crgA调控三孢布拉霉合成类胡萝卜素

【目的】探究crgA基因在三孢布拉霉合成类胡萝卜素过程中的调控作用。【方法】克隆三孢布拉霉crgA基因并利用split-marker策略敲除该基因;在表型特征、关键酶基因转录水平、类胡萝卜素合成水平等方面将基因敲除株与野生株进行比较分析。【结果】与野生型菌株相比,crgA基因敲除菌产孢能力明显下降,而类胡萝卜素合成途径中的关键酶基因转录水平明显提高,在发酵120h后β-胡萝卜素的积累量提高了31.2%。将crgA基因重新导入到敲除菌后,该菌的性状恢复至野生型。【结论】crgA基因调控三孢布拉霉的生长和产孢能力,并通过调控类胡萝卜素关键酶基因表达来调控类胡萝卜素的合成,是一个负调控因子。     

甘蔗ScMOC1基因启动子的克隆与瞬时表达分析

MOC1属于植物特有的GRAS家族蛋白基因,是调控植物腋芽形成发育的关键基因。启动子对基因转录效率起直接调控作用,其功能分析可以精确定位基因的表达部位、发育阶段和调控机制,克隆甘蔗腋芽形成发育关键基因ScMOC1的启动子序列,研究其功能对该基因表达调控机制具有重要意义。本研究以我国主栽甘蔗品种新台糖22号(ROC22)的基因组DNA为模板,通过基因组步移和巢式PCR技术克隆到ScMOC1起始密码子ATG上游1874 bp的启动子序列。PlantCARE在线分析预测表明,该序列包含多个真核生物启动子必需的核心元件TATA-box、CAAT-box以及与光响应、激素响应和分生组织表达等相关的顺式作用元件,推测ScMOC1启动子可通过激素诱导调控ScMOC1表达,且该启动子可能通过分生组织表达顺式调控元件CAT-box参与ScMOC1对甘蔗分蘖的调控。将获得的启动子序列替换pBI121质粒中的CaMV35S启动子驱动下游GUS基因表达进行活性分析,结果表明:本研究克隆的启动子片段能驱动GUS基因在甘蔗嫩叶中瞬时表达。5′缺失分析表明该启动子的基础启动子序列在起始密码子ATG上游350～500 bp之间。该结果为后续ScMOC1的调控机制研究奠定了良好的基础。     

白木香AsFPS1启动子的克隆及功能的初步分析

本研究利用白木香(Aquilaria sinensis)同属植物Aquilaria agallocha的基因组数据,获得一条具有与白木香法呢基焦磷酸合酶基因(AsFPS1)相似性极高的基因序列,并克隆了该基因的起始密码子(ATG)上游1 226 bp处的启动子序列。该序列中AT含量为63.03%,与启动子特征相符。预测的转录起始位点位于起始密码子ATG上游73 bp处,除了具有CAAT-BOX和TATA-BOX等真核生物启动子核心元件外,还存在ARE,Box I,G-Box,ACE等厌氧诱导顺式作用元件和光应答元件。该序列能够驱动GUS的表达,具有启动子的活性,茉莉酸甲酯和赤霉素两种激素处理可显著地增强该启动子活性。本实验为进一步研究AsFPS1基因的表达及调控机制研究提供了一定的理论依据。     

大豆脂肪氧化酶-3基因(Lox3)启动子的克隆及其瞬时表达分析

利用PCR技术从大豆基因组DNA中分离脂肪氧化酶-3基因启动子片段Lox3p。PLACE在线启动子预测工具分析表明:序列中含有多种典型的种子及胚特异性表达元件。将克隆得到的Lox3p片段替换pCAMBIA1301中的CaMV35S启动子,构建表达载体pCAM-Lox3p。通过农杆菌介导法在大豆种子中进行瞬时表达,GUS组织化学染色及荧光测定都显示出Lox3p驱动GUS基因表达的强度高于CaMV35S启动子。结果表明,该Lox3p启动子片段具备一定的胚特异表达特性,为探明大豆脂肪氧化酶-3基因启动子胚特异表达调控序列及其调控机制的研究奠定基础。     

