Isolation and properties of an isocitrate dehydrogenase from Anacystis nidulans

A NADP⁺-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42) was isolated and purified over 400-fold from Anacystis nidulans. The enzyme activity responded slowly to rapid changes in ligand (NADP⁺, isocitrate, Mg²⁺-ions) or enzyme concentration as well as to rapid changes in temperature. These are properties characteristic of the hysteretic enzymes. In addition, the enzyme activity was subject to product (-ketoglutarate) inhibition. ATP, ADP and CDP also inhibited the enzyme. Unlike several other cyanobacterial enzymes, the isocitrate dehydrogenase of Anacystis is not under redox control.     

NADP-Utilizing Enzymes in the Matrix of Plant Mitochondria

Purified potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum L. cv Bintie) mitochondria contain soluble, highly latent NAD⁺- and NADP⁺-isocitrate dehydrogenases, NAD⁺- and NADP⁺-malate dehydrogenases, as well as an NADPH-specific glutathione reductase (160, 25, 7200, 160, and 16 nanomoles NAD(P)H per minute and milligram protein, respectively). The two isocitrate dehydrogenase activities, but not the two malate dehydrogenase activities, could be separated by ammonium sulfate precipitation. Thus, the NADP⁺-isocitrate dehydrogenase activity is due to a separate matrix enzyme, whereas the NADP⁺-malate dehydrogenase activity is probably due to unspecificity of the NAD⁺-malate dehydrogenase. NADP⁺-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase had much lower K_ms for NADP⁺ and isocitrate (5.1 and 10.7 micromolar, respectively) than the NAD⁺-specific enzyme (101 micromolar for NAD⁺ and 184 micromolar for isocitrate). A broad activity optimum at pH 7.4 to 9.0 was found for the NADP⁺-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase whereas the NAD⁺-specific enzyme had a sharp optimum at pH 7.8. Externally added NADP⁺ stimulated both isocitrate and malate oxidation by intact mitochondria under conditions where external NADPH oxidation was inhibited. This shows that (a) NADP⁺ is taken up by the mitochondria across the inner membrane and into the matrix, and (b) NADP⁺-reducing activities of malate dehydrogenase and the NADP⁺-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase in the matrix can contribute to electron transport in intact plant mitochondria. The physiological relevance of mitochondrial NADP(H) and soluble NADP(H)-consuming enzymes is discussed in relation to other known mitochondrial NADP(H)-utilizing enzymes.     

Partial Purification and Characterization of NADP-Isocitrate Dehydrogenase from Immature Pod Walls of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

NADP⁺-isocitrate dehydrogenase (threo-DS-isocitrate: NADP⁺ oxidoreductase [decarboxylating]; EC 1.1.1.42) (IDH) from pod walls of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) was purified 192-fold using ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, and gel filtration through Sephadex G-200. The purified enzyme, having a molecular weight of about 126,000, exhibited a broad pH optima from 8.0 to 8.6. It was quite stable at 4°C and had an absolute requirement for a divalent cation, either Mg²⁺ or Mn²⁺, for its activity. Typical hyperbolic kinetics was obtained with increasing concentrations of NADP⁺, dl-isocitrate, Mn²⁺, and Mg²⁺. Their K_m values were 15, 110, 15, and 192 micromolar, respectively. The enzyme activity was inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents. Various amino acids, amides, organic acids, nucleotides, each at a concentration of 5 millimolar, had no effect on the activity of the enzyme. The activity was not influenced by adenylate energy charge but decreased linearly with increasing ratio of NADPH to NADP⁺. Initial velocity studies indicated kinetic mechanism to be sequential. NADPH inhibited the forward reaction competitively with respect to NADP⁺ at fixed saturating concentration of isocitrate, whereas 2-oxoglutarate inhibited the enzyme noncompetitively at saturating concentrations of both NADP⁺ and isocitrate, indicating the reaction mechanism to be random sequential. Results suggest that the activity of NADP⁺-IDH in situ is likely to be controlled by intracellular NADPH to NADP⁺ ratio as well as by the concentration of various substrates and products.     

