共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
2.
Ultrastructure of the anterior salivary gland cells of the giant leech, Haementeria ghilianii (Annelida, Hirudinea) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The giant anterior salivary gland cells from the large mammalian blood-sucking, glossiphoniid leech, Haementeria ghilianii, can be subdivided into three morphologically and functionally distinct regions: 1) a soma, responsible for the synthesis and storage of secretory products; 2) a long cell process, responsible for the storage and intracellular transport of the secretory vesicles; and 3) the site of exocytosis at the process terminal. The giant somata are densely packed with secretory vesicles. Deep plasmalemmal invaginations invade the soma and form an extensive system of extracellular lacunae. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus are organized in the cell periphery, near the highly branched nucleus, and along the lacunae. The somata taper into long processes extending over several centimeters to the proboscis tip. These contain secretory vesicles through their whole length. In the process periphery, the vesicles are completely ensheathed by a concentric subplasmalemmal smooth ER cisterna. This originates deeply within the soma and extends through the whole cell process to its terminal. The ER provides support for up to several hundred longitudinally oriented microtubules. Secretion occurs at the very tip of the cell processes, each of which terminates at the proboscis tip at the base of a cuticular pore. We found synapses close to the sites of exocytosis, providing morphological evidence for neuronal control of secretion. 相似文献
3.
The acinous and accessory salivary glands in Nucella lapillusare derived from two distinctly separate sites; the acinoussalivary glands evaginate from the walls of the buccal cavity,whilst the accessory salivary glands arise as paired invaginationsof the epithelium of the ventral lip of the mouth. During thedevelopment of the oesophagus, the acinous salivary glands growposteriorly and come to lie behind the nerve ring, but are pulledanteriorly through it when the proboscis elongates during development.The ducts of the accessory salivary glands fuse to form a singleduct with paired tubular glands during proboscis formation.The secretory cells in both pairs of salivary glands differentiateprior to the crawlaway's emergence from the egg capsule. Theontogeny of the salivary glands in Nucella shows that the accessorysalivary glands cannot be homologdus with the acinous salivaryglands or venom apparatus of the Conoidea. (Received 13 September 1996; accepted 25 November 1996) 相似文献
4.
Morphological fine tuning of the feeding apparatus to proboscis length in Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera)
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Journal of morphology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
The form and function of the hesperiid feeding apparatus was studied in detail. The butterflies in the family Hesperiidae are of particular interest because the longest proboscis ever recorded in Papilionoidea was found in the Neotropical genus Damas. We focused on the functional morphology by comparing proboscis morphology as well as size and composition of both the stipes pump and the cibarial suction pump in skippers with short and extremely long proboscis. Results revealed that all studied Hesperiidae have the same proboscis micromorphology and sensilla endowment regardless of the proboscis length. However, the numbers of internal muscles of the proboscis, the morphology of the stipes pump as well as the pumping organs for nectar uptake are related to the proboscis length. We conclude that the low number of tip sensilla compared to proboscis length is responsible for remarkably longer manipulation times of long‐proboscid species during flower visits. The organs for proboscis movements and nectar uptake organs are well tuned to the respective proboscis length and are accordingly bigger in species with a proboscis that measures twice the body length. 相似文献
5.
A case of secretory carcinoma of the endometrium in a 21-year-old woman is reported. Endometrial smears were interpreted as showing a differentiated adenocarcinoma. Smears of ascitic fluid obtained during subsequent surgery showed similar findings; periodic acid-Schiff staining of the smears revealed abundant positive material in the cytoplasm. These findings were interpreted as evidence of secretory carcinoma, which was confirmed by histopathologic study of the biopsy and surgical specimens. 相似文献
6.
The effect of proboscis and corolla tube lengths on patterns and rates of flower visitation by bumblebees 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:3
David W. Inouye 《Oecologia》1980,45(2):197-201
Summary The rates at which bumblebees of different proboscis lengths forage on flowers of a series of corolla tube lengths were determined. The results indicate significant correlations between proboscis length and time spent by bees on flowers. Bumblebees of long proboscis length can forage significantly faster than bees of shorter proboscis length on flowers with long corolla tubes. There is also evidence which suggests that bumblebees of short proboscis length prefer and are more efficient on short corolla tubes. These results support the use of proboscis length as a morphological indicator of resource utilization in bumblebees. 相似文献
7.
