长穗薄冰草（Thinopyrum ponticum）对盐碱胁迫的生理响应

实验采用不同浓度（以干土重0.3%、0.5%、0.7%和0.9%计）Na2SO4、NaCl、NaHCO3、Na2CO3,Na2SO4：NaCl=1：1、NaHCO3：Na2CO3=1：1和Na2SO4：NaCl：NaHCO3：Na2CO3=1：1：1：1对长穗薄冰草进行胁迫,研究长穗薄冰草对盐碱胁迫的生理响应.结果表明：根系活力、SOD活性随盐碱浓度的增加逐渐下降,脯氨酸含量呈上升趋势,叶绿素含量除Na2SO4处理组外,呈先上升后下降的趋势.其中碱性盐（NaHCO3、Na2CO3、NaHCO3：Na2CO3=1：1、Na2SO4：NaCl：NaHCO3：Na2CO3=1：1：1：1）对长穗薄冰草的胁变效应较中性盐（Na2SO4、NaCl、Na2SO4：NaCl=1：1）大,以Na2SO4处理组对长穗薄冰草的影响最小,0.7% Na2CO3是长穗薄冰草正常生长的临界浓度.     

木槿品种对镉胁迫的生理响应及耐镉能力评价

研究镉胁迫对木槿的生理影响,比较木槿品种的镉耐受能力,为镉污染地区的植物材料选择提供依据.以3个木槿品种为材料,采取盆栽控制试验,测定其生长、生理指标,通过隶属函数分析综合比较品种耐镉能力.木槿的株高与地径增长量、叶绿素A+B与可溶性蛋白含量随胁迫浓度增加呈先上升后降低或逐渐降低趋势,而且随时间延长,降低程度不断加强;...     

Prevalence of Soil Mouthing/Ingestion among Healthy Children Aged 1 to 6

Ingestion of non-food items/mouthing behavior results in exposure of children to contaminants in soil/dust. We characterize the prevalence of such behaviors in healthy children. The relative frequency of such behaviors was assessed by parent interviews for 533 children age 1 to 6. Thirty-eight percent of children put soil in their mouths at least monthly, 24% at least weekly, and 11% daily. High-risk behavior decreased quickly for children aged 2 or more, but was still reported at least monthly by 3 to 9% of parents of children up through age 6. Highest outdoor object mouthing rates occur among 1-year-old children, who are reported to play daily in sand/dirt and have generally high levels of mouthing. Such children may have higher soil/dust ingestion and higher exposure to contaminants when soil/dust contains lead or other agents. These high-risk groups may help focus educational interventions and/or risk assessments.     

丁香酚抑制日本沼虾应激反应效果的研究

本实验以丁香酚和日本沼虾为对象,研究了丁香酚对日本沼虾因温度的急剧变化和形态测量所造成的应激反应的抑制效果.结果显示,丁香酚浓度为500 mg/L时,对照组和实验组的存活率开始呈显著下降趋势的温差幅度分别为10和14℃;当温差为18℃时,对照组存活率为0,实验组存活率为0.653±0.033;当温差达到10℃后,实验组存活率明显高于对照组存活率(P＜0.05).形态测量结果显示,实验组的断肢率显著低于对照组,而存活率显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).研究表明,丁香酚可明显提高日本沼虾存活率,并显著抑制日本沼虾的应激反应.     

低温胁迫下乌塌菜对外源硅的生理响应

在土培条件下,研究了低温胁迫下不同浓度的硅酸钠对乌塌菜幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明,低温胁迫抑制了乌塌菜的生长,降低了干物质的积累。外施硅可以显著提高乌塌菜叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性,迅速积累大量的脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白,从而有效缓解低温胁迫对乌塌菜幼苗的影响,尤其是外施0.5mmol·L^-1Na2SiO3处理15d时,乌塌菜干物质积累达到了正常生长植株的86.2%。但随着施用硅浓度的增加,缓解效果则降低。     

2个欧李品种对碳酸盐胁迫生理响应的初步研究

在盆栽条件下,以不同浓度的NaHCO₃溶液浇灌农大欧李3和4号2年生组培苗,测定苗木叶片的生理指标。结果表明：随胁迫时间的延长,两个品种的叶绿素a呈先变化平缓后降低趋势,各处理间差异显著;叶绿素a/b在整个处理时期变化平稳;脯氨酸呈先变化平缓后升高趋势;农大欧李3号的电解质外渗率、MDA和POD活性呈先变化平缓后升高再降低的趋势,各处理间差异不显著;中、低浓度SOD活性整个胁迫期变化平缓,高浓度的在整个胁迫期间变化较大,各处理间差异极其显著;农大欧李4号电解质外渗率、SOD、POD和MDA在处理期间呈先升高后降低趋势,胁迫解除后,高浓度处理的电解质外渗率、SOD、POD活性上升、低浓度处理下降,MDA则相反。在长期的NaHCO₃胁迫过程中,农大欧李3号和4号都显示了强的耐盐性。     

紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)对干旱胁迫的光合生理响应

紫花苜蓿是重要的豆科牧草,具有较强的抗旱性,然而干旱仍是制约紫花苜蓿生产的主要逆境因子。通过盆栽试验,以抗旱性强弱不同的两种紫花苜蓿为试验材料,对干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿的光合生理进行较为系统的研究,结果表明：（1）干旱胁迫下两种紫花苜蓿叶片净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（E）、气孔导度（Gs）、叶绿素含量（Chl）都有不同幅度的下降;叶绿体超微结构遭到破坏。相对于抗旱性弱的苜蓿,抗旱性强的苜蓿随干旱胁迫程度的加深,净光合速率下降较慢,叶绿体的外形及基粒结构受到的影响较小。（2）轻度干旱胁迫下气孔限制是两种紫花苜蓿P。降低的主要因素,中度和重度干旱胁迫下非气孔限制是Pn降低的主要因素。（3）对叶绿素荧光参数的研究表明：干旱胁迫下两种紫花苜蓿PSⅡ反应中心光化学效率（F／F=）、PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv／Fo）降低。总体上抗旱性强的紫花苜蓿Fv／Fm和Fv／Fo下降幅度小,PSⅡ利用光能的能力及PSⅡ的潜在活性均较强。PsⅡ光化学淬灭系数（qP）、非光化学淬灭系数（qN）的变化表现为干旱胁迫下两种紫花苜蓿qP值降低、qN值升高,总体上抗旱性强的紫花苜蓿qP降低的幅度低且qN升高幅度大,表明抗旱性强的紫花苜蓿PSⅡ反应中心电子传递活性受到的影响小,光合机构的损伤程度低。     

嫁接茄子对NaCl胁迫的反应

NaCl处理自根茄子苗的半致死浓度为6.267 g·L-1.嫁接苗株高抑制率和茎粗抑制率均低于自根苗,自根苗受NaCl伤害明显重于嫁接苗.在NaCl胁迫下,嫁接苗的电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量均低于自根苗,但其脯氨酸含量则明显高于自根苗.     

罗布麻对不同浓度盐胁迫的生理响应

利用网室盆栽实验,研究不同浓度的NaCl（100-400mmol·L^-1）胁迫对罗布麻（Apocynum venetum）生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明,100mmol·L^-1NaCl处理显著降低了罗布麻植株的鲜重,但对其干重影响不大;随着盐浓度继续增加,罗布麻鲜重和干重显著下降。在盐胁迫下,罗布麻叶片内的丙二醛含量、电解质渗漏率、根部和地上部Na^＋的含量明显增加,K^＋的含量随着盐离子浓度的增加而降低。盐胁迫显著降低了地上部Ca^2＋的含量,而对根部Ca^2＋的含量没有影响。植株K^＋/Na^＋和Ca^2＋/Na^＋比值随着盐胁迫强度的增加而降低。盐胁迫显著促进了罗布麻根部对K^＋和Ca^2＋的选择性吸收及对K^＋的选择性运输。当NaCl浓度小于或等于200mmol·L^-1时,随着盐离子浓度的增加,罗布麻叶片内的脯氨酸和可溶性糖积累显著增加,而当NaCl浓度大于200mmol·L^-1时,这2种有机溶质含量显著下降。总体上,罗布麻通过积累无机离子、合成有机溶质及维持较高的K^＋、Ca^2＋选择性吸收和运输来适应一定浓度（≤200mmol·L^-1NaCl）的盐胁迫。     

Response of potatoes to N fertilizer: Dynamic model

Summary A simulation model is described to interpret N fertilizer experiments on potatoes. It calculates the total growth of dry matter, the N uptake, the partition of dry matter and of N between tuber and foliage and the distribution of inorganic N down the profile for each day during the growing season.The validity of the model was tested against measurements of these parameters made at approximately fortnightly intervals on plots that received N fertilizer and those that received none in 4 experiments on a sand, 4 on a sandy loam and 3 on a clay soil.Simulated values were in reasonably good agreement with the measured values in all experiments. Overall the sums of squares of the differences between the simulated and measured values of the %N in the total plant, and the total amount of inorganic N in the top metre of soil and the logarithms of the total weight of dry matter, tuber dry weight, N uptake in the entire plant and N uptake in the tubers were each less than 25% of the sum of squares of the measured values about the mean.Only 9 inputs were required for the model. It was found essential to take account of differences in spring and summer leaching but not of inter-site differences in mineralization rate.     

