Comparison of Embryo Development in Wild and Cultivated Arachis Species

Embryo development following selfing was investigated in twowild diploid peanut species, Arachis batizocoi Krap. et Greg.(coll. K 9484) (2n = 20) and A. duranensis Krap. et Greg. nom.nud. (coll. K 7988) (2n = 20), and one cultivated tetraploidspecies, A. hypogaea L. NC-Ac 18000 (2n = 40). Rates of pegelongation and sequences of embryo development for each specieswere compared. Peg elongation rates were similar for the twowild species, but for A. hypogaea it was only one-third to one-halfthat of the diploid species. Embryos in A. hypogaea showed slightlymore rapid cell division than in the wild species. The observedvariation in reproductive development between the wild and cultivatedspecies indicate that different control mechanisms may governdevelopment in the different species and may be at least partiallyresponsible for failure to produce viable interspecific hybridsat various ploidy levels. The observations are also importantfor determining the time at which embryos of different speciesof Arachis will reach the appropriate stage of development forsuccessful culture on an artificial medium during embryo rescueprocedures. Peanut, Arachis hypogaea, wild species, embryo, peg     

中国葡萄属植物野生种多样性分析

中国是葡萄属植物的主要起源地之一,也是世界葡萄属植物种类最多、遗传资源最丰富的国家之一,起源于中国的葡萄属植物共有40种、1亚种、13变种。本研究根据《葡萄种质资源描述规范和数据标准》,选择多项性状指标作为形态鉴定参数,对起源于中国的葡萄属植物23个种的生物学性状、植物学特征、农艺性状等进行鉴定,分析其遗传多样性特点。结果表明,中国葡萄属植物的主要物候期,嫩梢新梢的绒毛、颜色,叶片的形状、颜色、锯齿,果实大小、颜色、香型和花器官等形态性状都有丰富的变化,表现出丰富的多样性。上述研究结果将为葡萄属植物的分类鉴定提供依据,也将为葡萄属植物演化研究和育种利用提供参考。根据本研究结果,建议对目前使用的《葡萄种质资源描述规范和数据标准》作进一步修订和完善,以适应我国野生葡萄资源多样性评价研究。     

The Analysis of Constituents of Protein Subunits from Culti-Species and Wild Species in Arachis

The analysis of constituents of protein subunits by protein SDS-PAGE technique in 11 sp ecies of Genus Arachis including 4 types of culti-species and 7 wild species showed that the band patterns may be divided into three sections, i.e. PⅠ, PⅡ and PⅢ presenting 5, 13 and 16 subunits respectively. The subunit number of diploid species was less than that of tetraploid species in general, but the difference of intraspecies or interspecies was mainly located in sections PⅡ and PⅢ. According to the indices of similarity of protein subunits, the relationship among four types (Virginia, Peruvian, Valencia and Spanish) of tetraploid culti-species (Arachis hypogaea) seemed mostly close to each other and A. monticola, the tetraploid wild species was related to one of them. Among four diploid wild species in Arachis section, A. cardenasii and A. batizocai were rather closer than ,A. correntina and A. duranesis and both A. villosulicarpa in Extranervosae section and A.pusilla in Triseminalae section were all distant relatives.     

Comparative Embryo Sac Morphology at Anthesis of Cultivated and Wild Species of Arachis

Introgression of germplasm from wild to cultivated species ofArachis is severely impeded because abortion processes oftenoccur as a prepeg-, peg-(gynophore), or postpeg-elongation event.A comparative study of embryo sac morphology at anthesis wasundertaken to determine if observable differences were presentthat could possibly explain abortion prior to peg tip swellingfollowing soil penetration. Two wild Arachis species (A. duranensisand A. stenosperma) plus A. hypogaea cultivars NC 6 and Argentinewere studied. Differences in starch grain concentration andcytoplasmic stranding organization were observed between A.hypogaea cultivars and the wild Arachis species. These differencesprobably have a significant impact on energy availability atsyngamy and the subsequent early cell division of the embryo.An improper energy balance could contribute to the onset ofabortion in interspecific hybrids. Modification in egg apparatusorganization among all species was also observed which may accountfor low percentages of seed recovery resulting from interspecifichybridization attempts. Embryo sac morphology, interspecific hybridization, Arachis hypogaea L., Arachis species, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, embryo abortion, fertilization incompatibility, peanuts, groundnut     

醋栗番茄Solanum pimpinellifolium遗传多样性分析

野生种醋栗番茄包含丰富的变异,具有众多优良性状。本研究对从世界不同地区收集的433份醋栗番茄遗传资源进行了表型鉴定及遗传多样性分析。表型鉴定结果表明,在收集的433份醋栗番茄中约有14%为樱桃番茄,370份典型醋栗番茄中约22%的材料存在不同程度的分离。群体变异分析表明,不同性状间变异系数存在较大差异,其中柱头变异系数最大,为56.716%;花瓣数遗传稳定,变异系数最小,为2.082%;相关分析表明,多个性状间存在显著相关性;利用表型和基因型数据聚类均将醋栗番茄群体划分为两大类群;主成分分析表明,坐果率、单果重、可溶性固形物对变异的贡献率较大。研究结果将为利用醋栗番茄进行栽培种番茄遗传改良奠定一定的基础。     

