异。根生物量密度是影响不同林分土壤呼吸对短期氮添加响应的主要因素,同时氮添加处理显著改变了土壤温度敏感性系数。     

Annual variation in soil respiration and its components in a coppice oak forest in Central Italy

In order to investigate the annual variation of soil respiration and its components in relation to seasonal changes in soil temperature and soil moisture in a Mediterranean mixed oak forest ecosystem, we set up a series of experimental treatments in May 1999 where litter (no litter), roots (no roots, by trenching) or both were excluded from plots of 4 m². Subsequently, we measured soil respiration, soil temperature and soil moisture in each plot over a year after the forest was coppiced. The treatments did not significantly affect soil temperature or soil moisture measured over 0–10 cm depth. Soil respiration varied markedly during the year with high rates in spring and autumn and low rates in summer, coinciding with summer drought, and in winter, with the lowest temperatures. Very high respiration rates, however, were observed during the summer immediately after rainfall events. The mean annual rate of soil respiration was 2.9 µ mol m^?2 s^?1, ranging from 1.35 to 7.03 µmol m^?2 s^?1. Soil respiration was highly correlated with temperature during winter and during spring and autumn whenever volumetric soil water content was above 20%. Below this threshold value, there was no correlation between soil respiration and soil temperature, but soil moisture was a good predictor of soil respiration. A simple empirical model that predicted soil respiration during the year, using both soil temperature and soil moisture accounted for more than 91% of the observed annual variation in soil respiration. All the components of soil respiration followed a similar seasonal trend and were affected by summer drought. The Q₁₀ value for soil respiration was 2.32, which is in agreement with other studies in forest ecosystems. However, we found a Q₁₀ value for root respiration of 2.20, which is lower than recent values reported for forest sites. The fact that the seasonal variation in root growth with temperature in Mediterranean ecosystems differs from that in temperate regions may explain this difference. In temperate regions, increases in size of root populations during the growing season, coinciding with high temperatures, may yield higher apparent Q₁₀ values than in Mediterranean regions where root growth is suppressed by summer drought. The decomposition of organic matter and belowground litter were the major components of soil respiration, accounting for almost 55% of the total soil respiration flux. This proportion is higher than has been reported for mature boreal and temperate forest and is probably the result of a short‐term C loss following recent logging at the site. The relationship proposed for soil respiration with soil temperature and soil moisture is useful for understanding and predicting potential changes in Mediterranean forest ecosystems in response to forest management and climate change.     

Effect of soil water stress on soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity in an 18-year-old temperate Douglas-fir stand

We analyzed 17 months (August 2005 to December 2006) of continuous measurements of soil CO₂ efflux or soil respiration (R_S) in an 18‐year‐old west‐coast temperate Douglas‐fir stand that experienced somewhat greater than normal summertime water deficit. For soil water content at the 4 cm depth (θ) > 0.11 m³ m^?3 (corresponding to a soil water matric potential of ?2 MPa), R_S was positively correlated to soil temperature at the 2 cm depth (T_S). Below this value of θ, however, R_S was largely decoupled from T_S, and evapotranspiration, ecosystem respiration and gross primary productivity (GPP) began to decrease, dropping to about half of their maximum values when θ reached 0.07 m³ m^?3. Soil water deficit substantially reduced R_S sensitivity to temperature resulting in a Q₁₀ significantly < 2. The absolute temperature sensitivity of R_S (i.e. dR_S/dT_S) increased with θ up to 0.15 m³ m^?3, above which it slowly declined. The value of dR_S/dT_S was nearly 0 for θ < 0.08 m³ m^?3, thereby confirming that R_S was largely unaffected by temperature under soil water stress conditions. Despite the possible effects of seasonality of photosynthesis, root activity and litterfall on R_S, the observed decrease in its temperature sensitivity at low θ was consistent with the reduction in substrate availability due to a decrease in (a) microbial mobility, and diffusion of substrates and extracellular enzymes, and (b) the fraction of substrate that can react at high T_S, which is associated with low θ. We found that an exponential (van't Hoff type) model with Q₁₀ and R₁₀ dependent on only θ explained 92% of the variance in half‐hourly values of R_S, including the period with soil water stress conditions. We hypothesize that relating Q₁₀ and R₁₀ to θ not only accounted for the effects of T_S on R_S and its temperature sensitivity but also accounted for the seasonality of biotic (photosynthesis, root activity, and litterfall) and abiotic (soil moisture and temperature) controls and their interactions.     