The isolation and characterization of a mutant allele at a new X-linked locus,mex, affecting NADP+-dependent enzymes inDrosophila melanogaster

The isolation and characterization of mutant alleles in a regulatory gene affecting NADP⁺-dependent enzymes are described. The locus,mex, is at position 26.5 ± 0.74 on the X chromosome ofDrosophila melanogaster. The newly isolated mutant allele,mex ¹, is recessive to either themex allele found in Oregon-R wild-type individuals or that found in thecm v parental stock in which the new mutants were induced. Themex ¹ mutant allele is associated with statistically significant decreases in malic enzyme (ME) specific activity and ME specific immunologically cross-reacting material (ME-CRM) in newly emerged adult males. During this same developmental stage in males, the NADP⁺-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase specific activity increases to statistically significant levels. Females of themex ¹ mutant strain show statistically significant elevated levels of the pentose phosphate shunt enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Isoelectric focusing and thermolability comparisons of the active ME from mutant and control organisms indicate that the enzyme is the same. Developmental profiles ofmex ¹ and control strains indicate that this mutant allele differentially modulates the levels of ME enzymatic activity and ME-CRM during development. This work was supported by an Operating Grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to M.M.B.     

Cellulase gene expression in ripening avocado fruit: The accumulation of cellulase mRNA and protein as demonstrated by cDNA hybridization and immunodetection

Summary A cDNA library was constructed from poly(A)⁺RNA of ripe avocado fruit. Colony hybridization identified a number of ripening specific clones of which one, pAV5, was shown to be specific for cellulase. Hybrid selection with pAV5 provided a message from ripe fruit that on in vitro translation yielded a polypeptide of 53kD, comigrating with purified avocado cellulase on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The translation product was selectively immunoprecipitated by antiserum to purified avocado cellulase. Immunoblotting of unripe and ripe avocado fruit extracts following SDS-PAGE showed a plentiful immunoreactive polypeptide in ripe fruit, and essentially none in unripe fruit. Hybridization of pAV5 to poly(A)⁺-RNA from unripe and ripe avocado fruit demonstrated that there is at least a 50-fold increase in the cellulase message concentration during ripening. Thus, the expression of cellulase enzyme activity during ripening is regulated by the appearance of mRNA coding for cellulase rather than by either translational or post-translational control mechanisms.Abbreviations poly(A)⁺ polyadenylated - DS sodium dodecyl sulfate - D kilodalton - bp base pairs Supported by Research Grant GM 19807 from the United States Public Health Service and by additional funds from the University of California Research Council.     

NAD(P)+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases in mitochondria purified from Picea abies seedlings

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) activities were measured in mitochondria isolated from aerial parts of 21-day-old spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) seedlings. Mitochondria were purified by two methods, involving continuous and discontinuous Percoll gradients. Whatever the method of purification, the mitochondrial outer membrane was about 69% intact, and the mitochondria contained very low cytosolic, chloroplastic and peroxisomal contaminations. Nevertheless, as judged by the recovery of fumarase activity, purification on a continuous 28% Percoll gradient gave the best yield in mitochondria, which exhibited a high degree of inner membrane intactness (91%). The purified mitochondria oxidized succinate and malate with good respiratory control and ADP/O ratios. The highest oxidation rate was obtained with succinate as substrate, and malate oxidation was improved (+ 60%) by addition of exogenous NAD⁺. Experiments using standard respiratory chain inhibitors indicated that, in spruce mitochondria, the alternative pathway was present. Both NAD⁺-isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.41) and NADP⁺-isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42) were present in the mitochondrial matrix fraction, and NAD⁺-IDH activity was about 2-fold higher than NADP⁺-IDH activity. The NAD⁺-IDH showed sigmoidal kinetics in response to isocitrate and standard Michaelis-Menten kinetics for NAD⁺ and Mg²⁺. The NADP⁺-IDH, in contrast, displayed lower K_m values. For NAD⁺-IDH the pH optimum was at 7.4, whereas NADP⁺-IDH exhibited a broad pH optimum between 8.3 and 9. In addition, NAD⁺-IDH was more thermolabile. Adenine nucleotides and 2-oxoglutarate were found to inhibit NAD(P)⁺-IDH activities only at high concentrations.     

