稀土元素对酥梨叶片氮、磷、钾及其同化能力的影响

本文报道了稀土元素对酥梨叶片中氮、磷、钾含量,叶绿素含量及其光合效率的影响。结果表明,稀土元素有效地促进树体对氮、磷、钾的吸收。其中对磷的促进作用更显著。同时,增加了叶绿素含量,提高了光合强度。从而,提高了果实产量和品质。     

稀土元素对小麦幼苗氮素吸收及其同化的影响

稀土元素浸种能够促进小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)幼苗对NO_3~-的吸收,提高硝酸还原酶活力。这些效应与稀土浓度有关,低浓度有促进作用,高浓度则有抑制作用。稀土元素处理还能促进小麦幼苗体内NO_3~-的同化还原,使硝态氮含量降低,氨基氮含量增加,促进了氮素代谢过程。     

控释氮钾肥对海棠氮、磷、钾利用率的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了控释氮钾肥对海棠实生苗生长、磷钾利用率及土壤-作物系统中氮素平衡的影响.结果表明:控释肥的释放与海棠苗对养分的需求一致;控释氮肥显著提高了植株钾素的利用率;控释钾肥显著提高了植株氮素的利用率.施钾量相同情况下,控释氮肥(CN)和控释氮钾肥(NK)的株高、茎粗无显著差异,但均高于普通肥料(SF).植株干物质量、磷的利用率、钾的吸收量和利用率大小顺序均为:NKCNSF.施钾量对株高、茎粗无明显影响,但对NK处理的干物质量有显著影响.磷素利用率随控释钾肥施用量增加而显著提高,而普通钾肥施用量对其无明显影响.钾素利用率随施钾量提高而降低.氮素利用率大小顺序为NKCNSF,损失率顺序则相反,NK和CN的残留率无显著差异,但均高于SF.控释钾肥施用量对氮素利用率、损失率有显著影响,对残留率无明显影响.     

辽东山区主要树种叶片氮、磷、钾再吸收

养分再吸收作为植物保存养分的重要机制之一,在凋落物分解和养分循环中起着重要作用。为明确辽东山区主要树种养分再吸收状况,选择4种次生林树种:蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)、色木槭(Acer mono)、胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)、花曲柳(Fraxinus rhynchophylla)和人工林落叶松(Larix spp.)为对象,测定了各树种叶片凋落前(成熟叶)后(凋落叶)全氮(N)、全磷(P)、全钾(K)浓度,并分析了养分再吸收特征。结果表明:所测树种凋落叶N、P、K浓度均显著低于成熟叶(落叶松K不显著);胡桃楸N再吸收率与蒙古栎、色木槭、花曲柳差异显著,花曲柳与蒙古栎、色木槭P再吸收率差异显著,色木槭K再吸收率与蒙古栎、胡桃楸、花曲柳差异显著(P0.05);总体上,落叶松N、P、K再吸收率低于次生林树种,尤其是P再吸收率显著低于花曲柳、K再吸收率显著低于胡桃楸和花曲柳(P0.05)。上述结果表明,落叶松通过降低养分再吸收率,提高凋落物养分输入量,对土壤养分有效性做出正反馈。     

氮、磷、钾对美洲斑潜蝇寄主选择性的影响

研究了不同浓度的氮、磷、钾营养液处理豇豆叶对美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae寄主选择性的影响,并探讨了其可能的机理和应用。     

稀土元素对谷氨酸发酵的影响

通过对谷氨酸发酵培养基中添加稀土元素的研究,确定了几种能对发酵产酸有提高作用的稀土元素及其浓度,其中La^3 、Ce^4 、Nd^3 离子浓度分别为100mg/L、10mg/L、1mg／L时能提高产酸水平,而Sm^3 、Y^3 离子对发酵基本上没有影响。     

稀土元素对红霉素发酵的影响

通过对红霉素发酵培养基中添加稀土元素的研究,确定了几种能对发酵效价有提高作用的稀土元素及其浓度,当其中镧La^3＋、钕Nd^3＋和铈Ce^4＋离子浓度分别为50mg／L、50mg/L和100mg／L时对提高红霉素效价水平最显著,提高了32％、25％和25％,并且对改善红霉素组分也有明显作用,红霉素A组分相对百分含量分别提高18．9％、32．7％和34．4％,红霉素B组分分别减少24．1％、58．6％和62．1％。     