Spatial patterns in temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in China: Estimation with inverse modeling

Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration (Q₁₀) is an important parameter in modeling the effects of global warming on ecosystem carbon release. Experimental studies of soil respiration have ubiquitously indicated that Q₁₀ has high spatial heterogeneity. However, most biogeochemical models still use a constant Q₁₀ in projecting future climate change and no spatial pattern of Q₁₀ values at large scales has been derived. In this study, we conducted an inverse modeling analysis to retrieve the spatial pattern of Q₁₀ in China at 8 km spatial resolution by assimilating data of soil organic carbon into a process-based terrestrial carbon model (CASA model). The results indicate that the optimized Q₁₀ values are spatially heterogeneous and consistent to the values derived from soil respiration observations. The mean Q10 values of different soil types range from 1.09 to 2.38, with the highest value in volcanic soil, and the lowest value in cold brown calcic soil. The spatial pattern of Q₁₀ is related to environmental factors, especially precipitation and top soil organic carbon content. This study demonstrates that inverse modeling is a useful tool in deriving the spatial pattern of Q₁₀ at large scales, with which being incorporated into biogeochemical models, uncertainty in the projection of future carbon dynamics could be potentially reduced.     

Different responses of soil respiration to environmental factors across forest stages in a Southeast Asian forest

Soil respiration (SR) in forests contributes significant carbon dioxide emissions from terrestrial ecosystems and is highly sensitive to environmental changes, including soil temperature, soil moisture, microbial community, surface litter, and vegetation type. Indeed, a small change in SR may have large impacts on the global carbon balance, further influencing feedbacks to climate change. Thus, detailed characterization of SR responses to changes in environmental conditions is needed to accurately estimate carbon dioxide emissions from forest ecosystems. However, data for such analyses are still limited, especially in tropical forests of Southeast Asia where various stages of forest succession exist due to previous land‐use changes. In this study, we measured SR and some environmental factors including soil temperature (ST), soil moisture (SM), and organic matter content (OM) in three successional tropical forests in both wet and dry periods. We also analyzed the relationships between SR and these environmental variables. Results showed that SR was higher in the wet period and in older forests. Although no response of SR to ST was found in younger forest stages, SR of the old‐growth forest significantly responded to ST, plausibly due to the nonuniform forest structure, including gaps, that resulted in a wide range of ST. Across forest stages, SM was the limiting factor for SR in the wet period, whereas SR significantly varied with OM in the dry period. Overall, our results indicated that the responses of SR to environmental factors varied temporally and across forest succession. Nevertheless, these findings are still preliminary and call for detailed investigations on SR and its variations with environmental factors in Southeast Asian tropical forests where patches of successional stages dominate.     

Differential responses of auto‐ and heterotrophic soil respiration to water and nitrogen addition in a semiarid temperate steppe

Evaluating how autotrophic (SR_A), heterotrophic (SR_H) and total soil respiration (SR_TOT) respond differently to changes of environmental factors is critical to get an understanding of ecosystem carbon (C) cycling and its feedback processes to climate change. A field experiment was conducted to examine the responses of SR_A and SR_H to water and nitrogen (N) addition in a temperate steppe in northern China during two hydrologically contrasting growing seasons. Water addition stimulated SR_A and SR_H in both years, and their increases were significantly greater in a dry year (2007) than in a wet year (2006). N addition increased SR_A in 2006 but not in 2007, while it decreased SR_H in both years, leading to a positive response of SR_TOT in 2006 but a negative one in 2007. The different responses of SR_A and SR_H indicate that it will be uncertain to predict soil C storage if SR_TOT is used instead of SR_H to estimate variations in soil C storage. Overall, N addition is likely to enhance soil C storage, while the impacts of water addition are determined by its relative effects on carbon input (plant growth) and SR_H. Antecedent water conditions played an important role in controlling responses of SR_A, SR_H and the consequent SR_TOT to water and N addition. Our findings highlight the predominance of hydrological conditions in regulating the responses of C cycling to global change in the semiarid temperate steppe of northern China.     

