兔体外辅助循环模型的建立

用40只新西兰兔,在常温不停跳下,采用左心房插管引流,左股动脉灌注的方法,建立兔左心辅助体外循环动物模型,39只模型成功建立.术中血压、心率及体温等各项生理指标基本稳定,与开胸前柑比,各项指标变化均小于5%.     

兔脓毒性休克模型的建立

目的:建立相对稳定的兔脓毒性休克模型.方法:雄性新西兰大白兔20只,随机分为模型组和假手术组.麻醉后无菌操作下取中、下腹部正中切口,找出盲肠,距盲肠末端8.0cm处4号丝线结扎盲肠和相应血管;于盲肠游离末端避开血管戳孔2次,孔径0.5cm;将盲肠原位放回腹腔,缝合腹壁切口;腹腔内注射30ml/kg温生理盐水.假手术组只探查腹腔.术后每隔3小时监测肛温.颈动脉插管有创动脉压监测确定模型成功后送血培养、血气、血乳酸,监测4小时后处死动物,送腹水培养,取右肺中叶测定肺含水量,取心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肠常规切片HE染色.结果:制模成功时间为:(18.91±1.384)小时;模型平均动脉压MAP(95.00±10.817 vs 52.38±15.565,P＜0.05);血气:PH(7.40±0.047 vs 7.09±0.146,P＜0.01),PCO2(30.0±5.831 vs 19.80±4.104,P＜0.01),BE(-6.46±4.931 vs -24.11±4.276,P＜0.01),HCO3-(18.45±4.367 vs 5.73±2.422,P＜0.01);血乳酸(2.53±1.108 vs 7.85±5.834,P＜0.05);血培养(7/10)阳性:大肠埃希菌;腹水培养(10/10)阳性:大肠埃希菌及阴沟肠杆菌;肛温于术后呈先上升后下降,假手术组肛温较模型组差异有显著性(39.63±0.492 vs 36.82±0.999,P＜0.01);成模后肛温与平均动脉压呈正相关关系,r=0.748.P=0.013,方程:y(平均动脉压)=34.46x+0.45;肺干湿比及肺含水量无明显差异[(0.22±0.014 vs 0.19±0.288,P＞0.05),(78.17±1.375 vs 80.58±2.878,P＞0.05)].常规HE染色可见明显病理学改变.结论:本模型可模拟多微生物感染致脓毒性休克模型,模型相对稳定,可用于兔种属.     

急性兔脑栓塞模型的建立

目的建立稳定的兔脑栓塞模型,以期为进一步开展脑栓塞的病理生理变化及影像学研究提供可靠实用的工具。方法30只健康新西兰兔,随机分成3组,其中A组3只,为空白对照组;B组5只,为假手术对照组;C组22只,为栓塞组。分离右侧颈部血管,经颈外动脉向颈内动脉注入直径约0.5~1.0 mm的SiO2颗粒10枚左右,栓塞后30 min行CT灌注检查,利用多层螺旋CT灌注成像对各组动物的脑缺血情况进行观察。24 h处死动物取脑组织进行病理研究。结果A、B组CT灌注及病理均未见异常。C组栓塞过程中3只兔死亡。16只兔CT灌注异常,表现为右侧局部CBF降低、MTT延长、CBV无明显变化或轻度上升、下降。3只兔灌注未见异常。HE染色可见8只兔脑梗塞,7只兔脑缺血,4只兔未见明显异常。结论采用该方法和技术能够建立稳定的兔脑栓塞模型,结果可靠,具有可操作性和重复性。     

糖尿病和非糖尿病动脉粥样硬化兔模型的建立

目的建立兔动脉粥样硬化和糖尿病动脉粥样硬化模型并比较其动脉粥样硬化病变的特点。方法四氧嘧啶静脉推注诱发糖尿病后,行腹主动脉球囊损伤术拉伤内皮并饲高脂饲料建立糖尿病动脉粥样硬化兔模型,非糖尿病动脉粥样硬化兔模型静脉推注生理盐水,余处理相同。喂养10周做腹主动脉造影和腹主动脉内超声后处死,取腹主动脉横切片做HE染色和免疫组化,比较两组兔主动脉内膜/中膜比值及巨噬细胞、平滑肌细胞含量,以评价动脉粥样硬化病变的程度和性质。结果所有兔胸主动脉粥样硬化病变明显轻于腹主动脉;糖尿病动脉粥样硬化兔腹主动脉壁特别是近血管腔处巨噬细胞浸润明显多于动脉粥样硬化兔,而平滑肌细胞含量显著减少。结论糖尿病动脉粥样硬化兔的腹主动脉粥样硬化病变内有更加活跃的炎症细胞浸润,提示病变性质更加不稳定。     