Developmental Regulation of the (1,3)-beta-Glucan (Callose) Synthase from Tomato : Possible Role of Endogenous Phospholipases

Activity levels of UDP-glucose: (1,3)-β-glucan (callose) synthase in microsomal membranes of pericarp tissue from tomato fruit (Lycoperisicon esculentum Mill, cv Rutgers) were determined during development and ripening. Addition of the phospholipase inhibitors O-phosphorylcholine and glycerol-1-phosphate to homogenization buffers was necessary to preserve enzyme activity during homogenization and membrane isolation. Enzyme activity declined 90% from the immature green to the red ripe stage. The polypeptide composition of the membranes did not change significantly during ripening. The enzyme from immature fruit was inactivated by exogenously added phospholipases A₂, C, and D. These results suggest that the decline in callose synthase activity during ontogeny may be a secondary effect of endogenous lipase action.     

Enzyme activities in mitochondria isolated from ripening tomato fruit

Mitochondria were isolated from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) fruit at the mature green, orange-green and red stages and from fruit artificially suspended in their ripening stage. The specific activities of citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.41) and NAD-linked malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.38) were determined. The specific activities of all these enzymes fell during ipening, although the mitochondria were fully functional as demonstrated by the uptake of oxygen. The fall in activity of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase was accompanied by a similar fall in the activity of the cytosolic isoenzyme. Percoll-purified mitochondria isolated from mature green fruit remained intact for more than one week and at least one enzyme, citrate synthase, did not exhibit the fall in specific activity found in normal ripening fruit.     

Characterization of a low-activity allele of NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster

We have characterized biochemical effects of Idh ^GB1 in Drosophila melanogaster. This is a null-activity allele for NADP⁺-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-IDH) isolated from a natural population. The homozygous mutant strain has 5% of the NADP-IDH specific activity found in controls and less than 24% of the immunologically cross-reacting material (CRM). This mutation maps to 27.2 on the third chromosome, to the right of h. The biochemical phenotype of this mutant strain includes a coordinate reduction in malic enzyme (ME) specific activity and CRM and an increase in specific activity for the pentose-phosphate shunt enzymes, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The K _m values for purified NADP-IDH are not different from those found for the purified control enzyme for NADP⁺ or isocitrate. It is suggested that this allele may represent a cis-acting control mutation for one of at least two loci involved in the production of NADP-IDH in D. melanogaster.Research supported by an Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research Establishment Grant to MMB and a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Operating Grant to JHW.     

Purification and properties of NADP+:Isocitrate dehydrogenase from lactating bovine mammary gland

NADP⁺:isocitrate dehydrogenase has been purified to homogeneity from lactating bovine mammary gland. Purification was achieved through the use of affinity and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The isolated enzyme gives one band when stained for protein or enzyme activity on discontinuous alkaline gel electrophoresis. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 55,000 as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and a Stokes radius of 4.1 nm as measured by gel chromatography. The enzyme will not use NAD⁺ in place of NADP⁺ and has an absolute requirement for divalent cations. The apparent K_m values for dl-isocitrate, Mn²⁺, and NADP⁺ were found to be 8, 6, and 11 μm, respectively. The Mn²⁺-d_s-isocitrate complex is the most likely substrate for the mammary enzyme with a K_m of 3 μm. The properties of mammary NADP⁺:isocitrate dehydrogenase are compared with those of the homologous enzymes from pig heart and bovine liver, and its characteristics are discussed with respect to the function of the enzyme in lactating mammary gland.     

