杉木人工林土壤活性有机质变化特征

在中国科学院会同森林生态实验站对第一代、第二代杉木林和地带性阔叶林土壤活性有机质主要组分进行了研究.结果表明,土壤活性有机质各组分含量均为杉木林低于阔叶林,而第二代杉木林又低于第一代杉木.第一代杉木林活性有机质总量、微生物生物量碳、水溶性有机碳和碳水化合物含量分别为18.79 g·kg^-1、421.7 mg·kg^-1、22.2 mg·kg^-1和136.3 mg·kg^-1,上述活性有机质组分在第二代杉木林中的含量分别是第一代杉木林的73.6%、87.9%、66.3%和3.2%,地带性阔叶林则分别为22.31 g·kg^-1、800. mg·kg^-1、361.1 mg·kg^-1和220.1 mg·kg^-1.相关性分析结果表明,土壤活性有机质各组分之间具有不同程度的相关性,其中土壤微生物生物量碳与其它活性有机质组分的相关性相对较高.     

Comparative effects of soil organic matter fractions on phosphatase activities in wheat roots

Summary Soil organic matter was obtained from two agricultural soils using alkali extraction followed by acidification to produce humic and fulvic acids which were further fractionated by adsorption and gel chromatography.All the products inhibited the activity of phosphatase prepared from wheat roots, but to different extents. Humic acids produced a greater inhibition of enzyme activity than either the fulvic acids or water extracts of soil. Aspergillin, fromAspergillus niger, had a similar C, H and N content to humic acid and produced a similar inhibition of phosphatase activity.The inhibitions produced by corresponding fractions derived from the two soils were slightly different, but the trends between similar fractions from different soils were comparable. The lower mol. wt. components of humic acid inhibited phosphatase activity to a greater extent than higher mot. wt. fractions. Although fulvic acid comprised only low mol. wt. components it was less effective in inhibiting enzyme activity than those components of comparable mol. wt. present in the corresponding humic acid. Synthetic polymaleic acid, produced an inhibition of phosphatase activity similar to that caused by fulvic acid.     

土壤有机质概念和分组技术研究进展

土壤有机质一直是土壤学研究领域的重点,在过去的50年里,对土壤质量可持续性观念的增强和寻找快速判断人为因素对土壤质量影响方向指标的强烈愿望导致了土壤有机质的研究重点发生了急剧变化：对农业措施反映慢的土壤腐殖质类物质的研究正在退出土壤有机质研究领域,而侧重点逐渐转向了土壤中未受微生物作用或正在受微生物降解的有机残体;也出现了新的土壤有机质研究概念和对应测试手段：土壤有机质的比重分组、与有机质结合的土壤颗粒大小分组、土壤团聚体中的POM和iPOM以及土壤水溶性有机质和微生物体C等概念和测试手段被相继提了出来,土壤有机质的研究重点正在从土壤微生物的作用产物(腐殖质)向土壤微生物作用前的、具有部分生物活性的有机质(轻组有机质、砂粒组和粗粉砂粒组中的有机质、POM和iPOM)和完全具有生物活性的有机质(微生物体C和水溶性有机质)转移,这一过程与土壤有机质概念的拓展密不可分。     

Crop residue-derived dissolved organic matter accelerates the decomposition of native soil organic carbon in a temperate agricultural ecosystem

Crop residue-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in soil carbon (C) cycling. To investigate the effects of maize residue-derived DOM and urea additions on the native soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition and soil net C balance a pot experiment was carried out during the winter wheat growing season in the North China Plain (NCP). The results showed that adding maize residue-derived DOM alone (RDOM) or together with urea (RDOM?+?N) accelerated the decomposition of native SOC and resulted in a net SOC loss. The net loss of SOC was 3.90?±?0.61 and 3.53?±?0.48?g?C?m^?2 in RDOM and RDOM?+?N treatments, respectively. The stimulatory effect of per unit DOM-C addition on the native SOC decomposition was 0.25?±?0.05 and 0.45?±?0.07 for the RDOM and RDOM?+?N treatments, respectively. Increases in the microbial biomass and the activity of β-glucosidase, invertase and cellobiohydrolase as well as soil mineral N content were responsible for a more intense priming effect in DOM-amended soils. The positive relationship between primed soil C and soil available N (R?=?0.76, P?<?0.05) suggested that the stimulation of decomposition of native SOC by DOM addition would be enhanced by nitrogen fertilizer application.     

