植物转基因沉默研究与对策

转基因沉默已成为植物基因工程实用化的严重障碍。最近的转基因沉默研究表明,植物转基因沉默可能由多种机理造成,包括DNA甲基化、转基因发生副突变、染色体高级结构影响、染色体组型的影响以及RNA降解等。其可发生在转录水平和转录后水平。随着转基因沉默机理的深入研究和新的转基因方法的建立将有可能克服转基因的沉默问题。     

转基因植物转录后基因沉默的克服对策

人们对植物进行遗传转化的目的是让转基因在植物基因组中能够稳定整合并在当代及其子代中能够有效、稳定的表达 ,但是由于多种因素的影响 ,转基因在植物中的表达并不很理想。自从 1 986年Ｐｅｅｒｂｏｔｔｅ报道转基因烟草中转基因发生沉默以来 ,很多学者也都发现大量的转基因植株不能正常表达[1]。经过多年的研究 ,发现导致转基因沉默的机理有多种 ,根据其作用机理和水平的不同 ,人们通常把转基因沉默分为[2 ,3]:位置依赖性基因沉默 (Ｐｏｓｔｉｏｎ -ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｇｅｎｅｓｉｌｅｎｃｉｎｇ ,ＰＤＧＳ)、转录水平的基因沉默 (Ｔｒ…     

植物转基因沉默研究进展

随着转基因技术在植物中的广泛应用,转基因沉默受到越来越多的重视。转基因沉默可发生在转录和转录后两种水平,其基本特征就是依赖于同源的重复序列。转基因的重复拷贝间,转基因与同源的同源基因间及RNA病毒与同源转基因间都会发生基因沉默。可能有不同的机制导致转基因沉默。本文综述了转基因沉默的机理研究及转基因沉默在植物抗病基因工程和植物功能基因组方面的应用。     

植物转基因沉默及控制

植物基因工程的目的就是获取外源基因能够按照设计要求正常表达和稳定遗传的转基因植物。近几年来,广泛报道了转基因植物中存在转基因沉默现象。主要阐述了两种转基因沉默的机理即转录水平的基因沉默和转录后水平的基因沉默,各种机理都涉及DNA DNA,DNA RNA,RNA RNA的相互作用。同时,还讨论一些控制转基因沉默现象的策略,特别是MAR在转基因植物中具有增强基因表达和减少株间差异的作用。     

转基因植物转录后基因沉默的特点、机理及应用

自在转基因植物中发现转基因沉默现象以来,很多学者对该现象进行了广泛的研究,认为其作用机制有三种：位置依赖性基因沉默、转录水平基因沉默、转录后水平基因沉默。目前主要集中于转录后水平基因沉默的研究,通过研究发现它具有广泛性、可传导性及特异性的特点,并对其机制提出了一些假说。最近,人们还发现转录后水平基因沉默与植物抗病毒能力有联系。本文对转基因植物转录后基因沉默的特点、机理及应用方面的进展作了综述。     

SAR与植物转基因沉默的消除

随着转基因技术在各上应用领域的深入和发展,转基因沉默现象已引起越来越多的关注。转基因沉默主要发生在转录或转录后水平,涉及核酸的三种相互作用,即：ＤＮＡ－ＤＮＡ、ＤＮＡ－ＲＮＡ、ＲＮＡ－ＲＮＡ。这是植物基因表达调控的具体表现之一,也是外源基因插入后生物体的一种自我保护。ＳＡＲ协同转基因进行转化,可以消弱宿主ＤＮＡ对外源基因的不利影响。实验证明,在稳定整合的转基因植物中,ＳＡＲ提高了整体表达水平,并降     

植物转基因位置依赖性沉默与位置效应

植物基因组能够识别外源基因的出现及所整合的特异位置并产生相应反应,通过分析嘧啶甲基化的信号及模式,比较不同表达水平转基因的整合位点及基因组环境差异,植物转基因位置依赖性沉默和位置效应的机理得到进一步揭示;讨论了位置效应的研究方法和克服策略。     

植物转基因沉默研究进展、对策及应用

转基因沉默 (ｔｒａｎｓｇｅｎｅｓｉｌｅｎｃｉｎｇ)是导入并整合进受体基因组中的外源基因在当代转化体或其后代中表达受到抑制的现象。自Ｐｅｅｒｂｏｌｔｅ在 1986年首次报道发现转基因沉默现象以来 ,相关报道不断发表。如今 ,转基因沉默现象已成为遗传转化技术实用化 ,商品化过程中的巨大障碍。从九十年代开始 ,人们就致力于转基因沉默方面的研究。随着研究的不断深入 ,转基因沉默的各种机理不断被揭示 ,并研究出相应的对策。1.植物转基因沉默研究进展转基因沉默的各种机理都涉及到各种核酸之间的相互作用 ,包括转录水平的基因沉默 (ｔ…     