L. ANDERS NILSSON LARS JONSSON LYDIA RASON EMILE RANDRIANJOHANY 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1985,26(1):1-19
Anthecological relations between a long-spurred angraecoid orchid and pollinating Sphingidae are documented for the first time. In a primary forest on the Central Plateau of Madagascar Angraecum arachnites Schltr. was found to be pollinated by and adapted to a single species of hawk-moth, Panogena lingens (Butler), despite abundance of many concurrent Sphingidae of which several were also long-tongued. Furthermore, P. lingens was dimorphic in the length and breadth of its proboscis and only the morph with the longest and most slender proboscis was recorded to pollinate A. arachnites . Exclusive and precise adaptation to the latter morph of P. lingens existed in floral morphology and probably in other characteristics such as flowering phenology and chemical signalling. Several concurrently flowering orchid species were sharing P. lingens as a pollinator resource. The monophily in A. arachnites is interpreted as a result of a refined long-term specialization developed within an archaic evolutionary relationship in a relatively stable environment. The extraordinary number and diversity of long-spurred Orchidaceae in Madagascar appears to be a direct coevolutionary consequence of an Old-World-unique diversity of long-tongued archaic Sphingidae that has persisted in this isolated land. 相似文献
8.
The capitate-sessile and capitate-stalked glands of the glandular secretory system in Cannabis, which are interpreted as lipophilic type glandular hairs, were studied from floral bracts of pistillate plants. These glands develop a flattened multicellular disc of secretory cells, which with the extruded secretory product forms the gland head and the auxiliary cells which support the gland head. The secretory product accumulates beneath a sheath derived from separation of the outer wall surface of the cellular disc. The ultrastructure of secretory cells in pre-secretory stages is characterized by a dense ground plasm, transitory lipid bodies and fibrillar material, and well developed endoplasmic reticulum. Dictyosomes and dictyosome-derived secretory vesicles are present, but never abundant. Secretory stages of gland development are characterized by abundant mitochondria and leucoplasts and by a large vacuolar system. Production of the secretory product is associated with plastids which increase in number and structural complexity. The plastids develop a paracrystalline body which nearly fills the mature plastid. Material interpreted as a secretion appears at the surface of plastids, migrates, and accumulates along the cell surface adjoining the secretory cavity. Extrusion of the material into the secretory cavity occurs directly through the plasma membrane-cell wall barrier. 相似文献
9.
Julia Anne‐Sophie Bauder Stephan Handschuh Brian Douglas Metscher Harald Wolfgang Krenn 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2013,110(2):291-304
An assessment of the anatomical costs of extremely long proboscid mouthparts can contribute to the understanding of the evolution of form and function in the context of insect feeding behaviour. An integrative analysis of expenses relating to an exceptionally long proboscis in butterflies includes all organs involved in fluid feeding, such as the proboscis plus its musculature, sensilla, and food canal, as well as organs for proboscis movements and the suction pump for fluid uptake. In the present study, we report a morphometric comparison of derived long‐tongued (proboscis approximately twice as long as the body) and short‐tongued Riodinidae (proboscis half as long as the body), which reveals the non‐linear scaling relationships of an extremely long proboscis. We found no elongation of the tip region, low numbers of proboscis sensilla, short sensilla styloconica, and no increase of galeal musculature in relation to galeal volume, but a larger food canal, as well as larger head musculature in relation to the head capsule. The results indicate the relatively low extra expense on the proboscis musculature and sensilla equipment but significant anatomical costs, such as reinforced haemolymph and suction pump musculature, as well as thick cuticular proboscis walls, which are functionally related to feeding performance in species possessing an extremely long proboscis. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 110 , 291–304. 相似文献
10.
H Taraschewski 《The Journal of parasitology》1989,75(6):911-919
Paratenuisentis ambiguus is described from natural infections in adult eels and from laboratory infections in sticklebacks and juvenile carp and rainbow trout. In captured eels, female worms kept reproducing in the laboratory for at least 1 mo. In the 3 small laboratory hosts female worms did not release eggs and longevity did not exceed 3-30 days. It is concluded that the small fishes were unsuitable final hosts. Worm penetration into the intestinal wall of all hosts was shallow. Thus, the small fishes also proved to be unsuitable paratenic hosts. The worms ruptured the intestinal mucosa and the underlying tunica propria and they often seemed to change their sites of attachment. The proboscides carried an osmiophilic surface coat that seemed to be supported by liquid drops from necrotic host tissue and by osmiophilic material apparently discharged from pores in the worm's proboscis hooks. The coat contained lipids, polysaccharides, and/or proteoglycans and likely other substances. Around the hooks the proboscis tegument harbored conspicuous cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum as is typical for cells with secretory function. Mostly, the worms were found with semi-invaginated proboscides. The resulting cavity inside the proboscis seemed to collect lipids and other remnants of host cells from the lesions caused by the worms. Whether the apical hollow might function as a gastric cavity is discussed. 相似文献
11.