梓属5个种对干旱胁迫的生理响应

为分析梓属5个种干旱胁迫响应程度,为梓属耐旱树种的筛选、抗旱育种及栽培工作提供理论依据。本研究选取梓属的黄金树、滇楸、灰楸、梓树和楸树为试材,将其在浇水量为700 mL和400 mL的水分条件下培养50 d,测量其苗高、地径、叶水势、叶绿素相对含量、叶绿素荧光参数和比叶重等指标,并运用隶属函数法对其抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明:在2种水分条件下,生长状态最好的为楸树,梓树相对较差。在干旱胁迫条件下,除黄金树外,其他各树种的叶片水势(ΨL)都降低,最大气孔导度(Gs)均增加。不同种的叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)值均在干旱胁迫条件下升高。除滇楸和楸树外,各树种的光系统Ⅱ最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)随干旱胁迫而增加。除灰楸外,干旱胁迫增加了其他树种的比叶重(LMA)。利用隶属函数法综合评价抗旱性的结果为:灰楸>梓树>滇楸>楸树>黄金树。说明梓属不同树种间有着不同的抗旱能力。综合分析,楸树和灰楸的抗旱能力较强,滇楸和梓树的抗旱能力次之,黄金树的抗旱能力最差。     

新疆塔里木河下游生态输水与胡杨叶片的生理及形态响应

选择塔里木河下游3个典型断面的15个研究样地,分析和测定了塔里木河下游2000￣2002年生态输水前后不同研究样地的地下水位、地下水含盐量和胡杨(Populus　euphratica　Oliv.)叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、植物内源激素脱落酸和细胞分裂素的含量以及胡杨叶片的形态结构变化,研究了塔里木河下游主要建群种胡杨对生态输水的生理与形态的响应和适应性。结果表明,塔里木河下游胡杨生长已受到不同程度的干旱胁迫;输水后各样地地下水位均有所上升,胡杨对浅层地下水位的变化表现出明显响应,胡杨受到的生理胁迫降低,胡杨叶片角质层厚度、维管束导管官腔直径及管壁厚度皆随地下水位的上升而减少;随着地下水位的上升,地下水含盐量分别提高1.76　￣　2.47倍,输水效果由于盐对植物的生理胁迫作用的增加而有所减弱;在塔里木河下游极端干旱环境下,胡杨林保育恢复的合适地下水位埋深为3.15　￣　4.12　m,地下水含盐量为67.15　￣　72.65　mm。     

不同抗性砧木嫁接黄瓜幼苗对NaCl胁迫的生理响应

在对系列黄瓜嫁接砧木进行耐盐性鉴定的基础上,选择夏尔巴、新土佐、铁力砧和云南黑籽南瓜4种抗性不同的砧木品种嫁接‘新泰密刺’黄瓜,以自根苗为对照,研究了幼苗对NaCl胁迫的生理响应差异.结果表明:在100 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫条件下,嫁接苗的电解质相对渗漏率和丙二醛含量均显著低于自根苗,其中黑籽南瓜嫁接苗最低,其次是铁力砧、新土佐和夏尔巴嫁接苗;NaCl胁迫下嫁接苗叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量及过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性均显著高于自根苗,其中黑籽南瓜嫁接苗最高,铁力砧和新土佐嫁接苗间无显著差异,夏尔巴嫁接苗最低.NaCl胁迫后,嫁接苗叶片中Na+含量为黑籽南瓜＜铁力砧＜新土佐＜夏尔巴＜自根苗,K+含量在黑籽南瓜、铁力砧和新土佐嫁接苗间差异不大,但均明显高于夏尔巴嫁接苗,自根苗含量最低;嫁接苗Na+/K+显著低于自根苗,以黑籽南瓜嫁接苗最低.     