Large seasonal variation of soil respiration in a secondary tropical moist forest in Puerto Rico

Tropical forests are the largest contributors to global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to the atmosphere via soil respiration (R_s). As such, identifying the main controls on R_s in tropical forests is essential for accurately projecting the consequences of ongoing and future global environmental changes to the global C cycle. We measured hourly R_s in a secondary tropical moist forest in Puerto Rico over a 3‐year period to (a) quantify the magnitude of R_s and (b) identify the role of climatic, substrate, and nutrient controls on the seasonality of R_s. Across 3 years of measurements, mean R_s was 7.16 ± 0.02 μmol CO₂ m^‐2 s^‐1 (or 2,710 g C m^‐2 year^‐1) and showed significant seasonal variation. Despite small month‐to‐month variation in temperature (~4°C), we found significant positive relationships between daily and monthly R_s with both air and soil temperature, highlighting the importance of temperature as a driver of R_s even in warm ecosystems, such as tropical forests. We also found a significant parabolic relationship between mean daily volumetric soil moisture and mean daily R_s, with an optimal moisture value of 0.34 m³ m^‐3. Given the relatively consistent climate at this site, the large range in mean monthly R_s (~7 μmol CO₂ m^‐2 s^‐1) was surprising and suggests that even small changes in climate can have large implications for ecosystem respiration. The strong positive relationship of R_s with temperature at monthly timescales particularly stands out, as moisture is usually considered a stronger control of R_s in tropical forests that already experience warm temperatures year‐round. Moreover, our results revealed the strong seasonality of R_s in tropical moist forests, which given its high magnitude, can represent a significant contribution to the seasonal patterns of atmospheric (CO₂) globally.     

中亚热带杉木人工林和米槠次生林凋落物添加与去除对土壤呼吸的影响

在未来大气CO₂浓度升高的背景下, 植被净初级生产力的增加将促使森林土壤碳输入增多。凋落物是土壤碳库的重要来源, 对土壤呼吸会产生重要影响。为了模拟植物净初级生产力提高、凋落物产量增加情景下凋落物对土壤呼吸和土壤碳库的影响, 2013年1月到2014年12月, 在福建省三明市陈大镇国有林场, 在杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林和米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)次生林, 通过设置去除凋落物、添加凋落物和对照(保留凋落物, 不做任何处理)处理, 研究了土壤呼吸和土壤碳库的动态变化。研究发现: 土壤含水量在10%-25%范围内, 土壤呼吸温度敏感性指数(Q₁₀)随着土壤含水量的增加呈递增趋势, 当含水量<10%时, 由于干旱胁迫打破了土壤呼吸与温度之间的耦合, 改变了Q₁₀值, 使得Q₁₀值小于1。土壤呼吸与凋落物输入量呈显著的线性正相关关系, 杉木人工林对照和添加凋落物处理及米槠次生林对照处理, 土壤呼吸与2个月前的凋落物输入量相关性最好。而米槠次生林添加凋落物处理, 土壤呼吸与当月的凋落物输入量相关性最好, 不同林分凋落物呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献率不同, 米槠次生林凋落物层呼吸年通量明显大于杉木人工林, 分别占各林分土壤总呼吸的34.4%和15.1%, 添加凋落物后, 杉木人工林和米槠次生林的土壤呼吸速率增加, 但添加凋落物处理的土壤呼吸年通量与对照的差值小于年凋落物输入量。因此, 在未来全球CO₂升高背景下, 植被碳储量的增加、凋落物增加并没有引起土壤呼吸成倍增加, 更有利于中亚热带地区土壤碳吸存。     

