Ways to measure body temperature in the field

Body temperature (T_b) represents one of the key parameters in ecophysiological studies with focus on energy saving strategies. In this study we therefore comparatively evaluated the usefulness of two types of temperature-sensitive passive transponders (LifeChips and IPTT-300) and one data logger (iButton, DS1922L) mounted onto a collar to measure T_b in the field. First we tested the accuracy of all three devices in a water bath with water temperature ranging from 0 to 40 °C. Second, we evaluated the usefulness of the LifeChips and the modified iButtons for measuring T_b of small heterothermic mammals under field conditions. For this work we subcutaneously implanted 14 male edible dormice (Glis glis) with transponders, and equipped another 14 males with data loggers to simultaneously record T_b and oxygen consumption with a portable oxygen analyzer (Oxbox). In one individual we recorded T_b with both devices and analyzed recorded T_b patterns.LifeChips are able to measure temperature within the smallest range from 25 to 40 °C with an accuracy of 0.07±0.12 °C. IPTT-300 transponders measured temperature between 10 and 40 °C, but accuracy decreased considerably at values below 30 °C, with maximal deviations of nearly 7 °C. An individual calibration of each transponder is therefore needed, before using it at low T_bs. The accuracy of the data logger was comparatively good (0.12±0.25 °C) and stable over the whole temperature range tested (0–40 °C). In all three devices, the repeatability of measurements was high.LifeChip transponders as well as modified iButtons measured T_b reliably under field conditions. Simultaneous T_b-recordings in one edible dormouse with an implanted LifeChip and a collar-mounted iButton revealed that values of both measurements were closely correlated. Taken together, we conclude that implanted temperature-sensitive transponders represent an appropriate and largely non-invasive method to measure T_b also under field conditions.     

New palaeoanthropological research in the Plio-Pleistocene Omo Group,Lower Omo Valley,SNNPR (Southern Nations,Nationalities and People Regions), Ethiopia

Through previous works in the early 1930s by C. Arambourg and in the 1960–1970s by the International Omo Research Expedition (IORE) initiated by F. C. Howell, the Omo Group deposits of the Lower Omo Valley provided decisive data on Plio-Pleistocene environmental change and hominid evolution in eastern Africa. Y. Coppens directed the IORE French component with Arambourg, then alone from 1970 to 1976. After 30-year hiatus, the Omo Group Research Expedition reinitiated field work on Shungura Formation deposits aged between 3 Ma and 2 Ma. In 2006 and 2007, renewed methods led to the collection of more than 600 vertebrate specimens with a particularly precise record of contextual data. These specimens include significant hominid remains dated to 2.5 Ma and slightly older. Changes in faunal distributions were also recorded. Additionally, the Shungura Formation archaeological record is reconsidered. These first results are indicative of future advances in the study of biodiversity evolution and its relationship with global and regional environmental changes.     

Can digital image classification be used as a standardised method for surveying peatland vegetation cover?

The ability to carry out systematic, accurate and repeatable vegetation surveys is an essential part of long-term scientific studies into ecosystem biodiversity and functioning. However, current widely used traditional survey techniques such as destructive harvests, pin frame quadrats and visual cover estimates can be very time consuming and are prone to subjective variations. We investigated the use of digital image techniques as an alternative way of recording vegetation cover to plant functional type level on a peatland ecosystem. Using an established plant manipulation experimental site at Moor House NNR (an Environmental Change Network site), we compared visual cover estimates of peatland vegetation with cover estimates using digital image classification methods, from 0.5 m × 0.5 m field plots. Our results show that digital image classification of photographs taken with a standard digital camera can be used successfully to estimate dwarf-shrub and graminoid vegetation cover at a comparable level to field visual cover estimates, although the methods were less effective for lower plants such as mosses and lichens. Our study illustrates the novel application of digital image techniques to provide a new way of measuring and monitoring peatland vegetation to the plant functional group level, which is less vulnerable to surveyor bias than are visual field surveys. Furthermore, as such digital techniques are highly repeatable, we suggest that they have potential for use in long-term monitoring studies, at both plot and landscape scales.     