Products Released from Enzymically Active Cell Wall Stimulate Ethylene Production and Ripening in Preclimacteric Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Fruit

Enzymically active cell wall from ripe tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit pericarp release uronic acids through the action of wall-bound polygalacturonase. The potential involvement of products of wall hydrolysis in the induction of ethylene synthesis during tomato ripening was investigated by vacuum infiltrating preclimacteric (green) fruit with solutions containing pectin fragments enzymically released from cell wall from ripe fruit. Ripening initiation was accelerated in pectin-infiltrated fruit compared to control (buffer-infiltrated) fruit as measured by initiation of climacteric CO₂ and ethylene production and appearance of red color. The response to infiltration was maximum at a concentration of 25 micrograms pectin per fruit; higher concentrations (up to 125 micrograms per fruit) had no additional effect. When products released from isolated cell wall from ripe pericarp were separated on Bio-Gel P-2 and specific size classes infiltrated into preclimacteric fruit, ripening-promotive activity was found only in the larger (degree of polymerization >8) fragments. Products released from pectin derived from preclimacteric pericarp upon treatment with polygalacturonase from ripe pericarp did not stimulate ripening when infiltrated into preclimacteric fruit.     

Mannan transglycosylase: a novel enzyme activity in cell walls of higher plants

Mannan transglycosylase is a novel cell wall enzyme activity acting on mannan-based plant polysaccharides in primary cell walls of monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The enzyme activity was detected by its ability to transfer galactoglucomannan (GGM) polysaccharides to tritium-labelled GGM-derived oligosaccharides generating tritium-labelled GGM polysaccharides. Mannan transglycosylase was found in a range of plant species and tissues. High levels of the enzyme activity were present in flowers of some kiwifruit (Actinidia) species and in ripe tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit. Low levels were detected in mature green tomato fruit and activity increased during tomato fruit ripening up to the red ripe stage. Essentially all activity was found in the tomato skin and outermost 2 mm of tissue. Mannan transglycosylase activity in tomato skin and outer pericarp is specific for mannan-based plant polysaccharides, including GGM, galactomannan, glucomannan and mannan. The exact structural requirements for valid acceptors remain to be defined. Nevertheless, a mannose residue at the second position of the sugar chain and the absence of a galactose substituent on the fourth residue (counting from the non-reducing end) appear to be minimal requirements. Mannan-based polysaccharides in the plant cell wall may have a role analogous to that of xyloglucans, introducing flexibility and forming growth-restraining networks with cellulose. Thus mannan transglycosylase and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase, the only other known transglycosylase activity in plant cell walls, may both be involved in remodelling and refining the cellulose framework in developmental processes throughout the life of a plant.Abbreviations EBM Endo--mannanase - GGM galactoglucomannan - GGMO Galactoglucomannan-derived oligosaccharide - G₂M₅ Di-galactosyl mannopentaitol - M₂–M₅ Mannobiitol to mannopentaitol oligosaccharides - SK+OP Skin plus outer pericarp - XET Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase - XG Xyloglucan     

The tricarboxylic acid cycle in L₃ Teladorsagia circumcincta: metabolism of acetyl CoA to succinyl CoA

Nematodes, like other species, derive much of the energy for cellular processes from mitochondrial pathways including the TCA cycle. Previously, we have shown L₃Teladorsagia circumcincta consume oxygen and so may utilise a full TCA cycle for aerobic energy metabolism. We have assessed the relative activity levels and substrate affinities of citrate synthase, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase (both NAD⁺ and NADP⁺ specific) and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in homogenates of L₃T. circumcincta. All of these enzymes were present in homogenates. Compared with citrate synthase, low levels of enzyme activity and low catalytic efficiency was observed for NAD⁺ isocitrate dehydrogenase and especially α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Therefore, it is likely that the activity of these to enzymes regulate overall metabolite flow through the TCA cycle, especially when [NAD⁺] limits enzyme activity. Of the enzymes tested, only citrate synthase had substrate affinities which were markedly different from values obtained from mammalian species. Overall, the results are consistent with the suggestion that a full TCA cycle exists within L₃T. circumcincta. While there may subtle variations in enzyme properties, particularly for citrate synthase, the control points for the TCA cycle in L₃T. circumcincta are probably similar to those in the tissues of their host species.     