Neoechinorhynchus beringianus sp. n. is described from Pungitius pungitius L. in north-eastern Russia. Since 1986, when it was first found, it was reported as 'N. pungitius Dechtiar, 1971'. However, this new species differs from the latter in having an egg shell without a prolongation of the fertilisation membrane, a larger proboscis and proboscis hooks, a subterminal position of the female genital pore and a more slender trunk, and it occurs in a different site in the intestine. N. beringianus has a small, stout body with an asymmetrical position of the proboscis, which is located ventrally to and at an angle with the longitudinal axis of the body. The proboscis is wider than long, the hooks are of equal size in each circle but diminish in size posteriorly, whereas the lemnisci are subequal in length. It differs from those species of Neoechinorhynchus Stiles & Hassall, 1905 with somewhat similar characteristics in body length, proboscis size and proportions, proboscis hook lengths, egg size, size-ratio of the cement gland and testes, and the number of giant nuclei in the tegument and lemnisci. In different geographical populations of the new species, the sizes of both the proboscis and proboscis hooks exhibit some variation. 相似文献
12.
TOR G. KARLING 《Zoologica scripta》1989,18(1):19-32
From the N. American Pacific coast the following new kalyptorhynchian taxa are described: Cicerinabicirrata, Cicerina triangularis, Placorhynchus pacificus, Uncinorhynchus pacificus, Proschizorhynchella lingulata, Proschizorhynchella inflata, Proschizorhynchella schilkei, Schizochilus hoxholdi, Paraschizorhynchoides glandulis Schilke subsp. hopkinsi, Cheliplana californica and Cheliplana elkhornica . The taxonomy of the species is discusscd and supplementary remarks arc made on some species from other areas. 相似文献
13.
Flies and concealed nectar sources: morphological innovations in the proboscis of Bombyliidae (Diptera) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bee-flies (Bombyliidae) have morphological adaptations of the mouthparts to particular floral traits. To investigate this the short, plesiomorphic proboscis of Hemipenthes morio was compared with the long, apomorphic proboscis of Bombylius major . A novel feeding position enables B. major to use flowers that open to the side as additional nectar sources. The new horizontal feeding position is enabled by the prolonged ventral base of the proboscis. Bombylius major exploits deep corolla tubes with an elongate proboscis, and an increased efficiency in both the suction pumps and the sealing mechanisms of the proboscis. The exploitation of narrow corolla tubes is made possible by the shift from a sponging feeding mode, exhibited by H. morio , to the exclusively sucking mode in B. major . Besides quantitative changes in the proportions of the different proboscis components, labellar movements as well as the structures of saliva distribution are changed along with this shift. The labial musculature of B. major does not significantly differ from the plesiomorphic state, since both examined species do not only feed on nectar, but also on pollen. 相似文献
14.
15.
Daniel P. Cariveau Geetha K. Nayak Ignasi Bartomeus Joseph Zientek John S. Ascher Jason Gibbs Rachael Winfree 《PloS one》2016,11(3)
Allometric relationships among morphological traits underlie important patterns in ecology. These relationships are often phylogenetically shared; thus quantifying allometric relationships may allow for estimating difficult-to-measure traits across species. One such trait, proboscis length in bees, is assumed to be important in structuring bee communities and plant-pollinator networks. However, it is difficult to measure and thus rarely included in ecological analyses. We measured intertegular distance (as a measure of body size) and proboscis length (glossa and prementum, both individually and combined) of 786 individual bees of 100 species across 5 of the 7 extant bee families (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). Using linear models and model selection, we determined which parameters provided the best estimate of proboscis length. We then used coefficients to estimate the relationship between intertegular distance and proboscis length, while also considering family. Using allometric equations with an estimation for a scaling coefficient between intertegular distance and proboscis length and coefficients for each family, we explain 91% of the variance in species-level means for bee proboscis length among bee species. However, within species, individual-level intertegular distance was a poor predictor of individual proboscis length. To make our findings easy to use, we created an R package that allows estimation of proboscis length for individual bee species by inputting only family and intertegular distance. The R package also calculates foraging distance and body mass based on previously published equations. Thus by considering both taxonomy and intertegular distance we enable accurate estimation of an ecologically and evolutionarily important trait. 相似文献
16.