Scaling-up of a B-phycoerythrin production and purification bioprocess involving aqueous two-phase systems: Practical experiences

One of the most attractive segments in food and cosmetic industries is that of natural pigments. Since some synthetic pigments have been reported to be hazardous for humans, natural pigments obtained through biotechnological processes represent an attractive alternative. Our research group has previously worked on the development of an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS)-based prototype process for the recovery of B-phycoerythrin (BPE), a natural high-value pigment obtained from Porphyridium cruentum. Detailed studies describing the scaling up of ATPS processes from bench scale to pilot plant facilities are not common. In this paper experiences derived from the scale-up of a previously developed process for production and recovery of highly purified (purity defined as the absorbance ratio A₅₄₅/A₂₈₀ > 4) BPE are described, where a scale-up factor of 850× was implemented. Characterization of cell disruption with a pilot-scale bead mill allowed efficient BPE release at 2900 rpm, 10% (w/v) sample load, 60% (v/v) bead load and 0.5 mm glass beads and 22 min of residence time with a yield of 1.35 mg BPE/g of wet biomass. BPE was recovered and purified using a strategy comprising isoelectric precipitation, aqueous two-phase fractionation and ultrafiltration. A 54% global BPE recovery yield, with final purity of 4.1, was achieved under optimal process conditions. Considering total costs for raw materials and energy expenditures for one batch, it was determined that the production cost of BPE was of $1.17 USD/mg, which is underneath the commercial price of a BPE standard (>$30 USD/mg).     

Effect of patient positioning on carbon-ion therapy planned dose distribution to pancreatic tumors and organs at risk

PurposePancreatic tumor treatment dose distribution variations associated with supine and prone patient positioning were evaluated.MethodsA total of 33 patients with pancreatic tumors who underwent CT in the supine and prone positions were analyzed retrospectively. Gross tumor volume (GTV), planning target volume (PTV), and organs at risk (OARs) (duodenum and stomach) were contoured. The prescribed dose of 55.2 Gy (RBE) was planned from four beam angles (0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°). Patient collimator and compensating boli were designed for each field. Dose distributions were calculated for each field in the supine and prone positions. To improve dose distribution, patient positioning was selected from supine or prone for each beam field.ResultsCompared with conventional beam angle and patient positioning, D2cc of 1st-2nd portion of duodenum (D1-D2), 3rd-4th portion of duodenum (D3-D4), and stomach could be reduced to a maximum of 6.4 Gy (RBE), 3.5 Gy (RBE), and 4.5 Gy (RBE) by selection of patient positioning. V10 of D1-D2, D3-D4, and stomach could be reduced to a maximum of 7.2 cc, 11.3 cc, and 11.5 cc, respectively. D95 of GTV and PTV were improved to a maximum of 6.9% and 3.7% of the prescribed dose, respectively.ConclusionsOptimization of patient positioning for each beam angle in treatment planning has the potential to reduce OARs dose maintaining tumor dose in pancreatic treatment.     

Comparison of quadrant-specific breast cancer incidence trends in the United States and England between 1975 and 2013