Concerning the mechanism of increased thermogenesis in rats treated with dehydroepiandrosterone

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) treatment of rats decreases gain of body weight without affecting food intake; simultaneously, the activities of liver malic enzyme and cytosolic glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase are increased. In the present study experiments were conducted to test the possibility that DHEA enhances thermogenesis and decreases metabolic efficiency via trans-hydrogenation of cytosolic NADPH into mitochondrial FADH₂ with a consequent loss of energy as heat. The following results provide evidence which supports the proposed hypothesis: (a) the activities of cytosolic enzymes involved in NADPH production (malic enzyme, cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase, and aconitase) are increased after DHEA treatment; (b) cytosolic glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase may use both NAD⁺ and NADP⁺ as coenzymes; (c) activities of both cytosolic and mitochondrial forms of glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase are increased by DHEA treatment; (d) cytosol obtained from DHEA-treated rats synthesizes more glycerol-3-P during incubation with fructose-1,6-P₂ (used as source of dihydroxyacetone phosphate) and NADP⁺; the addition of citratein vitro further increases this difference; (e) mitochondria prepared from DHEA-treated rats more rapidly consume glycerol-3-P added exogenously or formed endogenously in the cytosol in the presence of fructose-1,6-P₂ and NADP⁺.     

Ripening-related occurrence of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in tomato fruit

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) is present in ripening tomato fruits. A cDNA encoding PEPCK was identified from a PCR-based screen of a cDNA library from ripe tomato fruit. The sequence of the tomato PEPCK cDNA and a cloned portion of the genomic DNA shows that the complete cDNA sequence contains an open reading frame encoding a peptide of 662 amino acid residues in length and predicts a polypeptide with a molecular mass of 73.5 kDa, which corresponds to that detected by western blotting. Only one PEPCK gene was identified in the tomato genome. PEPCK is shown to be present in the pericarp of ripening tomato fruits by activity measurements, western blotting and mRNA analysis. PEPCK abundance and activity both increased during fruit ripening, from an undetectable amount in immature green fruit to a high amount in ripening fruit. PEPCK mRNA, protein and activity were also detected in germinating seeds and, in lower amounts, in roots and stems of tomato. The possible role of PEPCK in the pericarp of tomato fruit during ripening is discussed.     

Biochemical characterization of isocitrate dehydrogenase from Methylococcus capsulatus reveals a unique NAD+-dependent homotetrameric enzyme

The gene encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) of Methylococcus capsulatus (McIDH) was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The purified enzyme was NAD⁺-dependent with a thermal optimum for activity at 55–60°C and an apparent midpoint melting temperature (T _m) of 70°C. Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) revealed a homotetrameric state, and McIDH thus represents the first homotetrameric NAD⁺-dependent IDH that has been characterized. Based on a structural alignment of McIDH and homotetrameric homoisocitrate dehydrogenase (HDH) from Thermus thermophilus (TtHDH), we identified the clasp-like domain of McIDH as a likely site for tetramerization. McIDH showed moreover, higher sequence identity (48%) to TtHDH than to previously characterized IDHs. Putative NAD⁺-IDHs with high sequence identity (48–57%) to McIDH were however identified in a variety of bacteria showing that NAD⁺-dependent IDHs are indeed widespread within the domain, Bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis including these new sequences revealed a close relationship with eukaryal allosterically regulated NAD⁺-IDH and the subfamily III of IDH was redefined to include bacterial NAD⁺- and NADP⁺-dependent IDHs. This apparent relationship suggests that the mitochondrial genes encoding NAD⁺-IDH are derived from the McIDH-like IDHs.     