原始红松林退化演替后土壤氮矿化特征变化

土壤氮矿化是氮素生物地理化学循环的重要环节,表征着土壤的供氮潜力,其变化过程会影响森林生态系统生产力。从小兴安岭典型的原始红松林及其退化形成的次生阔叶林样地采集土壤样品,采用好气室内培养法,研究在不同培养温度(4℃、12℃、20℃、28℃和36℃)和湿度(20%、40%、60%、80%和100%饱和持水量,WHC)下,2种林地土壤氮转化速率的变化。结果表明:与原始红松林相比,次生阔叶林表层土(0—20 cm)的有机质、全碳、全氮、硝态氮、碳/氮比、全磷、速效磷、速效钾、pH值均显著升高,铵态氮显著降低(P0.05)。采用方差分析结果表明:原始红松林表层土壤的净矿化速率、净硝化速率均显著低于次生阔叶林,但净氨化速率的变化则相反;培养温度和湿度及两者的交互作用均对土壤氮转化速率影响显著(P0.001)。原始红松林和次生阔叶林净矿化速率对温度和湿度变化的响应存在一定差异,最适温度和湿度分别为28℃—36℃和60%(WHC)。原始红松林土壤氮矿化温度敏感性指数(Q_(10))显著高于次生阔叶林(P0.05),均值分别为2.08和1.80,Q_(10)与基质质量指数(A)呈负相关,与土壤有机质呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。     

苏北淤泥质海岸典型防护林地土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性

土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性研究是准确估计陆地生态系统碳平衡对未来气候变化响应的基础.我国漫长的淤泥质海岸有着大面积的防护林,其碳汇服务功能是一个非常值得研究的科学问题,因此,对淤泥质海岸防护林生态系统土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性的研究具有重要的意义.研究采用碱液吸收法对苏北淤泥质海岸杨树Populus tomentosa Carr.及水杉Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & Cheng两种典型海防林土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性进行了研究.结果表明:杨树和水杉林地4～11月份土壤呼吸速率变化范围分别为337～732mgCO2m-2h-1和257～821mgCO2m-2h-1,呼吸通量分别为128.57gCO2m-2和121.38gCO2m-2.杨树和水杉林地土壤呼吸速率季节变化均近似单峰曲线,最大值均出现在7月份,最小值分别出现在4月份和11月份.模型R=a×exp(b×T)能够很好地拟合林内气温及土壤温度变化对土壤呼吸的影响,温度是影响土壤呼吸的主要因子,能够解释土壤呼吸季节变化的50.5%～80.9%.土壤含水量与土壤呼吸关系不显著,不是其主要影响因子.利用林内气温及土壤2、5cm和10cm处温度得到杨树林地的Q10值分别为1.45、1.97、2.08、2.01,水杉林地的Q10值分别为1.92、3.29、2.89、3.00.研究结果表明,水杉林地土壤呼吸对全球变暖的响应比杨树林地更敏感.     

华西雨屏区苦竹人工林土壤呼吸各组分特征及其温度敏感性

通过在华西雨屏区苦竹(Pleioblastus amarus)人工林内建立固定样地、定期监测等方法,研究该人工林生态系统土壤呼吸各组分特征及其温度敏感性.结果表明:2010年2月-2011年1月,苦竹林平均土壤呼吸速率为1.13 μmol·m-2·s-1,仲夏最高,深冬最低;凋落物层、无根土壤和植物根系对苦竹林土壤呼吸的贡献率分别为30.9％、20.8％和48.3％,各呼吸组分的季节动态均与土壤总呼吸类似,并与温度和凋落量等因素相关;苦竹林土壤总呼吸(RST)、凋落物层CO2排放(RSL)、无根土壤CO2排放(RSS)和植物根系呼吸(RSR)的年碳排放量分别为4.27、1.32、0.87和2.08 MgC· hm-2 ·a-1;土壤总呼吸及其各组分与凋落量呈显著正线性相关,与土壤10 cm温度和气温均呈显著正指数相关;基于土壤温度计算的RST、RSL、RSS和RSR的Q10值分别为2.90、2.28、3.09和3.19,凋落物层CO2排放的温度敏感性显著低于总呼吸和其他各组分.     