3种观赏植物对室内甲醛污染的净化及生长生理响应

在密封条件下,采取熏蒸法研究了常春藤、绿萝、驱蚊草对不同浓度梯度的甲醛气体胁迫的吸收能力及其生理响应。结果显示:(1)3种植物对室内甲醛气体均有不同程度的吸收能力,其吸收率随室内甲醛气体浓度的升高而逐渐增加,且吸收能力表现为常春藤>驱蚊草>绿萝。(2)与对照相比,随着室内甲醛气体胁迫浓度的增加,驱蚊草、绿萝、常春藤的叶绿素含量先升高再降低,而叶绿素a/b值的变化趋势各有不同。(3)不同浓度甲醛气体胁迫下,3种植物的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均显著升高,并以常春藤的增加量最大(分别为113.21%和120.84%),驱蚊草的增加量最小(分别为69.04%和60.76%);而3种植物的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性与对照相比显著降低,并以驱蚊草的变化量最大(49.54%),绿萝的变化量最小(14.66%)。(4)驱蚊草、绿萝、常春藤的丙二醛(MDA)含量和脯氨酸含量随着甲醛气体浓度的增加呈升高趋势。综合分析表明,3种室内植物耐受甲醛胁迫的能力存在显著差异,常春藤属于吸收多、耐性强的植物,驱蚊草属于吸收多、耐性弱的植物,而绿萝属于吸收少、耐性强的植物。     

土壤NaCl含量对榉树幼苗生理特性的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,用0～0.60% NaCl(占土壤干重)处理1年生榉树幼苗后7～35 d对其形态以及叶片渗透性调节物、抗氧化酶活性等5项生理指标的变化进行观察分析,以明确榉树在不同含量盐胁迫条件下的生理适应性.结果显示:(1)不同浓度NaCl处理对榉树幼苗存活和形态有不同的影响,低盐(0.15%)处理,植株生长正常;在0.30%、0.45%和0.60% NaCl处理下,随NaCl含量的增加和胁迫时间的延长,苗木相继出现叶缘焦枯、萎蔫直至死亡等现象,至胁迫35 d时,植株存活率分别为60%、10%和0;(2)在0.15% NaCl处理下其叶片相对电导率和脯氨酸、MDA含量、以及SOD、POD活性等生理指标与对照无显著差异,而在0.30%～0.60%处理下,叶片相对电导率、脯氨酸和MDA含量均显著升高,而SOD和POD活性则呈先升后降的趋势,且随处理时间的增加均与对照差异显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01);(3)各处理POD活性峰值出现时间晚于SOD活性的峰值,如第7天后,0.45%、0.60%处理的SOD活性均呈快速下降趋势,而POD的活性则处于逐渐上升之中,表明SOD对NaCl处理反应迅速,POD在高盐处理初期(15 d)可保持较高的水平,有助于降低膜质过氧化对细胞膜系统的损伤.研究表明,榉树幼苗能够在0.15% NaCl的土壤中正常生长,而在0.30% NaCl土壤中生长35 d时幼苗的死亡率达40%,即榉树幼苗耐受NaCl胁迫的临界浓度大约在0.15%～0.30%之间.     

The Visually Mediated Escape Response in Fish: Predicting Prey Responsiveness and the Locomotor Behaviour of Predators and Prey

The outcome of predator-prey encounters is determined by a number of factors related to the locomotor and sensory performance of the animals. Escape responses can be triggered visually, i.e. by the magnifying retinal image of an approaching object (i.e. a predator), called the looming effect, and calculated as the rate of change of the angle subtended by the predator frontal profile as seen by the prey. A threshold of looming angle (ALT, the Apparent Looming Threshold) determines the reaction distance of a startled fish, which is proportional to the attack speed of the predator and its apparent frontal profile. Optimal tactics for predator attacks as well as consideration on their functional morphology are discussed in relation to ALT. Predator optimal attack speeds depend on predator morphology as well as the prey ALT. Predictions on the scaling of ALT suggest that ALT may increase (i.e. implying a decrease in reaction distance) with prey size in cases in which predator attack speeds are high (i.e. > 4 L/s in a 1-m long predator), while it may be relatively independent of prey size when predators attack at lower speeds. The issue of scaling of ALT is discussed using examples from field and laboratory studies. While the timing of the escape is a crucial issue for avoiding being preyed upon, the direction of escape manoeuvres may also determine the success of the escape. A simple theoretical framework for optimal escape trajectories is presented here and compared with existing data on escape trajectories of fish reacting to startling stimuli.     

Response of marine microbial communities to anthropogenic stress

Marine microbial communities adapt rapidly to changingenvironmental conditions, including anthropogenicstress. Adaptation involves a wide range ofstrategies, including, (a) formation of resistant,dormant stages, (b) initiation of repair mechanisms, (c)immobilization of toxic chemicals, (d) active transportof chemicals out of the cell, (e) use of contaminantchemicals as carbon or energy sources, and (f)transformation of contaminants to less toxic or morevolatile forms.Adaptation responses are generally plasmid- orchromosomally-mediated and controlled throughinduction or derepression of a variety of biochemicalpathways. Characterization of microbial communityresponses at the molecular level provides biomarkersof contaminant exposure which in turn may be used toprovide an overall picture of ecosystem health. Thisreview will discuss the interactions betweenmicroorganisms and environmental contaminants and thepotential use of microbial biomarkers to assess thehealth of the microbial ecosystem.     