盐穗木盐相关转录因子HcSCL13基因启动子的克隆及活性初步分析

为探明盐穗木盐相关转录因子基因Hc SCL13的表达调控规律,利用基因组步移法成功克隆获得该基因2 200 bp的启动子序列。Plant CARE数据库分析结果表明,该启动子不仅含有启动子区的核心元件CAAT-box和TATA-box,还包含多个与逆境应答有关的顺式调控元件。将克隆获得的Hc SCL13转录因子基因启动子序列定向替换p BI121载体上的35S启动子,构建融合表达载体并转染模式植物拟南芥,对转基因拟南芥进行GUS组织化学染色。结果显示转基因拟南芥整株被染色,提示该启动子具有表达活性且可能为组成型启动子。     

玉米逆境诱导型启动子克隆及其植物表达载体构建

设计特异引物,利用PCR方法从玉米(Zea mays)基因组DNA中克隆低温和盐相应蛋白(low temperature andsalt responsive protein,LS)基因上游1 735 bp,命名为Lsp。利用在线启动子预测工具PlantCARE分析表明,序列中含有TATA-box和CAAT-box等核心元件,还包含各种胁迫响应元件。以植物表达载体pCAMBIA1301为基础,将克隆得到的启动子片段与GUS报告基因融合构建了重组表达载体pCAM-Lsp,并用反复冻融法将其导入农杆菌EHA105,通过农杆菌介导法转化烟草,GUS组织化学染色显示出Lsp驱动GUS基因表达。结果表明,该Lsp启动子片段具备一定的启动活性,为探明玉米逆境胁迫启动子表达调控序列及其调控机制的研究奠定基础。     

大肠杆菌yigP基因转录调控序列的鉴定

【目的】调查yigP基因启动子的活性,并对该转录调控序列进行分析。【方法】以lacZ为报告基因,克隆启动子片段至启动子探针质粒中,通过检测β-半乳糖苷酶活性判断启动子活性,并通过克隆一系列逐步缩短的启动子片段来确定启动子所在区域。利用定点突变技术,对启动子的重要序列进行定点突变,调查其对启动子活性的影响。【结果】确定了yigP基因启动子的区域,鉴定了启动子的-10区和-35区,并发现了启动子上游存在一个负调控序列,对该序列进行了初步的研究显示其中部分序列是这种负调控作用的核心序列。【结论】对yigP基因的转录调控序列进行了鉴定,丰富了我们对基因转录调控的认识。     

毛白杨PtLFY基因启动子的克隆及其瞬时表达分析

为了研究毛白杨LEAFY同源基因PtLFY的表达调控规律,利用PCR技术从毛白杨基因组DNA中克隆出PtLFY基因上游一段1575 bp的序列。经PLACE、PlantCARE在线软件分析表明,该序列含有TATA-BOX、CAAT-BOX等启动子基本元件,另外,还包含干旱诱导的MYB结合位点、脱落酸(ABA)响应元件、光响应元件等其他一些调控序列。因此,PtLFY的表达可能受干旱、ABA、光照等因子的调控。利用FootPrinter在线软件对毛白杨等6个物种的LFY同源基因启动子进行比对,发现不同物种的启动子相对保守,但也存在差异,说明LFY基因在功能上具有相似性,但存在一定差异。在序列分析的基础上,构建由PtLFY启动子驱动GUS报告基因的植物表达载体,命名为PtLFYp1304。通过农杆菌介导的方法转化烟草,对该启动子进行瞬时表达研究,结果表明PtLFY启动子可以驱动GUS基因在烟草根、茎、叶和花器官中表达,但在根、茎、叶中仅微弱表达,表达强度明显低于CaMV35S启动子,而在花萼和雄蕊中表达强烈。     