土壤有机质模型的比较分析

土壤有机质作为土壤C库,其含量和动态变化对全球C循环、土壤肥力、土壤质量和健康起着重要作用。SOM模型利用经验性的假设和已有数据对土壤有机质含量和动态变化进行模拟,尤其是可以对无法取得足够必要数据的试验进行模拟,所以SOM模型成为定量研究土壤有机质积累分解的重要手段,利用SOM模型有助于对土壤有机质分解机理的研究,并且可通过SOM模型对土壤CO2排放量、植物生产量进行预测。同时也可对农业管理措施做出评估,文中对几种SOM模型进行了概述,尤其对有影响的RothC模型和CENTURY模型进行了比较分析。     

Tropical tree species composition affects the oxidation of dissolved organic matter from litter

Plant species effects on soil nutrient availability are relatively well documented, but the effects of species differences in litter chemistry on soil carbon cycling are less well understood, especially in the species-rich tropics. In many wet tropical forest ecosystems, leaching of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the litter layer accounts for a significant proportion of litter mass loss during decomposition. Here we investigated how tree species differences in soluble dissolved organic C (DOC) and nutrients affected soil CO₂ fluxes in laboratory incubations. We leached DOM from freshly fallen litter of six canopy tree species collected from a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica and measured C-mineralization. We found significant differences in litter solubility and nutrient availability. Following DOM additions to soil, rates of heterotrophic respiration varied by as much as an order of magnitude between species, and overall differences in total soil CO₂ efflux varied by more than four-fold. Variation in the carbon: phosphorus ratio accounted for 51% of the variation in total CO₂ flux between species. These results suggest that tropical tree species composition may influence soil C storage and mineralization via inter-specific variation in plant litter chemistry.     

Exact solutions to the continuous-quality equation for soil organic matter turnover

All living systems depend on transformations of elements between different states. In particular, the transformation of dead organic matter in the soil (SOM) by decomposers (microbes) releases elements incorporated in SOM and makes the elements available anew to plants. A major problem in analysing and describing this process is that SOM, as the result of the decomposer activity, is a mixture of a very large number of molecules with widely differing chemical and physical properties. The continuous-quality equation (CQE) is a general equation describing this complexity by assigning a continuous-quality variable to each carbon atom in SOM. The use of CQE has been impeded by its complicated mathematics. Here, we show by deriving exact solutions that, at least for some specific cases, there exist solutions to CQE. These exact solutions show that previous approximations have overestimated the rate by which litter decomposes and as a consequence underestimated steady state SOM amounts. The exact and approximate solutions also differ with respect to the parameter space in which they yield finite steady-state SOM amounts. The latter point is important because temperature is one of the parameters and climatic change may move the solution from a region of the parameter space with infinite steady-state SOM to a region of finite steady-state SOM, with potentially large changes in soil carbon stores. We also show that the solution satisfies the Chapman-Kolmogorov theorem. The importance of this is that it provides efficient algorithms for numerical solutions.     

Increases in soil respiration following labile carbon additions linked to rapid shifts in soil microbial community composition

Organic matter decomposition and soil CO₂ efflux are both mediated by soil microorganisms, but the potential effects of temporal variations in microbial community composition are not considered in most analytical models of these two important processes. However, inconsistent relationships between rates of heterotrophic soil respiration and abiotic factors, including temperature and moisture, suggest that microbial community composition may be an important regulator of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition and CO₂ efflux. We performed a short-term (12-h) laboratory incubation experiment using tropical rain forest soil amended with either water (as a control) or dissolved organic matter (DOM) leached from native plant litter, and analyzed the effects of the treatments on soil respiration and microbial community composition. The latter was determined by constructing clone libraries of small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes (SSU rRNA) extracted from the soil at the end of the incubation experiment. In contrast to the subtle effects of adding water alone, additions of DOM caused a rapid and large increase in soil CO₂ flux. DOM-stimulated CO₂ fluxes also coincided with profound shifts in the abundance of certain members of the soil microbial community. Our results suggest that natural DOM inputs may drive high rates of soil respiration by stimulating an opportunistic subset of the soil bacterial community, particularly members of the Gammaproteobacteria and Firmicutes groups. Our experiment indicates that variations in microbial community composition may influence SOM decomposition and soil respiration rates, and emphasizes the need for in situ studies of how natural variations in microbial community composition regulate soil biogeochemical processes.     