菖蒲幼苗对Cd胁迫的响应及其Cd富集能力分析

研究了菖蒲（Acorus calamus L．）幼苗对不同浓度Cd胁迫的响应及其Cd富集能力。结果表明,随Cd浓度的提高（0～25mg·L^-1）,菖蒲幼苗的株高、根长、干质量、叶绿素含量和对Cd的耐性指数均逐渐下降,脯氨酸含量逐渐升高;各处理组的SOD和POD活性均高于对照,且以15mg·L^-1Cd处理组最高。随胁迫时间延长（1—10d）,叶绿素含量持续下降,而SOD和POD活性及脯氨酸含量则先升高后下降。菖蒲幼苗体内Cd含量随Cd浓度的提高而增加,根系对Cd的富集能力高于地上部分。在Cd胁迫条件下,菖蒲幼苗对Cd的转移系数小于1,根系对Cd的滞留率为89．5％-93．9％,表明菖蒲幼苗根系对Cd有较强的滞留作用和富集能力。     

On the Nature of the Three-Phase Response of Scenedesmus quadricauda Populations to the Action of Imazalil Sulfate

Three-phase dose responses of biological systems of different levels of organization are often called paradoxical because the biological effects are clearly manifested under low- and high-intensity treatments, but are absent during moderate-strength treatments. In this work, we found anomalous changes in the cell number of a green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb. grown in the presence of the fungicide imazalil sulfate. At low imazalil concentrations (2.5 × 10^–9–2.5 × 10^–6 M), the slow increase in the cell number as compared to an untreated culture was not related to cell death. As seen by the dynamics of the population structure and cell functional characteristics (photosynthesis, thermal stability of photosynthetic membranes, etc.), the decrease in the growth rate at low concentrations of imazalil (2–10 × 10^–9 M) was due to a long-term arrest of cell division in a fraction of the cell population rather than to a decrease in the rate of division. The absence of a toxic effect or even a slight stimulation of culture growth at moderate concentrations (0.05–1.25 × 10^–6 M) was due to the resumption of cell division after a temporal cessation. At these concentrations, imazalil induced cell stress and adaptive elevation of cell tolerance to the fungicide (acclimation). Cell death was observed only at a high fungicide content in the medium (6.25 × 10^–6 and higher). Thus, the three-phase (bimodal) dose response corresponds to two regimes (steady-states) of cell functioning which differ in cell sensitivity to external stimuli. The low-sensitivity state, which is characteristic of cells that have experienced stress, is likely to be the state known as hormesis.     

Physiological responses of four herbaceous plants to aluminum stress in South China

Different plants have physiological responses under A1 stress,but there is no systematic study to examine physiological responses of herbaceous plants under Al stress.The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Al on physiological characteristics of four herbaceous plants,which distributed in red soil area in South China,and to analyze the differences in physiological responses to Al stress between the four herbaceous plants.Four herbaceous plants(Pharbitis nil,Cassia occidentlis,Echinochloa colonum and Aeschynomene indica)were used,and the seed germination percentage,the contents of chlorophyll,proline,and malondialdehyde(MDA),membrane permeability(MP),soluble sugar,and activities of peroxides(POD)and cata lase(CAT)in leaves under five Al3+ treatments(0,80,400,2000,and 10000 mg/L)were assayed with the sand culture method.The results showed remarkable effects of Al3+ on physiological characteristics of these four herbaceous plants.The seeds of all the four species could not germinate at 10000 mg/L.and the growth of all plants were retarded under the 2000 mg/LAr3+ treatment.Compared with the control,2000 mg/L Al3+ significantly(P＜0.05)reduced the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a+b,and increased the contents of MDA and MP.The content of proline in creased very significantly(P＜0.01)and activities of POD and CAT were depressed.The contents of MDA and MP in leaves of P.nil and A.indica decreased,and the activities of POD and CAT in leaves of the two plants increased under 80mg/L and 400 mg/L.However,the changes in C.occidentlis leaves were opposite to those of the above two plants.The changes in leaves of E.colonum were similar to those of P.nil and A.indica at 80 mg/L.but were opposite to those at 400mg/LAr3+.It is suggested that plants with higher activities of POD and CAT,more contents of chlorophyll and proline,and lower contents of MDA and MP consequently improve the tolerance to Al stress under low and middle Al treatments.