Drought during canopy development has lasting effect on annual carbon balance in a deciduous temperate forest

* Climate change projections predict an intensifying hydrologic cycle and an increasing frequency of droughts, yet quantitative understanding of the effects on ecosystem carbon exchange remains limited. * Here, the effect of contrasting precipitation and soil moisture dynamics were evaluated on forest carbon exchange using 2 yr of eddy covariance and microclimate data from a 50-yr-old mixed oak woodland in northern Ohio, USA. * The stand accumulated 40% less carbon in a year with drought between bud-break and full leaf expansion (354 +/- 81 g C m(-2) yr(-1) in 2004 and 252 +/- 45 g C m(-2) yr(-1) in 2005). This was caused by greater suppression of gross ecosystem productivity (GEP; 16% = 200 g) than of ecosystem respiration (ER; 11% = 100 g) by drought. Suppressed GEP was traced to lower leaf area, lower apparent quantum yield and lower canopy conductance. The moisture sensitivity of ER may have been mediated by GEP. * The results highlight the vulnerability of the ecosystem to even a moderate drought, when it affects a critical aspect of development. Although the drought was preceded by rain, the storage capacity of the soil seemed limited to 1-2 wk, and therefore droughts longer than this are likely to impair productivity in the region.     

庞泉沟自然保护区针阔混交林土壤呼吸的空间异质性

为研究土壤呼吸空间变异的影响因素,测定了山西省庞泉沟自然保护区针阔混交林地的土壤呼吸(R_s)及其影响因子,运用传统和地统计学的方法分析了4、2 m和1 m间隔取样尺度下R_s的空间变异性及其与影响因子之间的关系。传统统计分析表明:除土壤温度(T_(10))和碳/氮(C/N)比变异程度较小外,其他测定因子的变异系数在15%-59%之间,均为中等变异;R_s与凋落物量(L_w)、凋落物含水量(L_m)、土壤全碳(C)和全氮(N)呈极显著正相关(P0.01)与土壤水分(W_s)呈显著正相关(P0.05),与土壤温度(T_(10))呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与C/N比和土壤全硫(S)相关性不显著(P0.05)。多元逐步回归分析表明:L_w、T_(10)、N和C/N比四个因子能解释土壤呼吸空间变化的26%。地统计学分析表明,T_(10)、W_s、L_m、C、N和C/N比具有较强的空间自相关性,结构因素对其空间分布起着主导作用;R_s和L_w具有中等程度的空间自相关性,随机因素和结构因素对它们的空间分布起的作用相当;S具有较弱的空间自相关性,随机因素对其空间变异起着主导作用。R_s及其影响因子在相同的尺度上起作用,基本上都在17 m左右。分维数是事物复杂程度的一种量度,各指标的分维数大小依次为:L_w(1.87)S(1.84)L_m(1.82)N(1.77)R_s(1.74)C(1.73)W_s(1.69)T_(10)(1.56)C/N(1.46)。R_s的空间分布模式与W_s、L_m、L_w、C、N和S的空间分布模式较为一致,而与T_(10)的空间分布模式不同。4、2 m和1 m取样尺度95%置信水平误差在5%和10%内必要采样数量分别为74、44、39个和19、11、10个。     

Large seasonal changes in Q10 of soil respiration in a beech forest

We analyzed one year of continuous soil respiration measurements to assess variations in the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration at a Danish beech forest. A single temperature function derived from all measurements across the year (Q₁₀ = 4.2) was adequate for estimating the total annual soil respiration and its seasonal evolution. However, Q₁₀'s derived from weekly datasets ranged between three in summer (at a mean soil temperature of 14 °C) and 23 in winter (at 2 °C), indicating that the annual temperature function underestimated the synoptic variations in soil respiration during winter. These results highlight that empirical models should be parameterized at a time resolution similar to that required by the output of the model. If the objective of the model is to simulate the total annual soil respiration rate, annual parameterization suffices. If however, soil respiration needs to be simulated over time periods from days to weeks, as is the case when soil respiration is compared to total ecosystem respiration during synoptic weather patterns, more short‐term parameterization is required. Despite the higher wintertime Q₁₀'s, the absolute response of soil respiration to temperature was smaller in winter than in summer. This is mainly because in absolute numbers, the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration depends not only on Q₁₀, but also on the rate of soil respiration, which is highly reduced in winter. Nonetheless, the Q₁₀ of soil respiration in winter was larger than can be explained by the decreasing respiration rate only. Because the seasonal changes in Q₁₀ were negatively correlated with temperature and positively correlated with soil moisture, they could also be related to changing temperature and/or soil moisture conditions.     