森林类型对土壤有机质、微生物生物量及酶活性的影响

以澳大利亚南昆士兰州典型森林类型——湿地松、南洋杉和贝壳杉林为对象,开展土壤可溶性有机碳和氮(SOC和SON)、微生物生物量碳和氮(MBC和MBN),以及土壤酶活性的研究,剖析森林类型对土壤质量的影响.结果表明:不同林型土壤SOC、SON含量分别在552 ～1154 mg·kg-1和20.11～57.32mg·kg-1;MBC、MBN分别在42～149 mg·kg-1和7～35 mg·kg-1.MBC、MBN之间呈显著相关.土壤几丁质酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性分别为2.96 ～7.63、16.5 ～29.6、0.79 ～ 3.42和3.71 ～9.93 μg ·g-1·h-1,亮氨酸氨肽酶活性为0.18～0.46 μg·g-1·d-1.不同林型土壤SOC含量,以及土壤几丁质酶和亮氨酸氨肽酶活性为湿地松林、南洋杉林、贝壳杉林依次降低;而SON含量为南洋杉林＞贝壳杉林＞湿地松林,且南洋杉林的SON含量显著(P＜0.05)高于湿地松林;MBC和MBN以及碱性磷酸酶活性为贝壳杉林＞湿地松林＞南洋杉林;酸性磷酸酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性为湿地松林＞贝壳杉林＞南洋杉林.在土壤生物代谢因子中,MBC、MBN、SON和亮氨酸氨肽酶对不同森林类型土壤影响较大.     

土地利用方式对土壤有机质的影响

通过对地带性常绿阔叶林、杉木人工林、农田、竹林等不同土地利用方式下土壤有机质总量、活性有机质及其组分的研究,发现土地利用方式对土壤有机质和活性有机质各组分的影响差异显著,其中阔叶林含量最高,杉木人工林低于阔叶林,竹林和农田最低。这些差别主要是由于凋落物的数量、质量以及各种管理措施不同所致。     

杉木人工林土壤有机质研究

土壤有机质在养分循环、土壤理化性质等方面具有重要作用,是陆地生态系统重要的碳库,对全球碳素循环的平衡起着重要作用．本文详细阐述了杉木林地土壤有机质的性质与组成。杉木连栽对土壤有机质含量、腐殖质结合形态的影响以及林分发育过程中土壤有机质的变化,炼山、整地、施肥等经营活动对杉木林地土壤有机质的影响．杉木纯林有机质含量和质量均低于混交林,且随栽植代数的增加有机质含量和质量呈下降趋势,林地土壤肥力下降．最后提出应加强对土壤有机质周转模型、有机质组分,尤其是活性有机质以及有机质与全球碳循环关系的研究．     

Potential impacts of climate warming on active soil organic carbon contents along natural altitudinal forest transect of Changbai Mountain

Understanding soil carbon fractions and their responses to the global warming is important for improving soil carbon management of natural altitudinal forest ecosystem. In this study, the contents of soil total organic carbon (SOC), soil labile organic carbon (LOC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in soil upper layers (0–20 cm) were measured along a natural altitudinal transect in the north slope of Changbai Mountain. The results showed that under natural conditions the contents of SOC and LOC were largest in Betula ermanii forest (altitude 1996 m), moderate in spruce-fir forest (altitude 1350 m), and smallest in Korean pine mixed broad-leaf tree forest (altitude 740 m). MBC contents in different forest ecosystems decreased in the order of Betula ermanii forest, Korean pine mixed broad-leaf tree forest, and dark coniferous forest. In addition, the responses of SOC, LOC, and MBC to soil warming were conducted by relocating intact soil cores from high- to low-elevation forests for one year. As expected, the soil core relocation caused significant increase in soil temperature but made no significant effect on soil moisture. After one year incubation, soil relocation significantly decreased SOC contents, whereas the contents of LOC, MBC, and the ratios of LOC to SOC and MBC to SOC increased.     