Subcellular Location of NADP-Isocitrate Dehydrogenase in Pisum sativum Leaves

The subcellular location of NADP⁺-isocitrate dehydrogenase was investigated by preparing protoplasts from leaves of pea seedlings. Washed protoplasts were gently lysed and the whole lysate separated on sucrose gradients by a rate-zonal centrifugation. Organelles were located by marker enzymes and chlorophyll analysis. Most of the NADP⁺-isocitrate dehydrogenase was in the soluble fraction. About 10% of the NADP⁺-isocitrate dehydrogenase was present in the chloroplasts as a partially latent enzyme. Less than 1% of the activity was found associated with the peroxisome fraction. NADP⁺-isocitrate dehydrogenase was partially characterized from highly purified chloroplasts isolated from shoot homogenates. The enzyme exhibited apparent K_m values of 11 micromolar (NADP⁺), 35 micromolar (isocitrate), 78 micromolar (Mn²⁺), 0.3 millimolar (Mg²⁺) and showed optimum activity at pH 8 to 8.5 with Mn²⁺ and 8.8 to 9.2 with Mg²⁺. The NADP⁺-isocitrate dehydrogenase activity previously claimed in the peroxisomes by other workers is probably due to isolation procedures and/or nonspecific association. The NADP⁺-isocitrate dehydrogenase activity in the chloroplasts might help supply α-ketoglutarate for glutamate synthase action.     

Changes in gene expression during strawberry fruit ripening and their regulation by auxin

Changes in messenger RNA during the development of the strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.), a non-climacteric fruit, were analysed by extracting total RNA and separating the in-vitro translated products by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Alterations in numerous messenger RNAs accompanied fruit development between the immature green stage and the overripe stage, with prominent changes detected at or before the onset of ripening. A number of messenger RNAs undetectable in immature green fruit increased as the fruit matured and ripened. Others showed a marked decrease in advance of the ripening phase. A further group of messenger RNAs was prominent in immature and ripe fruit but absent just prior to the turning stage. Removing the achenes from a segment of the fruit accelerated anthocyanin accumulation in the de-achened portion and produced a pattern of translated polypeptides similar to normal ripe fruit. Application of the synthetic auxin 1-naphthaleneacetic acid to the de-achened receptacle produced a translation pattern similar to that in mature green fruit. These findings indicate that ripening in strawberry is associated with the expression of specific genes.     

Single Arginine Mutation in Two Yeast Isocitrate Dehydrogenases: Biochemical Characterization and Functional Implication

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), a housekeeping gene, has drawn the attention of cancer experts. Mutation of the catalytic Arg132 residue of human IDH1 (HcIDH) eliminates the enzyme''s wild-type isocitrate oxidation activity, but confer the mutant an ability of reducing α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). To examine whether an analogous mutation in IDHs of other eukaryotes could cause similar effects, two yeast mitochondrial IDHs, Saccharomyces cerevisiae NADP⁺-IDH1 (ScIDH1) and Yarrowia lipolytica NADP⁺-IDH (YlIDH), were studied. The analogous Arg residues (Arg148 of ScIDH1 and Arg141 of YlIDH) were mutated to His. The K _m values of ScIDH1 R148H and YlIDH R141H for isocitrate were determined to be 2.4-fold and 2.2-fold higher, respectively, than those of the corresponding wild-type enzymes. The catalytic efficiencies (k _cat/K _m) of ScIDH1 R148H and YlIDH R141H for isocitrate oxidation were drastically reduced by 227-fold and 460-fold, respectively, of those of the wild-type enzymes. As expected, both ScIDH1 R148H and YlIDH R141H acquired the neomorphic activity of catalyzing α-KG to 2-HG, and the generation of 2-HG was confirmed using gas chromatography/time of flight-mass spectrometry (GC/TOF-MS). Kinetic analysis showed that ScIDH1 R148H and YlIDH R141H displayed 5.2-fold and 3.3-fold higher affinities, respectively, for α-KG than the HcIDH R132H mutant. The catalytic efficiencies of ScIDH1 R148H and YlIDH R141H for α-KG were 5.5-fold and 4.5-fold, respectively, of that of the HcIDH R132H mutant. Since the HcIDH Arg132 mutation is associated with the tumorigenesis, this study provides fundamental information for further research on the physiological role of this IDH mutation in vivo using yeast.