兔心脏骤停模型方法的建立

犬心脏骤停模型报道较多,而兔心脏骤停模型建立方法的研究尚未见报道.为了配合"心脏骤停再灌注期内皮素、氧自由基、降钙素的影响及对抗作用研究"的实施,我们对兔心脏骤停模型建立的方法进行了研究,并测定了缺血再灌注后兔血中自由基含量的变化,现报告如下.     

兔食管静脉曲张模型的建立

目的建立新西兰兔的食管静脉曲张模型,为下一步的临床研究提供可靠的小型动物模型。方法采用门静脉左支完全夹闭法造模,并通过外观、超声、胃镜等检查检验手段对造模结果加以评估。结果术后8周存活动物100%可见食管静脉曲张。结论通过门静脉左支夹闭法,基本可以建立兔食管静脉曲张模型。     

兔急性缺血性心力衰竭模型的建立

兔急性缺血性心力衰竭模型的建立侯应龙１臧益民张宁仔１王跃民（第四军医大学生理学教研室,１唐都医院;西安７１００３２）既往人们多采用结扎犬左冠状动脉前降支的方法来制备急性缺血性心力衰竭（心衰）动物模型,而很少使用兔作为制模动物。本文通过结扎兔冠状动脉左...     

初步探讨过敏性紫癜兔模型的构建

目的通过构建过敏性紫癜动物模型,为该病治疗方法的评价和新药研发提供可能。方法通过对日本大耳白兔热性药物的喂饮、腹腔注射卵白蛋白和弗氏完全佐剂生理盐水的混合液,持续抗原刺激后,耳缘静脉和背部皮内注射卵白蛋白生理盐水,激发过敏反应来构建过敏性紫癜模型。实验过程中分别进行一般症状观察;平均每天饮食,饮水量、体温、血常规、尿常规、便潜血等测量;皮肤、肾脏等脏器病理检测,并与人类疾病患者症状、实验室检查及病理改变相比较。结果与对照组相比,模型组兔表现为皮肤瘀斑;每天进食减少、饮水增多(P<0.01),体温升高(P<0.05);血WBC增多(P<0.01),RBC减少(P<0.01),HGB、MCHC均降低(P<0.01),NEU、NEU%、EOS、EOS%均升高(P<0.01);67%尿蛋白、尿红细胞阳性,70%便潜血阳性;病理表现为皮下血管扩张充血、出血,真皮水肿,炎细胞浸润;肾小球局灶性慢性肾炎,囊腔蛋白渗出,血管扩张充血,系膜基质增多,系膜增厚,红细胞管型,炎细胞浸润等;关节腔淤血,结缔组织坏死,炎细胞浸润等;皮肤、肾IgA免疫球蛋白大量沉积等;胃黏膜出血,坏死脱落;小肠绒毛血管扩张充血,上皮细胞脱落;肺淤血,肥大细胞似有脱颗粒现象;肝灶性炎细胞浸润等,这些改变与人过敏性紫癜患者病变基本相似。结论大耳白兔通过热性药物的喂饮,连续抗原刺激,静脉和皮内抗原冲击后,其症状、病理改变和实验室检查结果与人类过敏性紫癜病变基本相似,有望构建良好的过敏性紫癜兔模型。     