转基因植物中外源基因沉默机制及防止对策

系统论述了诱发转基因沉默的因素、植物转基因沉默发生水平并提出了基因沉默的防止对策,基因沉默现象是导致外源基因不能在转化植物中正常表达的重要原因。甲基化、重复序列、反式失活和共抑制是基因沉默的主要诱因。其作用水平主要有三种：位置效应、转录水平的基因沉默和转录后水平的基因沉默,避免基因间的同源性、避免重复序列的出现、消除甲基化的影响、使用MAR以及使用诱导型启动子,可以提高外源基因的表达水平,有效防止基因沉默。     

基因沉默：获得性免疫的新途径

基因沉默 (ｇｅｎｅｓｉｌｅｎｃｉｎｇ)首先发现于转基因植物。发生沉默的基因可以是外源性转移基因 ,也可以是入侵的病毒或宿主内源性基因。双链ＲＮＡ(ｄｓＲＮＡ)作为启动因素或中间体为不同生物基因沉默所共有。通常 ,基因沉默发生在两种水平上 ,一是由于ＤＮＡ甲基化、异染色质化及位置效应等引起的转录水平上的基因沉默 (ｔｒａｎｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎａｌｇｅｎｅｓｉ ｌｅｎｃｉｎｇ ,ＴＧＳ) ,另一种是在基因转录后水平上通过对目标ＲＮＡ特异性降解而使基因失活的转录后基因沉默 (ｐｏｓｔ ｔｒａｎｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎａｌｇｅｎｅ…     

Virus‐induced gene silencing in transgenic plants: transgene silencing and reactivation associate with two patterns of transgene body methylation

We used bisulfite sequencing to study the methylation of a viral transgene whose expression was silenced upon plum pox virus infection of the transgenic plant and its subsequent recovery as a consequence of so‐called virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS). VIGS was associated with a general increase in the accumulation of small RNAs corresponding to the coding region of the viral transgene. After VIGS, the transgene promoter was not methylated and the coding region showed uneven methylation, with the 5′ end being mostly unmethylated in the recovered tissue or mainly methylated at CG sites in regenerated silenced plants. The methylation increased towards the 3′ end, which showed dense methylation in all three contexts (CG, CHG and CHH). This methylation pattern and the corresponding silenced status were maintained after plant regeneration from recovered silenced tissue and did not spread into the promoter region, but were not inherited in the sexual offspring. Instead, a new pattern of methylation was observed in the progeny plants consisting of disappearance of the CHH methylation, similar CHG methylation at the 3′ end, and an overall increase in CG methylation in the 5′ end. The latter epigenetic state was inherited over several generations and did not correlate with transgene silencing and hence virus resistance. These results suggest that the widespread CG methylation pattern found in body gene bodies located in euchromatic regions of plant genomes may reflect an older silencing event, and most likely these genes are no longer silenced.     

Irregular patterns of transgene silencing in allohexaploid oat

An irregular pattern of transgene silencing was revealed in expression and inheritance studies conducted over multiple generations following transgene introduction by microprojectile bombardment of allohexaploid cultivated oat (Avena sativa L.). Expression of two transgenes, bar and uidA, delivered on the same plasmid was investigated in 23 transgenic oat lines. Twenty-one transgenic lines, each derived from an independently selected transformed tissue culture, showed expression of both bar and uidA while two lines expressed only bar. The relationship of the transgenic phenotypes to the presence of the transgenes in the study was determined using (1) phenotypic scoring combined with Southern blot analyses of progeny, (2) coexpression of the two transgenic phenotypes since the two transgenes always cosegregated, and (3) reactivation of a transgenic phenotype in self-pollinated progenies of transgenic plants that did not exhibit a transgenic phenotype. Transgene silencing was observed in 19 of the 23 transgenic lines and resulted in distorted segregation of transgenic phenotypes in 10 lines. Silencing and inheritance distortions were irregular and unpredictable. They were often reversible in a subsequent generation of self-pollinated progeny and abnormally segregating progenies were as likely to trace back to parents that exhibited normal segregation in a previous generation as to parents showing segregation distortions. Possible causes of the irregular patterns of transgene silencing are discussed.