不同磷浓度对丛枝菌根真菌吸收同化外源氮能力的影响

以高粱（ Sorghum bicolor）为宿主植物,丛枝菌根（ arbuscular mycrohiza,AM）真菌根内球囊霉（ Glomous intraradices）为接种菌剂,三室隔离培养盒为培养容器,通过在菌丝室添加不同浓度梯度磷素及外源氮NH4 NO3、Gln,研究磷浓度对AM真菌同化吸收不同外源氮能力的影响。实验结果显示：AM真菌能够侵染于高粱植物根系,但菌根侵染率差异不显著;在高磷浓度下孢子数量显著高于低磷浓度下孢子数量;菌丝室内根外菌丝（ ERM）干重在低磷浓度下含量最高,且以Gln为外源氮时含量比不加氮源和NH4 NO3为氮源时高;低磷浓度促使高粱地上茎叶和地下菌根干重显著提高,叶绿素含量在不同处理下没有显著差异。茎叶总氮含量均在以NH4 NO3为外源氮时最高,不同磷浓度下其总氮含量为P30＆gt;P120＆gt;P0＆gt;P60,菌根精氨酸含量在Gln为外源氮时含量比其他氮源下高,且在低磷（P30）浓度下含量最高。研究表明AM真菌对于吸收同化外源氮的能力与其生长环境中磷浓度高低有关,在低磷浓度下更利于AM真菌根外菌丝同化吸收外源氮,且对NH4＋形式氮源吸收能力最强。     

稀土元素对甜菜种子萌发、幼苗生长及块根产量的影响

本文研究了稀土元素对甜菜的生物效应。结果表明,稀土元素可显著地提高种子萌发率,促进幼苗生长,增加幼苗根系活力、叶片净光合速率与块根产量,并明显地降低了甜菜叶片细胞膜在低温下的透性,即提高了叶片的抗寒力。     

增施控释复合肥对烤烟叶片生理特性和氮、磷、钾含量的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了施用控释复合肥对烤烟叶片生理特性和氮、磷、钾含量的影响。结果表明:增加控释复合肥的用量能显著提高烤烟叶片生育期的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素(团棵-打顶期)、抗坏血酸(ASA)含量(旺长-成熟期)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(团棵-打顶期)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性(旺长-成熟期),同时,烤烟叶片氮、磷、钾含量也呈现上升趋势;相反,增施控释复合肥显著降低了烤烟叶片类胡萝卜素(成熟期)、丙二醛(MDA)、抗坏血酸(团棵期)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量(团棵-旺长期)和超氧阴离子自由基(O2·-)产生速率;增施控释复合肥不仅能提高烤烟的抗氧化能力,还能促进对氮、磷、钾营养元素的积累。     

稀土元囊对小麦幼苗氮素吸收及同化的影响

稀土元素浸种能够促进小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)幼苗对No3-的吸收,提高硝酸还原酶活力。这些效应与稀土浓度有关,低浓度有促进作用,高浓度则有抑制作用。稀土元素处理还能促进小麦幼苗体内No3-的同化还原,使硝态氮含量降低,氨基氮含量增加,促进了氮素代谢过程。     