BackgroundUK breast cancer incidence rates suggest that upper outer quadrant (UOQ) cancers have risen disproportionately compared with other areas over time. We aimed to provide a comparison of the trend in quadrant-specific breast cancer incidence between the United States (US) and England, and determine whether a disproportionate UOQ increase is present.MethodsSurveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cancer registry data were obtained on 630,007 female breast cancers from 1975 to 2013. English cancer registry data were obtained on 1,121,134 female breast cancers from 1979 to 2013. Temporal incidence changes were analysed using negative binomial regression. Interaction terms determined whether incidence changes were similar between sites.ResultsEnglish breast cancer incidence in the UOQ rose significantly from 13% to 28% from 1979 to 2013 whereas no significant increase was observed among SEER data. The significant interaction between quadrant and year of diagnosis (p < 0.001) in both SEER and English data indicates that breast cancer incidence in each quadrant changed at a different rate. Incidence in the UOQ rose disproportionately compared to the nipple (SEER IRR = 0.81, p < 0.001; England IRR = 0.78, p < 0.001) and axillary tail (SEER IRR = 0.87, p = 0.018; England IRR = 0.69, p < 0.001) in both SEER and England. In addition, incidence rose disproportionately in the UOQ compared to non-site-specific tumours in England (Overlapping lesions IRR = 0.81, p = 0.002; NOS IRR = 0.78, p < 0.001). The proportion of non-site-specific tumours was substantially higher in England than SEER throughout the study period (62% in England; 39% in SEER).ConclusionsBreast cancer incidence in the UOQ increased disproportionately compared to non-site-specific tumours in England but not in SEER, likely due to the decrease in non-site-specific tumours observed in England over time. There may be real differences in incidence between the two countries, possibly due to differences in aetiology, but is much more likely to be an artefact of changing data collection methods and improvements in site coding in either country.     

Evaluation of different commercial feeds on grow-out silver black porgy,Sparidentex hasta (Valenciennes), for optimum growth performance,fillet quality,and cost of production

The objective of the study was to find a cost-effective feed from three commercial feeds, namely, Arasco (Saudi Arabia), Skretting (Turkey), and Biomar (Greece) for commercially producing silver black porgy (sobaity bream), Sparidentex hasta in Kuwait. For confidentiality, these feeds were randomly given code names, diets 1, 2, and 3, which were known only to the investigating staffs. The trash fish (diet 4) was used as the control. The experiment was conducted for 28 wk with grow-out sobaity bream (210.0 ± 0.51 g) using a flow-through system consisting of twelve 1-m³ tanks. There were three replicates for each treatment. Fish were fed two times daily at satiation level. The results showed that fish fed diet 2 resulted in significantly (P > 0.05) better growth performance, feed utilization, and higher fillet eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content compared to other diets. A comparison of fillet quality of cultured and wild sobaity bream showed no significant (P > 0.05) difference between sensory attributes, except that of ‘flavor’ in cooked fillets of wild sobaity bream. A simple economic analysis showed that the cost per kilogram of fish production was significantly (P > 0.05) the lowest in diet 2 (USD4.13), followed by diet 1 (USD5.70), diet 4 (USD6.33), and diet 3 (USD6.92). Thus, based on growth performance, feed utilization, cost of production, and nutritional quality of fillet, it is concluded that diet 2 may be recommended for commercial culture of sobaity bream in Kuwait. However, future research should focus on how to improve fillet quality of the cultured fish at par with wild fish by manipulating the feed formulation.     

A single phantom,a single statistical method for low-contrast detectability assessment

PurposeThe assessment of low-contrast-details is a part of the quality control (QC) program in digital radiology. It generally consists of evaluating the threshold contrast (Cth) detectability details for different-sized inserts, appropriately located in dedicated QC test tools. This work aims to propose a simplified method, based on a statistical model approach for threshold contrast estimation, suitable for different modalities in digital radiology.MethodsA home-made low-contrast phantom, made of a central aluminium insert with a step-wedge, was assembled and tested. The reliability and robustness of the method were investigated for Mammography, Digital Radiography, Fluoroscopy and Angiography. Images were analysed using our dedicated software developed on Matlab®. The Cth is expressed in the same unit (mmAl) for all studied modalities.ResultsThis method allows the collection of Cth information from different modalities and equipment by different vendors, and it could be used to define typical values. Results are summarized in detail. For 0.5 diameter detail, Cth results are in the range of: 0.018–0.023 mmAl for 2D mammography and 0.26–0.34 mmAl DR images. For angiographic images, for 2.5 mm diameter detail, the Cth s median values are 0.55, 0.4, 0.06, 0.12 mmAl for low dose fluoroscopy, coronary fluorography, cerebral and abdominal DSA, respectively.ConclusionsThe statistical method proposed in this study gives a simple approach for Low-Contrast-Details assessment, and the typical values proposed can be implemented in a QA program for digital radiology modalities.     