The pleurembolic proboscis of Bullia functions in the manner of a classical hydrostatic skeleton. Its protrusion occurs both with high pressure pulses (2 KPa) in the cephalic sinus and at a steady standing pressure (0-2 KPa). The proboscis probably functions as a haemocoelic chamber separate from the cephalic sinus and pressure pulses from within the everted proboscis, but not the sinus, suggest that muscle antagonism occurs in a manner common to hydrostatic skeletons. The advantages of the proboscis having a hydrostatic skeleton are discussed. 相似文献
17.
The Proboscis Armature of Turbellaria-Kalyptorhynchia,a Derivative of the Basement Lamina? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The fine structure analysis of the proboscis teeth in the genus Carcharodorhynchus Meixner and of the proboscis hooks in the genus Diascorhynchus Meixner revealed that these structures are not derived from local cuticularizations of the epidermis, but rather are closely associated with the basement lamina of the proboscis sheath epithelium. In Diascorhynchus the hooks are specializations within the basement lamina enclosing the proboscis. The proboscis teeth in Carcharodorhynchus seem to be either an intracellular differentiation within the modified proboscis sheath epithelium or, as in Diascorhynchus , a derivative of the basement lamina. The latter is supported by the finding of similar, dermal teeth clearly derived from the basement lamina in the body wall of several species of the genus Carcharodorhynchus. It appears from this study that most "cutic-ular" differentiations of the body wall in Turbellaria are either derivatives of the basement lamina or of the cytoplasm of the epidermis cells. These considerations are discussed in the light of possible evolutionary pathways leading from a ciliated epidermis (e.g. free-living acoelomates) to a cuticularized hypodermis (e.g. Aschelmimhes and Articulata). 相似文献
18.
Matthew S. Lehnert Charles E. Beard Patrick D. Gerard Konstantin G. Kornev Peter H. Adler 《Journal of morphology》2016,277(2):167-182
Most butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) use modified mouthparts, the proboscis, to acquire fluids. We quantified the proboscis architecture of five butterfly species in three families to test the hypothesis that proboscis structure relates to feeding guild. We used scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the fine structure of the proboscis of both sexes and to quantify dimensions, cuticular patterns, and the shapes and sizes of sensilla and dorsal legulae. Sexual dimorphism was not detected in the proboscis structure of any species. A hierarchical clustering analysis of overall proboscis architecture reflected lepidopteran phylogeny, but did not produce a distinct group of flower visitors or of puddle visitors within the flower visitors. Specific characters of the proboscis, nonetheless, can indicate flower and nonflower visitors, such as the configuration of sensilla styloconica, width of the lower branches of dorsal legulae, presence or absence of dorsal legulae at the extreme apex, and degree of proboscis tapering. We suggest that the overall proboscis architecture of Lepidoptera reflects a universal structural organization that promotes fluid uptake from droplets and films. On top of this fundamental structural organization, we suggest that the diversity of floral structure has selected for structural adaptations that facilitate entry of the proboscis into floral tubes. J. Morphol. 277:167–182, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
19.
An account is given of the various movements of the proboscis of Bonellia viridis. When at rest, the proboscis is coiled up in front of the trunk. The proboscis lobes progress with a velocity of the order of 1 mm/sec by means of powerful cilia situated on the dorsal surface of the leading edge. The lobes passively drag and uncoil the stem of the proboscis which is further uncoiled by muscular contractions taking place along the uncoiled part of the stem. Proboscis retraction takes place by means of contraction of the numerous longitudinal muscle strands of the stem. The terminal lobes can attach to the substrate and pull the trunk by contraction of the proboscis stem. The proboscis often ties itself into a knot which it can untie. 相似文献
20.
T Giannina A Meli 《Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.)》1976,151(3):591-593
In orally estrogen-primed animals, four times as much progesterone is required to bring about secretory changes comparable to those obtained following subcutaneous priming. These findings might be interpreted as evidence that: (a) oral estrogen-induced proliferative changes are either different or inadequate, and (b) excess progesterone is conditio sine qua non for the induction of those proliferative changes susceptible of being transformed into secretory ones. 相似文献