鸡公山典型落叶阔叶林土壤呼吸对食叶虫灾爆发的响应

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的关键环节之一。随着极端气候事件的频发,森林虫害的发生频率和强度也趋于增加,森林虫害爆发已经是影响森林生态系统碳循环过程的一种重要的自然干扰。气候过渡带典型森林生态系统虫灾的爆发是否会影响土壤的碳排放过程目前仍不清楚。本研究利用鸡公山地区麻栎-枫香混交林大规模爆发食叶性害虫的机会,比较虫灾爆发当年(2014)与正常年份(2015)的土壤碳排放通量,以阐明森林虫灾爆发对土壤碳排放通量的影响。结果表明:虫灾爆发当年7、8、9、10月份土壤平均温度比正常年份相应各月份分别高0.26、0.51、0.83、0.07℃,土壤呼吸分别显著提高了129.9%、77.1%、61.6%和58.9%。虫灾爆发年份生长季的平均土壤呼吸为3.55μmol m~(-2)s~(-1),比正常年份(2.77μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))高36.2%;生长季期间的平均土壤异养呼吸比正常年份增加了29.7%。该研究表明森林食叶虫害的爆发至少在短期内可导致森林土壤碳排放量呈显著的增加趋势,近而对森林生态系统土壤碳库积累产生重要影响。因此,充分认识病虫害对森林生态系统的干扰和影响,将有助于陆地生态系统碳循环的准确估算和模拟。     

重庆缙云山两种林分土壤呼吸对模拟氮沉降的季节响应差异性

氮沉降对土壤呼吸的影响仍然存在着争论,需要进一步研究。选择重庆缙云山的马尾松林和柑橘林开展了氮添加实验,分别设置3个氮添加水平(低氮T_5:20 g N m~(-2)a~(-1),中氮T_(10):40 g N m~(-2)a~(-1)和高氮T_(15):60 g N m~(-2)a~(-1))和对照(T_0:0 g N m~(-2)a~(-1))共4个水平的处理,各林分每个处理各9次重复,每个处理量分4次,在每个季度开始各施1次。采用ACE(Automated Soil CO_2 Exchange Station,UK)自动土壤呼吸监测系统测定两林分土壤表层(0—10 cm)的呼吸、温度和湿度,分别在当年的7月、9月、11月、第2年的1月、2月、3月、5月、6月各连续测定4d,每天(8:00—18:00)4次,以揭示两种林分土壤呼吸对模拟氮沉降的季节动态响应及其差异性。结果表明:(1)柑橘林与马尾松林林下土壤表层呼吸表现出一致的季节变化动态趋势:夏季春季秋季冬季,但柑橘林土壤呼吸显著高于马尾松林(P0.05)。(2)总体上氮沉降抑制了2种林分土壤表层呼吸,而N沉降量大抑制程度越高。只在冬季土壤湿度低的马尾松林下氮沉降促进了土壤呼吸。(3)土壤温度与土壤呼吸有极显著的正相关指数关系(P0.01),而土壤水分与土壤呼吸有显著的二次模型拟合关系,但均受到氮沉降量处理的影响。综合分析表明,在亚热带山区2类森林下的典型案例结果支持氮沉降抑制土壤呼吸的认识。     

Change in CO2 balance under a series of forestry activities in a cool-temperate mixed forest with dense undergrowth

To evaluate the effects on CO₂ exchange of clearcutting a mixed forest and replacing it with a plantation, 4.5 years of continuous eddy covariance measurements of CO₂ fluxes and soil respiration measurements were conducted in a conifer-broadleaf mixed forest in Hokkaido, Japan. The mixed forest was a weak carbon sink (net ecosystem exchange, −44 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹), and it became a large carbon source (569 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹) after clearcutting. However, the large emission in the harvest year rapidly decreased in the following 2 years (495 and 153 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively) as the gross primary production (GPP) increased, while the total ecosystem respiration (RE) remained relatively stable. The rapid increase in GPP was attributed to an increase in biomass and photosynthetic activity of Sasa dwarf bamboo, an understory species. Soil respiration increased in the 3 years following clearcutting, in the first year mainly owing to the change in the gap ratio of the forest, and in the following years because of increased root respiration by the bamboo. The ratio of soil respiration to RE increased from 44% in the forest to nearly 100% after clearcutting, and aboveground parts of the vegetation contributed little to the RE although the respiration chamber measurements showed heterogeneous soil condition after clearcutting.