运用微卫星DNA标记分析我国野生鹌鹑遗传多样性

运用微卫星DNA标记对我国境内分布的两种野生鹌鹁（野生日本鸣鹁、野生普通鹌鹑）和家鹑群体的遗传多样性进行分析。通过计算反映群体变异的多态信息含量（PIC）、固定指数、平均杂合度、基因分化系数等相关指标,结果表明：野生普通鹌鹑群体遗传多样性更为丰富,每个座位平均检测出4．67个等位基因,群体多态信息含量和平均杂合度亦为最高,分别为0．5732和0．6621;家鹁最低,分别为0．5467和0．5933;野生日本鸣鹑介于两者之间;在3个鹌鹑群体中,野生日本鸣鹑与家鹑群体遗传多样性差异程度较小。以标准遗传距离为基础的模糊聚类分析发现：家鹑与野生日本鸣鹑群体模糊等价矩阵系数为0．937,而与野生普通鹌鹑的系数为0．738,这也表明家鹑与野生日本鸣鹁有更近的亲缘关系,进一步从分子水平上证实家鹑起源于野生日本鸣鹁。     

湖南野生食用菌物种多样性研究

本次报道湖南野生食用菌资源265种,这是近40年来的考察研究结果.这些种类中包括子囊菌10种,担子菌255种,许多种类具有重要的利用和开发意义.对每个种的生态特征和利用价值均进行了简单介绍.     

甘蔗近缘种滇蔗茅(Erianthus rockii)表型性状遗传多样性研究

选用6个数量性状和23个质量性状对滇蔗茅野生资源的表型变异、多样性及聚类关系进行分析。结果表明,数量性状变异系数在12.72%~22.38%之间,最大的是田间锤度,为22.38%,其次是茎径,为22.27%,最小的是叶长,为12.72%;质量性状的曝光后节间颜色多样性丰富,茎形、芽形、生长裂缝、节间形状、花序形状等5个性状均表现一致;聚类分析表明51份滇蔗茅无性系材料可分为4大类群和5个亚类群。遗传多样性和聚类分析为资源杂交利用和优异基因挖掘提供参考。     

Blastocystis sp. Subtype Diversity in Wild Carnivore Species from Spain

The occurrence and molecular diversity of the stramenopile eukaryote Blastocystis sp. was investigated by PCR and sequencing (Sanger and NGS) methods in 380 faecal specimens of free‐living carnivores in Spain. Blastocystis sp. was confirmed in 1.6% (6/380) of the specimens analysed. Two samples from a common genet and a fox were successfully subtyped as ST7 by Sanger. Using NGS, ST14 was found in a fox and a European polecat, ST7 in a fox, and two additional foxes presented mixed infections of ST1/ST2/ST4 and ST1/ST2/ST7, respectively. Wild carnivore species could act as carriers of zoonotic Blastocystis subtypes.     

甘蔗近缘种滇蔗茅(Erianthus rockii)表型性状遗传多样性研究

为有效评价和利用蔗茅种质资源,挖掘其优良性状,以滇、黔、川考察收集的29份蔗茅为材料,选取5个数量性状为指标,对其多样性指数、变异系数、数量性状之间的相关性、数量性状与经纬度、海拔的相关性进行研究。分析结果表明：(1)共采集到25份高海拔种质资源,其中海拔超过2800米有4份,进一步丰富了甘蔗野生种质资源库;(2)蔗茅种质资源数量性状的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均较高,株高多样性指数最高(1.441),锤度多样性指数最低(1.291);数量性状遗传变异较丰富,各性状变异系数范围为21%～38%,变异系数最大的为株高(38%),最小的为叶长(21%);(3)蔗茅种质资源性状差异显著,叶长、叶宽、株高、茎径存在较大相关性,而与锤度不相关;叶宽与经度呈正相关,与纬度、海拔呈负相关。(4)聚类分析结果表明,蔗茅种质资源可分为四大类群,其中Ⅱ类群(EF-27)具有良好的数量性状和锤度品质潜力,可推荐作为甘蔗育种杂交利用首选材料。     

贵州省野生凤仙花属植物物种多样性与地理分布

该研究以贵州省野生凤仙花属植物为研究对象,在建立物种名录和地理分布数据库的基础上,对其物种多样性和地理分布格局进行研究.通过查阅文献资料和实地调查,从物种组成、特有性、水平分布、垂直分布和相似性等方面进行分析,最后采用筛除算法确定贵州凤仙花属植物分布的热点地区,为贵州省凤仙花属植物资源的研究和持续利用提供理论参考.结果...     