A power-driven increment borer for sampling high-density tropical wood

High-density hardwood trees with large diameters have been found to damage manually operated increment borers, thus limiting their use in the tropics. Therefore, we herein report a new, low-cost gasoline-powered sampling system for high-density tropical hardwood trees with large diameters. This system provides increment cores 15 mm in diameter and up to 1.35 m in length, allowing minimally invasive sampling of tropical hardwood tree species, which, up to the present, could not be collected by conventional 5 or 10 mm increment borers. This system provides a single core sample with ample amount of wood for multidisciplinary analyses, including ring width, stable isotope and wood anatomical measurements. The borer never gets stuck inside stems, even in hollowed trees, cores will never twist during coring, and the gasoline drill gives ample flexibility in the field. It is anticipated that the dendrochronological community will find our technique very useful in the pursuit of tropical tree ring research.     

A review of indicators of estuarine tidal wetland condition

This review critically evaluates indicators of tidal wetland condition based on 36 indicator development studies and indicators developed as part of U.S. state tidal wetland monitoring programs. Individual metrics were evaluated based on relative scores on two sets of evaluation factors. A rigor score evaluated metric development based on conceptual relevance, indicator development method, degree of independent validation, and temporal and spatial extent tested. An applicability score evaluated metrics based on cost of data collection, probable spatial extent of applicability, technical complexity, and indicator responsiveness. The majority of indicators could be classified as biotic condition indicators (81%), with vegetation (37%) and macroinvertebrate (28%) metrics composing the largest proportion. Most metrics provided a conceptual model or scientific justification (97%), were developed by correlation to environmental gradients (46%), were tested over multiple seasons or years (49%) and at multiple sites (88%). Few were independently validated (18%). Average rigor score was 10 (on a scale of 0–25) and ranged between 1 and 21. Highest rigor scores were for trematode community metrics (community similarity index, species richness) and metrics of grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) individuals (gene expression, relative fecundity, embryo hatching success, larval survival). Most metrics had a high cost of data collection (63%), required field and laboratory processing (84%), would be applicable across the U.S. (72%), and were responsive to the variable of interest (44%). Mean applicability score was 4.9 (range: 2–8). Highest scores were found for metrics that only required field collection of data using simple or no instrumentation. Lowest scoring metrics required expensive equipment, specialized taxonomic knowledge, complex laboratory analysis, and/or culturing of organisms. Scores for individual metrics were grouped by indicator, then averaged and rescaled between 0 and 100 to provide a composite evaluation of the indicator they measured. Among major indicator types, biotic indicators had the highest rigor scores (mean = 44, range 20–79), followed by indicators of chemical/physical characteristics (mean = 36, range 16–56), landscape condition (mean = 31, range 24–37), and hydrology/geomorphology indicators (mean = 21, range 4–52). In contrast, biotic indicators scored lowest for applicability (mean = 58, range 25–100) and indicators of landscape condition scored highest. The results of this review suggest that the development and selection of tidal wetland indicators could be vastly improved by employing a standardized development methodology that provides uniform information about each indicator. In addition, tidal wetland indicator research should focus on the development of indicators of ecological processes and disturbance regimes.     

Potential of dendrochronology in assessing carbon sequestration rates of Vitellaria paradoxa in southern Mali,West Africa

This study aimed to investigate the applicability of dendrochronology for assessing the growth dynamics and response to climate variability and to estimate the aboveground carbon stock and carbon sequestration potential of Vitellaria paradoxa in southern Mali. Twenty stem disks were collected from three land-use types (parklands, fallows and protected areas) in Koutiala and Yanfolila districts. We combined a standard dendrochronological approach with biomass allometric equations to estimate the growth and carbon stocks. The results showed that V. paradoxa forms distinct growth ring boundaries but most of the disks from parklands did not successfully cross-date due to management operations like pruning. The tree-ring width showed a significant standardized coefficient of regression with rainfall (r² = 0.66, p < 0.001) but insignificant correlation with temperature. One-way analysis of variance showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) for C-sequestration as well as for carbon stocks in aboveground biomass for both land-use types and sites. Mean values of the amount of C-sequestered in Yanfolila were 0.112 ± 0.0.065 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in parklands, 0.075 ± 0.018 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in fallows and 0.064 ± 0.028 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in protected areas. In Koutiala, the values were 0.068±0.020 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the parklands and 0.053 ± 0.017 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the fallows. These results clearly indicate that dendrochronology can be applied to assess growth and carbon sequestration potential of V. paradoxa. These results also suggest that climate change could affect the growth and carbon sequestration potential of V. paradoxa. Given the limited size of our sample, figures on the amount of carbon are indicative calling for applying the tested approaches to larger samples and also to other tree species in West Africa.     