稀土多元复合肥和三种稀土元素的遗传毒性研究

采用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术,研究市售稀土多元复合肥和稀土元素镧、铈、铒的化合物对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传毒性和细胞毒性。结果表明,稀土复合肥和三种稀土元素均可诱发微核效应,在一定浓度下可损伤细胞,影响根尖的正常生长,其中稀土复合肥的微核效应表现出明显的剂量-效应关系。稀土复合肥和稀土元素镧、铈、铒的化合物对蚕豆根尖细胞具有一定的遗传毒性作用和细胞毒性作用,在施用稀土微肥和使用稀土制品时应引起重视。 Abstract：This paper presents the study of genetic toxicity and cell toxicity that is give n by rare earth multi-element compound fertilizer and a chemical compound of rar e earth elements-La3＋、Ce4＋、Er3＋ in root tip cells of Vicia faba.The technique used is micronucleus in root tip cells of Vicia faba.The experiment statistical result shows that both the rare earth compound fertilizer and the three kinds of rare earth elements can cause micronucleus ef fect and under certain concentration,they can hurt cells, affect root tip gro wth .The micronucleus effect of the rare earth compound fertilizer shows a clear relation of dosage-effect. The conclusion is that rare earth compound fertilize r and the chemical compound of rare earth elements La3＋、Ce4＋、E r3＋cause certain genetic toxicity and cell toxicity effect to root tip cells of Vicia faba.Therefore a close attention should be paid when the rar e earth multi-fertilizer and other things made by rare earth are used.     

Uptake and Effects of Six Rare Earth Elements (REEs) on Selected Native and Crop Species Growing in Contaminated Soils

Rare earth elements (REEs) have become increasingly important metals used in modern technology. Processes including mining, oil refining, discarding of obsolete equipment containing REEs, and the use of REE-containing phosphate fertilizers may increase the likelihood of environmental contamination. However, there is a scarcity of information on the toxicity and accumulation of these metals to terrestrial primary producers in contaminated soils. The objective of this work was to assess the phytotoxicity and uptake from contaminated soil of six REEs (chloride forms of praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, terbium, dysprosium, and erbium) on three native plants (Asclepias syriaca L., Desmodium canadense (L.) DC., Panicum virgatum L.) and two crop species (Raphanus sativus L., Solanum lycopersicum L.) in separate dose-response experiments under growth chamber conditions. Limited effects of REEs were found on seed germination and speed of germination. Effects on aboveground and belowground biomass were more pronounced, especially for the three native species, which were always more sensitive than the crop species tested. Inhibition concentrations (IC25 and IC50) causing 25 or 50% reductions in plant biomass respectively, were measured. For the native species, the majority of aboveground biomass IC25s (11 out of 18) fell within 100 to 300 mg REE/kg dry soil. In comparison to the native species, IC25s for the crops were always greater than 400 mg REE/kg, with the majority of results (seven out of 12) falling above 700 mg REE/kg. IC50s were often not detected for the crops. Root biomass of native species was also affected at lower doses than in crops. REE uptake by plants was higher in the belowground parts than in the above-ground plant tissues. Results also revealed that chloride may have contributed to the sensitivity of the native species, Desmodium canadense, one of the most sensitive species studied. Nevertheless, these results demonstrated that phytotoxicity may be a concern in contaminated areas.     

氮、磷、钾肥和土壤水分对烟草烤后叶中类胡萝卜素含量的影响

在每盆施用0-8g纯氮、0—12gP2O5、0—12g K2O的肥料范围内,随着氮、磷、钾肥用量的增加,烤后烟叶中类胡萝卜素含量增加。每盆施钾量超过12gK2O时,再施钾肥对增加烤后烟叶中类胡萝卜素含量的效果不显著。随着土壤相对含水量的提高,类胡萝卜素总量表现为先增加后减少的趋势。70％左右的土壤相对含水量的烟叶中类胡萝卜素含量最高。     

Occurrence and Latent Infection of Alternaria Rot of Pingguoli Pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Pingguoli) Fruits in Gansu, China

Alternaria rot of Pingguoli pear occurred after latent infection. Fruit surfaces were asymptomatic within 60 days storage under cold condition (0°C, RH 85–90%), but black‐grey hyphae could be seen in the lenticels or calyx tube of Pingguoli pear after 90 days of storage. The tissue collapsed and resulted in visible black spots as the hyphae spread over the fruit. Average incidence of Alternaria rot of fruits from an orchard in Gansu was 28.86% at 100 days of storage. The main fungus isolated from the Alternaria rot on stored Pingguoli pear was identified as Alternaria alternata (Fr. : Fr.) Keissl. This pathogen was able to initially infect the fruit via two pathways during the growing season, and then remain in a latent state. The fungus first colonized the styles at the full‐blossoming stage, and then grew into the carpel cavities progressively after 50 days from petal fall. The percentage latent infection of A. alternata was up to 45% in the carpel cavity until the harvest time. The fungus also attacked fruit surfaces and remained latent in the fruit peel during fruit development. The percentage of A. alternata latent infection at the calyx end, middle part and stem end of the fruit peel was 40%, 24% and 42.8%, respectively, at harvest time.     