普通野生稻绿色组织特异表达启动子的克隆与鉴定

绿色组织特异表达启动子可调控外源基因只在受体作物的绿色组织中定点、高效地表达。以普通野生稻为实验材料,克隆了绿色组织特异表达启动子Or GSP,构建Or GSP和GUS基因融合的表达载体,转入拟南芥中鉴定功能。启动子Or GSP长度为825 bp,含有基本的转录起始元件TATA-box和CAAT-box,以及光响应元件TCCC-motif、Sp1、G-box、I-box、GA-motif和as-2-box等。转基因拟南芥GUS组织化学染色结果表明,启动子Or GSP调控GUS基因只在绿色组织中特异表达。GUS活性测定结果显示,叶和茎中的GUS活性比根中明显提高。普通野生稻中克隆的启动子Or GSP为绿色组织特异表达启动子,可为作物分子育种提供新的调控元件。     

番木瓜proteinase omega基因启动子的克隆及功能初步研究

采用PCR技术从番木瓜基因组中克隆了proteinase omega基因的部分序列及其5′侧翼序列。序列分析表明,克隆到的基因序列与GenBank中的序列同源性为96%,长1039bp的5′端侧翼序列在GenBank数据库中没有同源片段。预测5′端侧翼序列有两处基础启动子区域,转录起始位点(TSS)分别为是A,T。在基础启动子区域都存在TATA-box,上游发现多处CAAT-box,G-box,I-box等顺式作用元件和AT富含区。构建了植物表达载体并用基因枪轰击番木瓜的叶组织,GUS基因瞬间表达结果表明,该长1039bp的5′端侧翼序列具有驱动GUS基因在乳管中表达的功能。该启动子的发现对进一步研究启动子的功能和开发番木瓜作为生物反应器具有重要意义。     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

Evolutionary relationships among aquatic anamorphs and teleomorphs: Lemonniera, Margaritispora, and Goniopila

The hypothesis that similar conidial morphologies in aquatic hyphomycetes are a result of convergent evolution was tested using molecular sequence data. Cladistic analyses were performed on partial sequences of 28S rDNA of seven species of Lemonniera, one species of Margaritispora and one species of Goniopila. Lemonniera has tetraradiate conidia with long arms, whereas Margaritispora and Goniopila have typically globose (isodiametric) conidia, with short conical protuberances in a stellate or quadrangular arrangement. Lemonniera and Margaritispora have phialidic conidiogenesis and both produce dark, minute sclerotia in culture whereas Goniopila has holoblastic conidiogenesis and does not produce sclerotia in culture. Goniopila produces a microconidial phialidic synanamorph in culture. All three genera have schizolytic conidial secession. Molecular analyses demonstrate that Lemonniera species are placed in two distinct clades: one within Leotiomycetes; the other within Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes. Margaritispora is placed with Lemonniera species within Leotiomycetes. Goniopila and Lemonniera pseudofloscula are placed within Dothideomycetes. No morphological character was entirely congruent with the molecular derived phylogeny. This suggests that for the group of species studied, conidial shape is not a reliable indicator of phylogeny but more likely the result of convergent evolution in response to the aquatic environment.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

The phylogenetic placement of the Leucogastrales, including Mycolevis siccigleba (Cribbeaceae), in the Albatrellaceae using morphological and molecular data

The morphology of many hypogeous fungi converges on a homogeneous reduced form, suggesting that disparate lineages are subject to a uniform selection pressure. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the morphology and infer the phylogeny of the Leucogastrales with Mycolevis siccigleba using a Bayesian methodology. A comprehensive morphological assessment was used for an a priori phylogenetic inference to guide the sequencing effort. All structures except spore ornamentation pointed to the Albatrellaceae as the most likely sister taxon. Polyporoletus sublividus, a close relative of Albatrellus, produces ornamented basidiospores with a similar structure to M. siccigleba basidiospores. The ITS from 30 taxa was used for the molecular phylogenetic analysis. P. sublividus was found sister to Mycolevis. Leucophleps spinispora and L. magnata formed a group sister to the Polyporoletus/Mycolevis group, whereas Leucogaster was polyphyletic with respect to the core of the Leucogastrales and sister to A. caeruleoporus. This relationship was expected as previously undescribed chlamydospores produced by members of Albatrellus had a similar morphology to the basidiospores of L. rubescens.     