米亚罗林区土地利用变化对土壤有机碳和微生物量碳的影响

为了解土地利用变化对土壤有机碳和微生物量碳的影响,分析了川西米亚罗林区原始冷杉林、20世纪60年代云杉人工林、20世纪80年代云杉人工林和农地的土壤有机碳和微生物量碳状况.结果表明,土地利用变化明显地影响了土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量.土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量原始林最高,其次为60年代人工林和80年代人工林,农地最低.农地土壤有机碳含量分别比原始林、60年代人工林和80年代人工林低83%、53%和52%,微生物量碳含量分别低23%、25%和21%.土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量均随土壤深度的增加而降低,并且两者在不同土地利用类型的变化趋势基本一致.相关分析表明,土壤有机碳和土壤微生物量碳与全氮、水解氮、速效磷呈极显著相关(P＜0.01),说明土壤微生物量碳可作为衡量土壤有机碳变化的敏感指标,而土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量可作为衡量土壤肥力和土壤质量变化的重要指标.     

Potential impacts of climate warming on active soil organic carbon contents along natural altitudinal forest transect of Changbai Mountain

Understanding soil carbon fractions and their responses to the global warming is important for improving soil carbon management of natural altitudinal forest ecosystem. In this study, the contents of soil total organic carbon (SOC), soil labile organic carbon (LOC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in soil upper layers (0–20 cm) were measured along a natural altitudinal transect in the north slope of Changbai Mountain. The results showed that under natural conditions the contents of SOC and LOC were largest in Betula ermanii forest (altitude 1996 m), moderate in spruce-fir forest (altitude 1350 m), and smallest in Korean pine mixed broad-leaf tree forest (altitude 740 m). MBC contents in different forest ecosystems decreased in the order of Betula ermanii forest, Korean pine mixed broad-leaf tree forest, and dark coniferous forest. In addition, the responses of SOC, LOC, and MBC to soil warming were conducted by relocating intact soil cores from high- to low-elevation forests for one year. As expected, the soil core relocation caused significant increase in soil temperature but made no significant effect on soil moisture. After one year incubation, soil relocation significantly decreased SOC contents, whereas the contents of LOC, MBC, and the ratios of LOC to SOC and MBC to SOC increased.     

Implications of increased carbon dioxide levels for carbon input and turnover in soils

The complexity of the plant-soil system in its interaction with the changing climate is discussed. It is shown that processes at the level of organic matter inputs into the soil and the fluxes and pools involved in the global cycle are not known in sufficient detail to allow an estimation of the future quantitative shifts. Even the direction in which the level of stored carbon in the soil organic matter pool will develop is not clear. The importance of the nitrogen cycle, which is intimately coupled to the carbon cycle through the turnover of soil organic matter is underlined. In its turn, the mineralisation of soil organic matter takes place at a rate which is highly dependent on the nature of inputs and the availability of mineral nutrients.Aspects of shifts in temperature, changes in cultivation practices (reduced tillage) and unintended spreading of inputs in chemical N-fertilizers are of great importance at a regional and global scale.The complexity of the interactions in the process of mineralisation do require further studies to clarify the point whether a substantial and durable additional storage of carbon in soil organic matter is likely, or that shifts in temperature will cause an overriding acceleration of the mineralisation, and trigger a corresponding net release of carbon.     

长期施肥条件下潮土不同组分有机质的动态研究

采用相对密度分组法对潮土有机质进行分组分析,研究长期施肥条件下不同施肥处理的土壤有机质、轻组有机质和重组有机质的动态变化.结果表明,在现有的施肥条件下,不施肥处理的土壤有机质、轻组有机质和重组有机质含量基本保持不变,而NPK(化肥)和有机肥处理的土壤有机质、轻组有机质和重组有机质含量均随施肥年限呈增加趋势,但前者年际间波动较大,增加幅度也远不如后者.回归分析发现,NPK处理的土壤有机质、轻组有机质和重组有机质均与施肥年限呈线性相关,而有机肥处理的土壤有机质、轻组有机质和重组有机质则随施肥年限呈对数函数变化规律.     