Effects of Rare Earth Elements on the Growth of Arnebia euchroma Cells and the Biosynthesis of Shikonin

Nd³⁺, La³⁺ and Ce³⁺ at proper concentrations had positive effects on the cell growth of Arnebia euchroma and production of shikonin derivatives. A mixture of rare earth elements (MRE, La₂O₃:CeO₂:Pr₆O₁₁: Sm₂O₃ = 255:175:3:1, mol/mol) behaved the most remarkable effects. Two-stage culture was used for the cell proliferation and the biosynthesis of shikonin derivatives. After 20 days culture, 0.05 mM MRE gave the highest cell biomass (24.8 g dry weight l⁻¹), which was 98.0% higher than that without rare earth elements. Similarly, when 0.05 mM MRE was added to the biosynthesis medium, the highest content (8.9% dry weight) and production (571.1 mg l⁻¹) of shikonin derivatives were obtained, which were 89.4% and 165.3% higher than those without rare earth elements, respectively. The increase of the cell biomass and shikonin derivatives may due to increasing the activities of peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase caused by the addition of the rare earth elements.     

茶园土壤类型对铁观音茶叶稀土元素分布和组成的影响

为探明铁观音茶的质量安全状况,追溯隐患来源,对福建安溪县不同土壤茶园的铁观音茶叶进行稀土元素的分布、组成、迁移和富集能力进行研究。结果表明,安溪县红壤、黄红壤、黄壤茶园稀土组成均以镧、铈、钕、钇为主,但具体组成特征各异。3种类型土壤茶园铁观音茶叶片、叶柄稀土元素组成均以钇、镧、铈、钕4种元素为主,且含量均以第3叶第2叶第1叶叶柄。同种土壤类型茶园铁观音茶树不同部位叶片的稀土元素组成特征类似,但叶与叶柄对稀土元素的吸收能力不同。土壤类型对茶叶稀土元素的累积有显著影响,黄红壤茶园的茶叶稀土元素含量要显著低于红壤、黄壤茶园的(P0.05)。土壤与茶叶中稀土元素组成的相关系数为0.886～0.985,P 0.001,表明二者稀土元素组成密切相关。因此,铁观音茶叶中稀土元素累积、分布与茶园土壤类型有显著相关性。     

鸭梨PbHCT3基因的克隆及表达分析

羟基肉桂酰CoA:莽草酸/奎宁酸羟基肉桂酰转移酶(HCT)是植物绿原酸合成的关键酶之一.该研究以鸭梨为材料,采用同源基因克隆的方法,克隆出一个鸭梨的HCT基因,命名为PbHCT3.PbHCT3基因cDNA全长序列为1 731bp,基因编码序列长度为1 317bp,编码438个氨基酸,含有酰基转移酶的2个保守序列HHAAD和DFGWG及保守结构域MVVNVTVRES.实时荧光定量PCR分析表明:PbHCT3基因在幼果果皮、果肉、果心、幼叶及花蕾期花瓣中的表达量较高.随着鸭梨果实生长,果实中PbHCT3基因表达量逐渐降低.研究表明,PbHCT3基因与鸭梨幼嫩组织的生长发育有密切关系.     

河北鸭梨病果上链格孢分离系的形态及分子特性研究

A total of 123 Alternaria isolates were obtained from roting fruits of Pyrus bretschneideri "Ya Li" collected in Hebei Province, China. The isolates, according to morphological characteristics of conidia and sporulation patterns, were segregated into four groups: A. alternata group, A. tenuissima group, A. yaliinficiens group and Alternaria sp. group. Molecular characteristics of part of the isolates were determined using random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD) analysis. Based on cluster analysis of RAPD data, large-and small-spored Alternaria spp. were evidently distinguished, and the small-spored species can form five clusters that fundamentally paralleled the morphological groupings.