兔颈动、静脉移植桥血管狭窄模型的建立及其电镜观察

目的：建立兔颈动、静脉移植血管桥动物模型,观察移植桥血管内膜增生和狭窄的电镜下表现。方法：通过兔双侧颈动脉进行动脉桥和静脉桥的移植,形成双侧移植血管桥再狭窄动物模型。在第8周施行血管桥移植手术的同时留取右侧颈动静脉标本作为对照血管,再分别于第12周、16周和第20周分别处死模型兔,采集移植桥血管标本,在光镜下测量其内膜厚度、面积、狭窄度,并进行电镜观察。结果：颈动脉和颈静脉桥移植后,随着时间的延长,桥血管的出现平滑肌迁移,脂质沉积,内膜增生,血管狭窄等改变,且以静脉桥血管的病理改变更为明显。结论：在兔形成动脉粥样硬化病变基础上,进行双侧颈动脉血管桥的移植,建立兔双侧颈动脉移植血管桥再狭窄动物模型,有利于设立自身对照,研究术后动静脉桥再狭窄差异机制;建立动、静脉桥后,位于血管中膜的平滑肌细胞出现向血管内膜迁移现象,说明中膜平滑肌细胞迁移进入内膜导致新内膜形成是血管再狭窄的重要环节。     

兔颈动、静脉移植桥血管狭窄模型的建立及其电镜观察

目的:建立兔颈动、静脉移植血管桥动物模型,观察移植桥血管内膜增生和狭窄的电镜下表现。方法:通过兔双侧颈动脉进行动脉桥和静脉桥的移植,形成双侧移植血管桥再狭窄动物模型。在第8周施行血管桥移植手术的同时留取右侧颈动静脉标本作为对照血管,再分别于第12周、16周和第20周分别处死模型兔,采集移植桥血管标本,在光镜下测量其内膜厚度、面积、狭窄度,并进行电镜观察。结果:颈动脉和颈静脉桥移植后,随着时间的延长,桥血管的出现平滑肌迁移,脂质沉积,内膜增生,血管狭窄等改变,且以静脉桥血管的病理改变更为明显。结论:在兔形成动脉粥样硬化病变基础上,进行双侧颈动脉血管桥的移植,建立兔双侧颈动脉移植血管桥再狭窄动物模型,有利于设立自身对照,研究术后动静脉桥再狭窄差异机制;建立动、静脉桥后,位于血管中膜的平滑肌细胞出现向血管内膜迁移现象,说明中膜平滑肌细胞迁移进入内膜导致新内膜形成是血管再狭窄的重要环节。     

Leptin controls rabbit ovarian function in vivo and in vitro: Possible interrelationships with ghrelin

The aim of these in vivo and in vitro studies was to examine the role of leptin in the control of plasma hormone concentrations, reproduction, and secretory activity of ovarian granulosa cells.In in vivo experiments, 15 female European domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were treated with leptin (5 μg animal⁻¹ d⁻¹ for 1 wk before induction of ovulation with 25 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin and 0.25 IU human chorionic gonadotropin), and 15 females constituted the control group (treated with phosphate-buffered saline). Plasma concentrations of progesterone (P₄), testosterone (T), estradiol (E₂), estrone sulfate (ES), and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) were determined at the estimated day of ovulation by radioimmunoassay (RIA), and number, viability, and body weight of newborns were recorded at parturition. In in vitro experiments, granulosa cells were isolated from periovulatory ovarian follicles of five control and five females treated with ghrelin (10 μg animal⁻¹ d⁻¹ for 1 wk before induced ovulation). Isolated cells were cultured for 2 d with and without leptin (0, 1, 10, or 100 ng/mL medium). Secretion of P₄, T, E₂, IGF-I, and prostaglandin F (PGF) was assessed in culture medium by RIA.In in vivo experiments, leptin administrations reduced plasma P₄, T, E₂, ES, and IGF-I levels. Leptin treatments did not affect ovarian weight or total number and body mass of newborns, but the proportion of pregnant females and number of live newborns were significantly higher in leptin-treated females than that in control females. In in vitro experiments, leptin significantly decreased (at 1 and 10 ng/mL) or increased (at 100 ng/mL) P₄ secretion, promoted E₂ and IGF-I (both at 100 ng/mL) secretion, and reduced T (at 1 and 10 ng/mL) and PGF (at 10 ng/mL) secretion. Granulosa cells from ghrelin-treated animals secreted less P₄, T, E₂, and PGF, but not IGF-I, than that secreted by granulosa cells from control animals. Furthermore, pretreatment of animals with ghrelin suppressed or even reversed subsequent leptin effects on P₄, T, E₂, IGF-I, and PGF secretion by cultured granulosa cells.These observations (1) show for the first time that leptin can increase the number of live newborns in rabbits, (2) confirm previous data on the ability of leptin to control ovarian secretory activity both directly and via upstream mechanisms, (3) demonstrate the involvement of ghrelin in the control of rabbit ovarian secretory functions, and (4) suggest an antagonistic interrelationship between leptin and ghrelin in the rabbit.     