Long-term effects of elevated nitrogen on forest soil organic matter stability

Nitrogen addition may alter the decomposition rate for different organic-matter pools in contrasting ways. Using a paired-plot design, we sought to determine the effects of long-term elevated N on the stability of five organic-matter pools: organic horizons (Oe+a), whole mineral soil (WS), mineral soil fractions including the light fraction (LF), heavy fraction (HF), and a physically recombined fraction (RF). These substrates were incubated for 300 days, and respiration, mineralized N, and active microbial biomass were measured. Samples with elevated N gave 15% lower cumulative respiration for all five substrates. Over the 300-day incubation, the Oe+a gave twice the cumulative respiration (gCkg^–1 initial C) as the LF, which gave slightly higher respiration than the HF. Respiration was 35% higher for the WS than for the RF. Mineralized N was similar between N treatments and between the LF and HF. Net N mineralized by the LF over the course of the 300-day incubation decreased with higher C:N ratio, due presumably to N immobilization to meet metabolic demands. The pattern was opposite for HF, however, which could be explained by a release of N in excess of metabolic demands due to recalcitrance of the HF organic matter. Mineralized N increased with respiration for the HF but showed no pattern, or perhaps even decreased, for the LF. WS and RF showed decreasing active microbial biomass near the end of the incubation, which corresponded with decreasing respiration and increasing nitrate. Our results show that long-term elevated N stabilized organic matter in whole soil and soil fractions.     

Influence of plant roots on C and P metabolism in soil

Summary A technique for studying the modification of soil by plant roots is described. Using it, soil zones differently affected by plant roots can be separated for subsequent analysis. With this method, the transfer of C from roots of¹⁴C-labelled maize plants into soil and the change in soil C and P fractions were investigated.The results show that the C released from roots to soil was 13% of the total assimilated C. The remaining root-derived C in soil was relatively small (15%). Maize roots induced a decrease in organic soil C and in both total and isotopically exchangeable soil P. On the other hand they increased the microbial biomass C, phosphatase activity, bicarbonate extractable organic P and phospholipid P and enhanced the incorporation of³²P into organic P fractions. Both root C and root influences were detectable outside the immediate root zone.These results demonstrate an intensive C turnover and P mobilization in the rhizosphere soil, including some organic P fractions, and suggest that the actual rhizosphere may be greater than is generally assumed.     

Soil organic matter dynamics under soybean exposed to elevated [CO2]

It is unclear how changing atmospheric composition will influence the plant–soil interactions that determine soil organic matter (SOM) levels in fertile agricultural soils. Positive effects of CO₂ fertilization on plant productivity and residue returns should increase SOM stocks unless mineralization or biomass removal rates increase in proportion to offset gains. Our objectives were to quantify changes in SOM stocks and labile fractions in prime farmland supporting a conventionally managed corn–soybean system and the seasonal dynamics of labile C and N in soybean in plots exposed to elevated [CO₂] (550 ppm) under free-air concentration enrichment (FACE) conditions. Changes in SOM stocks including reduced C/N ratios and labile N stocks suggest that SOM declined slightly and became more decomposed in all plots after 3 years. Plant available N (>273 mg N kg⁻¹) and other nutrients (Bray P, 22–50 ppm; extractable K, 157–237 ppm; Ca, 2,378–2,730 ppm; Mg, 245–317 ppm) were in the high to medium range. Exposure to elevated [CO₂] failed to increase particulate organic matter C (POM-C) and increased POM-N concentrations slightly in the surface depth despite known increases (≈30%) in root biomass. This, and elevated CO₂ efflux rates indicate accelerated decay rates in fumigated plots (2001: elevated [CO₂]: 10.5 ± 1.2 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ vs. ambient: 8.9 ± 1.0 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹). There were no treatment-based differences in the within-season dynamics of SOM. Soil POM-C and POM-N contents were slightly greater in the surface depth of elevated than ambient plots. Most studies attribute limited ability of fumigated soils to accumulate SOM to N limitation and/or limited plant response to CO₂ fertilization. In this study, SOM turnover appears to be accelerated under elevated [CO₂] even though soil moisture and nutrients are non-limiting and plant productivity is consistently increased. Accelerated SOM turnover rates may have long-term implications for soil’s productive potential and calls for deeper investigation into C and N dynamics in highly-productive row crop systems.     

高原鼠兔对高寒草甸土壤有机质及湿度的作用

为探讨高原鼠兔对土壤理化性质的作用, 本研究于2005年8月, 采用灼烧和烘干法, 分别测定了高原鼠兔栖息及被灭杀地区土壤有机质含量及湿度。结果表明： 高原鼠兔栖息地区, 0～5 cm及6～10 cm土壤层有机质含量和湿度均极显著或显著高于被灭杀地区; 11～30 cm 土壤层, 二者无显著的差异;31～50 cm土壤层, 有机质含量差异极显著, 而土壤湿度则无显著差异。说明, 高原鼠兔活动可增加高寒草甸土壤表层有机质含量和湿度, 进而改变土壤理化性质, 促进生态系统物质循环。