云南48种木兰科野生植物资源遗传多样性研究

为了解云南省木兰科（Magnoliaceae）野生植物资源的遗传多样性,利用ISSR分子标记技术对48种木兰科野生植物资源进行研究。结果表明,10对引物共扩增出151条带,均为多态性条带,多态性条带百分率为100%。总的观测等位基因数（N_a）为2.000 0,有效等位基因数（N_e）为1.564 5,Nei’s基因多样性指数（H）0.337 9,Shannon’s信息指数（I）为0.510 1。总的基因多样性指数（H_t）为0.368 0,属间基因多样性指数（D_st）为0.251 9,占68.4%,基因分化系数（G_st）为0.684 0,基因流（N_m）为0.231 0。UPGMA聚类分析将48种木兰科植物划分为7个类群,各类群并非按照属聚在一起,而是不同属植物相间分布,长喙厚朴（Magnolia rostrata）、素黄含笑（Michelia flaviflora）和球花含笑（M.sphaerantha）可能为云南省木兰科植物中的原始种。48种木兰科野生植物总体具有较高的遗传多样性,但属间遗传变异较高,基因流较小,存在遗传漂变的风险,聚类结果与刘玉壶的分类系统存在分歧,这从分子水平为木兰科植物间的起源、进化与分类提供了重要依据。     

Chlorophyll Content in Some Cultivated and Wild Species of the Family Lamiaceae

Chlorophyll (Chl) a, b and (a+b) contents were measured in eleven cultivated and wild species of Lamiaceae collected from different environments. In nine of these eleven species, belonging to the subfamily Nepetoidea, the Chl a/b ratio was low. This suggests a prevailing shade aspect, regardless of collection sites and cultivated or wild origin.     

First Records on Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Algerian Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Using Microsatellite Markers

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) is one of the wide cultivated plants with a narrow genetic base, hence the interest in prospecting, rescuing, and characterizing germplasm of this species is continuously carried out. In this work, eleven microsatellite markers were used to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of 68 Algerian peanut accessions originated from four geographic regions in the north and south of Algeria. A total of 83 alleles were amplified with a mean number of 7.545 alleles per locus and polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.625 to 0.874. The observed and expected heterozygosity varied from 0.31 to 1.00 and from 0.61 to 0.84 with a mean of 0.704 and 0.732, respectively. Genetic structure analysis showed a strong population at K?=?2, separating accessions according to their subspecies affiliation (hypogeae ssp. and fastigiata ssp.). It was also able to quantify the genetic correlations between genotypes using principal component analysis (PCA) and the method of groups of unweighted pairings with arithmetic means (UPGMA). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed high genetic variation within individuals (90.7%) and low genetic differentiation between subspecies (10.3%) and among populations (8.9%) from different geographical origin. Genetic diversity analysis in this study provides useful information for the exploration and utilization of these peanut cultivars.

     

High Prevalence and Species Diversity of Helicobacter spp. Detected in Wild House Mice

PCR diagnostics detected 100% prevalence of Helicobacter in 425 wild house mice (Mus musculus) from across central Europe. Of seven species identified, the five most frequent were Helicobacter rodentium (78%), H. typhlonius (53%), H. hepaticus (41%), H. bilis (30%), and H. muridarum (1%). Double infections were more common (42%) than single (30%) and triple (21%) infections. Wild house mice could be considered potential reservoirs of Helicobacter strains for both humans and other vertebrates.     

Diversity in the Content of Some Nutritional Components in Husked Seeds of Three Wild Rice Species and Rice Varieties in Yunnan Province of China

In addition to rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, there are three wild rice species, namely O.rufipogon Griff, O. officinalis Wall and O. granulata Baill, in Yunnan Province, China. Each species has different subtypes and ecological distributions. Yunnan wild rice species are excellent genetic resources for developing new rice cultivars. The nutritional components of the husked seeds of wild rice have not been investigated thus far. Herein, we report on the contents of total protein, starch, amylose, 17 amino acids, and five macro and five trace mineral elements in husked seeds from three wild rice species and six O. sativa cultivars. The mean (± SD) protein content in the husked rice of O. rufipogon, O. officinalis, and O. granulata was (14.5 ± 0.6)%, (16.3 ± 1. 1)%, and (15.3 ± 0.5)%, respectively. O. officinalis Ⅲ originating from Gengma had the highest protein content (19.3%). In contrast, the average protein content of six O. sativa cultivars was only 9.15%. The total content of 17 amino acids of three wild rice species was 30%-50% higher than that of the six cultivars. Tyrosine, lysine, and valine content in the three wild rice species was 34%-209% higher than that of the cultivars. However, the difference in total starch content among different O. sativa varieties or types of wild rice species was very small. The average amylose content of O. rufipogon, O. officinalis,and O. granulata was 12.0%, 9.7%, and 11.3%, respectively, much lower than that of the indica and japonica varieties (14.37%-17.17%) but much higher than that of the glutinous rice cultivars (3.89%). The sulfur, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, and ferrite content in the three wild rice species was 30%-158% higher than that of the six cultivars. The considerable difference in some nutritional components among wild rice species and O. sativa cultivars represents a wide biodiversity of Yunnan Oryza species. Based on the results of the present study, it is predicted that some good genetic traits, especially high protein and ideal amylose content, of Yunnan wild rice species may be useful in improving the nutritional value of rice. This is the first report regarding the amino acid, mineral element, protein and amylose content of husked seeds of some Yunnan wild rice species that have important genetic characteristics for rice quality and nutritional value.     