四氯化碳复合法诱导家兔肝纤维化模型的建立

目的建立一组家兔肝纤维化动物模型,并总结建模过程中所得到的经验。方法选用30只普通级家兔,随机选取2～4只家兔作为实验组,5只为对照组。饲养适应1周后,四氯化碳色拉油溶液以5%的起始浓度经腹腔注射法注入实验组家兔体内,对照组给予相同剂量的生理盐水。于造模4W、7W、10W、13W、16W末分别处死24只实验组及1只对照组家兔,以观察肝纤维化的发展程度。结果造模期间实验组家兔死亡7只,对照组家兔无死亡。家兔肝脏纤维化程度随着造模时间延长而逐渐加重。结论此方法成功地建立了一种兔肝纤维化动物模型。     

兔脑种植VX2肿瘤动物模型的建立

目的建立兔VX2肿瘤脑内种植动物模型,观察其生长特性。方法采用兔脑内VX2肿瘤组织块种植法将VX2肿瘤组织块种植入24只成年New Zealand大白兔右侧大脑皮质内,用B超检测肿瘤的生长情况,在实验兔在肿瘤种植后第13、171、9、21、232、5天取材,进行组织学观察。并观察实验兔在种植VX2肿瘤后的生存期及出现厌食、偏瘫等神经系统体征和死亡的时间。结果VX2肿瘤组织块种植入脑内后荷瘤兔的中位生存期为24.5 d,平均生存期为24.8 d,肿瘤体积随种植后的时间在对数坐标中接近一条直线。VX2肿瘤种植入兔脑17 d后血供较丰富、呈鱼肉状生长,与正常脑组织边缘界限不清楚,第17~19天肿瘤中心出现坏死并出现腹腔内转移。光镜下从VX2肿瘤种植后第17天开始肿瘤细胞向正常脑组织浸润,并形成瘤巢,瘤周脑组织形成水肿带。结论在缺乏兔源性脑肿瘤的情况下,采用兔VX2肿瘤组织块颅内种植能较好模拟颅内肿瘤生长,为对脑肿瘤的某些实验研究提供条件。     

心导管介入冠状动脉封堵兔急性心肌梗死模型的建立

目的应用心导管介入方法封堵冠状动脉制备兔急性心肌梗死模型。方法选择雄性新西兰兔,先行冠状动脉造影,利用导引钢丝将微导管置于左前降支远端,将高分子栓塞剂与碘油混合配制成封闭胶,经微导管注入血管,造成急性心肌梗死。术前、术中和术后l周记录心电图变化。实验终点切取心肌组织标本分别行苏木素一伊红（H．E）染色、氯化硝基四氮唑蓝（NBT）染色、免疫组化染色。结果造模动物20只,存活16只。冠脉造影显示封闭胶持续滞留于左前降支远端,提示血管完全堵塞。心电图提示存在动态变化,ST段抬高,病理性Q波逐渐形成。心脏大体观测提示左心室前侧壁呈灰白色为梗死区。E染色提示梗死区局部纤维组织增生、疤痕形成、钙盐沉积,缺血区肌束变性、炎症细胞浸润,符合典型心肌梗死的病理变化。NBT染色后测定梗死面积为28．32％±5．21％。免疫组化染色提示缺血区CD34阳性面积和血管新生密度明显高于梗死区及正常组织区（P〈0．05）。结论通过心导管介入方法制备兔急性心肌梗死模型成功,避免了开胸损伤对实验结果的影响,更符合临床急性心肌梗死的病理特点。     

Establishment of a cottontail rabbit papillomavirus/HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbit model