Evaluating the potential for dendrochronological analysis of live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) from the urban and rural environment—An explorative study

Live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) is a long lived, broadleaf, evergreen species native to the lower Coastal Plain of the southern and southeastern United States and is frequently planted in the urban environment. However, live oak has received limited attention for its potential for dendrochronological analyses possibly because its growth-ring boundaries may be less defined due to the absence of a distinct dormancy period. The objective of this explorative study was to determine whether live oak rings in both urban and historic trees could be accurately identified and measured for dendrochronological applications. One hundred urban live oaks were assessed as well as four cross-sectional specimens from historic sites in the southeastern United States. Age of all cored live oak ranged from 7 to 29 (average = 16.8 rings), while cross-sections were taken from trees with an average age of 175 years. A chronology was created from cores that had the highest interseries correlations (n = 27), resulting in an average interseries correlation of 0.654. The analysis of live oak cross sections revealed that the rings on live oak are very faint and barely discernible, delimited mainly by a faint row of earlywood vessels with no or barely visible terminal parenchyma. Rings on these sections were erratic (i.e., fading out along the circumference) and non-concentric (i.e., a particular ring could be both wide and narrow at certain points along the circumference) so that any attempt to measure the rings on opposing radii would have produced meaningless results. However, based on the results of this study, we conclude that the dendrochronological analysis of live oak is possible with careful sample preparation and analysis and that results would be reliable, even for urban trees. Results of this study suggest that urban tree-ring series with higher interseries correlations were more vigorous than those with lower values, suggesting that urban environmental stresses related to individual sites may decrease the usefulness of crossdating techniques for evaluating annual rings on younger, urban trees.     

Preparation and properties of glycerol plasticized-pea starch/zinc oxide-starch bionanocomposites

A bionanocomposite was cast using ZnO nanoparticles stabilized by soluble starch (nano-ZnO) as filler in a glycerol plasticized-pea starch (GPS) matrix. According to the characterization of nano-ZnO particles by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ZnO nanoparitlces (70 wt%) were encapsulated by starch (30 wt%) in nano-ZnO particles of about 10 nm. In GPS/nano-ZnO nanocomposites, loading a low level of nano-ZnO particles improved the pasting viscosity, storage modulus, glass transition temperature and UV absorbance. When the nano-ZnO content varied from 0 to 4 wt%, the tensile yield strength and Young’s modulus increased from 3.94 to 10.80 MPa and from 49.80 to 137.00 MPa, respectively. The water vapor permeability decreased from 4.76 × 10^?10 to 2.18 × 10^?10 g m^?1 s^?1 Pa^?1. The improvement in these properties may be attributed to the interaction between the nano-ZnO filler and GPS matrix.     