Genetic Diversity and Conservation Implications of Four Cupressus Species in China as Revealed by Microsatellite Markers

Understanding the extent and distribution of genetic diversity is crucial for the conservation and management of endangered species. Cupressus chengiana, C. duclouxiana, C. gigantea, and C. funebris are four ecologically and economically important species in China. We investigated their genetic diversity, population structure, and extant effective population size (35 populations, 484 individuals) employing six pairs of nuclear microsatellite markers (selected from 53). Their genetic diversity is moderate among conifers, and genetic differentiation among populations is much lower in C. gigantea than in the other three species; the estimated effective population size was largest for C. chengiana, at 1.70, 2.91, and 3.91 times the estimates for C. duclouxiana, C. funebris, and C. gigantea, respectively. According to Bayesian clustering analysis, the most plausible population subdivision scheme within species is two groups in C. chengiana, three groups in C. duclouxiana, and a single group for both C. funebris and C. gigantea. We propose a conservation strategy for these cypress species.     

Early Reproductive Ontogeny in Interspecific Crosses of Arachis hypogaea and Section Arachis Species

Wild Arachis species have been recognized as sources of resistanceto pests and pathogens that infect A. hypogaea L. and causesubstantial yield losses. However, utilization of these geneticresources for crop improvement has been difficult. This studywas conducted to (a) understand the processes of early embryogrowth and development in four Arachis species, two A. hypogaeacultivars and their hybrids and (b) identify parental compatibilitiesin reciprocal crosses of A. hypogaea. The results indicatedthat delayed fertilization beyond 24 h, coupled with slow proembryogrowth, leads to embryo abortion in many interspecific crosses.For example, in female A. cardenasii crosses, lack of or delayedfertilization leads to failure to obtain hybrids. When A. batizocoiwas used as a female parent, delayed fertilization and the inabilityof quiescent proembryos to resume growth after soil penetrationcaused abortion. Embryos of A. hypogaea x A. glandulifera crossesdeveloped normally during the first 21 d after fertilization,but then aborted at a later time. In this study, A. hypogaeawas always a better female parent than the wild Arachis species.Increasing the number of pollinations per cross, using the cultivatedspecies as the female parent, utilizing different A. hypogaeavarieties, and embryo rescue techniques are suggested to improvethe probability of obtaining interspecific hybrids in Arachis.Copyright1995, 1999 Academic Press Peanut, interspecific hybrids, Arachis, wild species, incompatibilities     

微卫星DNA标记分析野生鲤鱼群体的遗传多样性

利用30个微卫星分子标记对海南鲤(HN)、长江鲤(CY)、月亮湖鲤(YL)、黑龙江鲤(FY)、呼伦湖鲤(ZL)、贝尔湖鲤(BR)6个野生鲤鱼群体的观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、多态信息含量(PIC)和有效等位基因数(Ae)等进行了遗传检测,根据基因频率计算遗传相似系数和Nei氏标准遗传距离,χ2检验估计Hardy-Weinberg平衡,用近交系数(FST)和基因流(Nm)分析群体的遗传分化及其来源。同时,使用PHYLIP3.63软件绘制基于Nei氏标准遗传距离的UPGMA进化树。6个群体共检测到8,136个扩增片段,长度在125bp～414bp,30个基因座扩增出等位基因数从3～13个不等,共计210个等位基因,平均每个基因座扩增得到7个等位基因。结果显示:(1)6个野鲤群体的多态性指标均适中,多态信息含量依次0.44、0.52、0.53、0.57、0.63和0.64,有效等位基因数1.04～4.72个不等,平均有效等位基因数依次为2.19、2.60、2.42、2.43、2.45和2.33,无偏期望杂合度平均值为0.50、0.59、0.56、0.56、0.57和0.54;(2)遗传相似系数BR与ZL最高(0.8511),BR与HN最低(0.6688),聚类结果与地理分布呈一定相关性。