甘菊ClHSP70与ClHSP90基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以甘菊(Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium)为实验材料,通过RT-PCR方法从甘菊转录组数据中分离出热激蛋白合成相关基因,命名为ClHSP70和ClHSP90。序列分析表明,ClHSP70基因ORF全长为2 559bp,编码852个氨基酸,蛋白功能区预测表明含有典型的HSP70蛋白NBD和SBD保守结构域;ClHSP90基因ORF全长为2 094bp,编码697个氨基酸,含有HATPase结构域和HSP90保守结构域。生物信息学分析表明,甘菊ClHSP70与大豆(Glycine max)和烟草(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)HSP70蛋白有较高的一致性,ClHSP90基因编码的氨基酸序列与紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)HSP90高度相似;实时荧光定量表达分析表明,在42℃处理不同时间,甘菊叶片中ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因表达均在0.5h时显著增加,1h达到最大值,2h后缓慢下降;不同组织表达分析表明,甘菊在42℃处理1h后,ClHSP70在成熟叶中的表达量显著高于嫩叶和根等其他组织;ClHSP90在成熟茎中的表达量最高。研究说明,ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因具有热激蛋白特征,参与了甘菊热胁迫应答过程,该研究结果为以后深入研究其基因功能奠定了基础。     

Molecular and morphological characterization of Leveillula (Ascomycota: Erysiphales) on monocotyledonous plants

Leveillula on monocotyledonous plants have been recorded as L. taurica by several authors, whereas the fungus on Allium has been described as an independent species, namely L. allii, by some authors. We sequenced ca 600 bp of the rDNA ITS region for two Leveillula specimens from Allium and Polianthes (both from monocotyledons) and compared them with several already published sequences from Leveillula isolates from dicotyledons. Pair-wise percentages of sequence divergences were calculated for all Leveillula isolates. The ITS sequence of the Polianthes isolate was identical to L. taurica on Helianthus and Vicia. The sequence of the Allium isolate was 99.5 % identical to L. taurica on Euphorbia, Haplophylum, Peganum, etc. These results suggest close relationships between monocot and dicot pathogenic Leveillula species. The identity between two monocot isolates was 98.4 %. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two monocot isolates do not group into a clade together. This result suggests that Leveillula acquired parasitism to monocots at least twice independently.     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

A polysaccharide from Lichina pygmaea and L. confinis supports the recognition of Lichinomycetes

The lichen-forming order Lichinales, generally characterized by prototunicate asci and the development of thalli with cyanobacteria, has recently been recognized as a separate class of ascomycetes, Lichinomycetes, as a result of molecular phylogenetic studies. As alkali and water-soluble (F1SS) polysaccharides reflect phylogeny in other ascomycetes, a polysaccharide from Lichina pygmaea and L. confinis was purified and characterized to investigate whether these F1SS compounds in the Lichinomycetes were distinctive. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and chemical analyses revealed this as a galactomannan comprising a repeating unit consisting of an α-(1→6)-mannan backbone, mainly substituted by single α-galactofuranose residues at the O-2- or the O-2,4- positions linked to a small mannan core. With the exception of the trisubstituted mannopyranose residues previously described in polysaccharides from other lichens belonging to orders now placed in Lecanoromycetes, the structure of this galactomannan most closely resembles those found in several members of the Onygenales in Eurotiomycetes. Our polysaccharide data support molecular studies showing that Lichina species are remote from Lecanoromycetes as the galactofuranose residues are in the α-configuration. That the Lichinomycetes were part of an ancestral lichenized group can not be established from the present data because the extracted polysaccharide does not have the galactofuranose residue in the β configuration; however, the data does suggest that an ancestor of the Lichinomycetes contained a mannan and was part of an early radiation in the ascomycetes.