Dating the origin of the major lineages of Branchiopoda

Despite the well-established phylogeny and good fossil record of branchiopods, a consistent macro-evolutionary timescale for the group remains elusive. This study focuses on the early branchiopod divergence dates where fossil record is extremely fragmentary or missing. On the basis of a large genomic dataset and carefully evaluated fossil calibration points, we assess the quality of the branchiopod fossil record by calibrating the tree against well-established first occurrences, providing paleontological estimates of divergence times and completeness of their fossil record. The maximum age constraints were set using a quantitative approach of Marshall (2008). We tested the alternative placements of Yicaris and Wujicaris in the referred arthropod tree via the likelihood checkpoints method. Divergence dates were calculated using Bayesian relaxed molecular clock and penalized likelihood methods. Our results show that the stem group of Branchiopoda is rooted in the late Neoproterozoic (563 ± 7 Ma); the crown-Branchiopoda diverged during middle Cambrian to Early Ordovician (478–512 Ma), likely representing the origin of the freshwater biota; the Phyllopoda clade diverged during Ordovician (448–480 Ma) and Diplostraca during Late Ordovician to early Silurian (430–457 Ma). By evaluating the congruence between the observed times of appearance of clade in the fossil record and the results derived from molecular data, we found that the uncorrelated rate model gave more congruent results for shallower divergence events whereas the auto-correlated rate model gives more congruent results for deeper events.     

Production of microbial lipid by Cryptococcus curvatus on rice straw hydrolysates

Microbial biolipids/biodiesels derived from volatile fatty acids (VFAs) can be a valuable alternative to plant oils if optimum fermentation conditions are determined. VFAs were used for cell mass and microbial lipid production by Cryptococcus curvatus. The lipid content in the cells increased up to 48% and 28% in batch cultures with the use of 20 g/L glucose and 6 g/L of VFAs as the carbon source, respectively. In this study, C. curvatus used VFAs as a carbon source via anaerobic digestion of rice straw hydrolysates. VFAs produced from rice straw resulted in yield of 0.43 g VFAs/g substrate and 40% higher specific growth rate(0.305 h⁻¹) than synthetic VFAs. The highest fatty acid composition observed was C18:1, was obtained using glucose and VFAs as the carbon source to yield a cetane number of 56–59, which is suitable for biodiesel production. The cost of microbial lipids was estimated to be 0.30–1.15 USD/L given 0–150 USD/ton of VFAs cost for a yield of 0.17 g/g of lipids. Thus, VFAs can be a suitable carbon source for economical biodiesel production.     

Estimation of wetland vegetation height and leaf area index using airborne laser scanning data

Wetland vegetation is a core component of wetland ecosystems. Wetland vegetation structural parameters, such as height and leaf area index (LAI) are important variables required by earth-system and ecosystem models. Therefore, rapid, accurate, objective and quantitative estimations of wetland vegetation structural parameters are essential. The airborne laser scanning (also called LiDAR) is an active remote sensing technology and can provide accurate vertical vegetation structural parameters, but its accuracy is limited by short, dense vegetation canopies that are typical of wetland environments. The objective of this research is to explore the potential of estimating height and LAI for short wetland vegetation using airborne discrete-return LiDAR data.The accuracies of raw laser points and LiDAR-derived digital elevation models (DEM) data were assessed using field GPS measured ground elevations. The results demonstrated very high accuracy of 0.09 m in raw laser points and the root mean squared error (RMSE) of the LiDAR-derived DEM was 0.15 m.Vegetation canopy height was estimated from LiDAR data using a canopy height model (CHM) and regression analysis between field-measured vegetation heights and the standard deviation (σ) of detrended LiDAR heights. The results showed that the actual height of short wetland vegetation could not be accurately estimated using the raster CHM vegetation height. However, a strong relationship was observed between the σ and the field-measured height of short wetland vegetation and the highest correlation occurred (R² = 0.85, RMSE = 0.14 m) when sample radius was 1.50 m. The accuracy assessment of the best-constructed vegetation height prediction model was conducted using 25 samples that were not used in the regression analysis and the results indicated that the model was reliable and accurate (R² = 0.84, RMSE = 0.14 m).Wetland vegetation LAI was estimated using laser penetration index (LPI) and LiDAR-predicted vegetation height. The results showed that the vegetation height-based predictive model (R² = 0.79) was more accurate than the LPI-based model (the highest R² was 0.70). Moreover, the LAI predictive model based on vegetation height was validated using the leave-one-out cross-validation method and the results showed that the LAI predictive model had a good generalization capability. Overall, the results from this study indicate that LiDAR has a great potential to estimate plant height and LAI for short wetland vegetation.     