Three transgenic rabbit lines that express a well-characterized human major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) gene (HLA-A2.1) have been established. All three lines carry the HLA-A2.1 heavy chain and are able to pass the transgene to their offspring with both the outbred and the inbred EIII/JC genetic background. HLA-A2.1 colocalizes exclusively with rabbit MHC-I on the cell surfaces. These HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits demonstrated infection patterns similar to those found after cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) challenge when compared with results in normal rabbits, although higher regression rates were found in HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits. Because the CRPV genome can accommodate significant modifications, the CRPV/HLA-A2.1 rabbit model has the potential to be used to screen HLA-A2.1-restricted immunogenic epitopes from human papillomaviruses in the context of in vivo papillomavirus infection.     

Post-operative course in a surgical model of acute myocardial infarction in the rabbit

This study was undertaken to evaluate the post-operative (post-OP) course of rabbits in a surgical model of myocardial infarction (MI). Ten New Zealand White rabbits were subjected to coronary artery ligation after lateral thoracotomy. Anesthesia was delivered using a xylazine-ketamine-isoflurane protocol after endotracheal intubation. Among other cardiorespiratory parameters, arterial pressure was monitored via central ear artery catheterization. Post-OP care included oxygen, antibiotic and analgesic treatment as well as nutritional and fluid support. A series of cardiorespiratory, hematological, blood biochemical and clinical parameters were assessed during the first 21 days. The mortality rate was 10%. Hypotension and hypothermia, noted during the operation, reverted within the first few post-MI hours. Electrocardiographic alterations, which included ST segment elevation and Q wave, appeared after MI and remained throughout the study period. Tachycardia was observed during the first 5 days. Hematological examination revealed mild and transient anemia during the post-OP period and leucocytosis up to the 5th day. Urea was increased up to the 12th post-MI hour while increased AST, ALT, LDH and CK levels normalized by the first 4-5 days. Although the post-OP anorexia period lasted around 5 days, the animals did not manage to regain their body weight by the end of the study period. In conclusion, the present model offers a low mortality rate and could be useful in mid- or long-term MI studies. The animals go through a critical post-OP period of around 5 days during which special care should be given. After that time, their clinical and blood laboratory parameters tend to normalize.     

补佳乐联合缩宫素建立小鼠原发性痛经模型

目的建立小鼠原发性痛经模型。方法不同剂量补佳乐给近交系BALB/c小鼠连续灌胃,末次给药后腹腔注射缩宫素,诱发扭体反应,记录扭体潜伏期和扭体次数,筛选最佳条件。结果补佳乐最佳剂量为0.5 mg/kg;催产素最佳剂量为每只2 U;补佳乐灌胃后1 h为观察扭体反应的最佳时间,用药周期第3天时扭体次数开始增多;从第4天开始维持在高水平。结论补佳乐联合缩宫素可以成功建立小鼠原发性痛经模型。     

东方田鼠非酒精性脂肪肝模型的建立

目的建立东方田鼠非酒精性脂肪肝模型,并观察测定其肝指数、病理、血清生化指标的动态变化。方法选取6周龄湖南洞庭湖种群雄性东方田鼠70只,随机分为2组,模型组饲喂高脂肪料,对照组饲喂高纤维料,分别于第2、4、6、8、12周处死,称量体重及肝重,计算肝指数,采血检测东方田鼠血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、r-谷氨酰转移酶(r-GT)、胆碱酯酶(CHE)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、葡萄糖(GLU)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL),并取肝脏HE染色后做病理学观察。结果与对照组相比,模型组6周时肝脏出现了典型的脂肪肝特征,肝重和肝指数都明显升高(P<0.05),血清ALT、AST、r-GT、CHE、TC、FFA、GLU和LDL都明显升高(P<0.05),HDL和TG均明显降低(P<0.05)。镜检观察到模型组田鼠肝细胞逐渐呈现弥漫性脂肪变性,6周时大范围出现脂滴,8周时肝内出现弥漫性大脂肪滴,12周后出现炎细胞的浸润。结论采用高脂饲料成功诱发东方田鼠非酒精性脂肪肝,可为研究非酒精性脂肪肝的发病机制和药物干预提供新的模型。