Field-to-laboratory transport protocol impacts subsequent physiological biomarker response in the marine mussel,Perna canaliculus

The transfer of mussels from field to laboratory, or transplantation between clean and contaminated field settings, is a common protocol in ecotoxicology. However, collection and transport of mussels could lead to stress that may impact biomarker responses, and thus confound interpretation of results. Physiological responses (clearance rate, absorption efficiency, excretion rate, respiration rate and scope-for-growth) of green-lipped mussels (Perna canaliculus) exposed to four different transportation protocols were investigated. These protocols included immersion in site seawater (SSW), immersion in artificial seawater (ASW), and emersion (aerial transport; EMS) at two temperatures (15 °C and 5 °C). Physiological measurements were conducted after a simulated 24 h “transport” phase and a 48 h “recovery” phase. Clearance rates were significantly inhibited by the EMS 5 °C and ASW protocols relative to SSW treatment, although the clearance rate of the latter recovered after 48 h. A similar pattern was observed for excretion and respiration rates for ASW. Decreased excretion rates for EMS 15 °C and respiration rates for EMS 5 °C were also recorded relative to values for SSW following “recovery”. Negative scope-for-growth was observed for all treatments except EMS 15 °C. These data suggest transport emersed at ambient air temperatures is the best method to maintain physiological health of green-lipped mussels.     

Modeling winter wheat phenology and carbon dioxide fluxes at the ecosystem scale based on digital photography and eddy covariance data

Recent studies have shown that the greenness index derived from digital camera imagery has high spatial and temporal resolution. These findings indicate that it can not only provide a reasonable characterization of canopy seasonal variation but also make it possible to optimize ecological models. To examine this possibility, we evaluated the application of digital camera imagery for monitoring winter wheat phenology and modeling gross primary production (GPP).By combining the data for the green cover fraction and for GPP, we first compared 2 different indices (the ratio greenness index (green-to-red ratio, G/R) and the relative greenness index (green to sum value, G%)) extracted from digital images obtained repeatedly over time and confirmed that G/R was best suited for tracking canopy status. Second, the key phenological stages were estimated using a time series of G/R values. The mean difference between the observed phenological dates and the dates determined from field data was 3.3 days in 2011 and 4 days in 2012, suggesting that digital camera imagery can provide high-quality ground phenological data.Furthermore, we attempted to use the data (greenness index and meteorological data in 2011) to optimize a light use efficiency (LUE) model and to use the optimal parameters to simulate the daily GPP in 2012. A high correlation (R² = 0.90) was found between the values of LUE-based GPP and eddy covariance (EC) tower-based GPP, showing that the greenness index and meteorological data can be used to predict the daily GPP. This finding provides a new method for interpolating GPP data and an approach to the estimation of the temporal and spatial distributions of photosynthetic productivity.In this study, we expanded the potential use of the greenness index derived from digital camera imagery by combining it with the LUE model in an analysis of well-managed cropland. The successful application of digital camera imagery will improve our knowledge of ecosystem processes at the temporal and spatial levels.     

Variation the oviposition behavior by the stingless bee,Heterotrigona itama (Hymenoptera,Apidae, Meliponini)

A study to determine the variation of ovipositioning behavior of stingless bees, Heterotrigona itama (Cockerell, 1918) was conducted on three colonies on June 2015. A digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera with a macro lens attached was used to record every movement of H. itama in its colonies for 20 min hour between 0800 h and 2000 h for seven days and seven month. The daily egg laying rate and time for laying eggs in colony-B and colony-C were significantly (P ? 0.05) higher than the colony-A. However, time to close the brood was not significantly different among colonies. The fastest egg oviposition time was 4 s by the colony-B and the slowest was 6 s by the colony-A. In addition there are no significant trends on brood produced per day, laying time of eggs, and the closing time of the brood after the oviposition process from June to December 2016. This result is useful for understanding the behavior of egg laying process by the queen bees and necessary to deal with problems of management and reproduction in the near future.