Identity of a microsporidium from three New Zealand pasture insects: Costelytra zealandica (Coleoptera,scarabeidae), Wiseana spp. (Lepidoptera,Hepialidae), and Listronotus bonariensis (Coleoptera,Curculionidae)

The life cycles of multisporous microsporidia isolated from grass grubs (Costelytra zealandica), porina (Wiseana spp.), and Argentine stem weevils (Listronotus bonariensis) are investigated by light and electron microscopic examination of laboratory-reared and -infected specimens. Each microsporidian isolate is cross-infectious to each host insect, as well as to laboratory-reared larvae of Planotortrix excessana (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). Comparison with live material of Pleistophora oncoperae (Microsporida, Pleistophoridae), collected from Oncopera alboguttata (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae) in Australia, indicates that these isolates are synonymous with P. oncoperae. Ultrastructural features suggest that this species should be transferred to the genus Vavraia.     

西藏虫草蝠蛾属一新种 (鳞翅目：蝙蝠蛾科)

 报道了采自西藏那曲地区比如基地的鳞翅目蝙蝠蛾科一新种 ,比如蝠蛾Hepialus biruensis Fu, sp.nov。该种幼虫是我国特产药材冬虫夏草的寄 主昆虫之一。     

西藏虫草蝠蛾属一新种(鳞翅目：蝙蝠蛾科)

报道了采自西藏那曲地区比如基地的鳞翅目蝙蝠蛾科一新种,比如蝠蛾Hepialus biruensis Fu, sp.nov。该种幼虫是我国特产药材冬虫夏草的寄主昆虫之一。     

危害黄杉球果的实小卷蛾属一新种(鳞翅目：卷蛾科)

记述了实小卷蛾属 (小卷蛾亚科,花小卷蛾族)的一个新种,黄杉实小卷蛾Retinia pseudotsugaicola Liu et Wu, sp. nov.。其幼虫危害黄杉Pseudotsuga sinensis Dode的球果,在云南省禄劝县云龙乡球果受害率达80%～90%。该新种雄性外生殖器的抱器瓣在腹面中央凹陷很深,抱器腹拐角几乎呈直角,抱器端的腹角尖,可与该属其它种相区别。该新种的雌性外生殖器与松实小卷蛾R.cristata很相似,但成虫的花纹完全不同,该新种前翅的中横带很宽,且布满了灰绿色和灰黄色的云状纹,而松实小卷蛾前翅的中横带则较窄,翅端有明显的肛上纹。在昆明禄劝县一年发生1代,以蛹在球果中越冬。越冬蛹于翌年3月下旬开始羽化。4月上旬至7月下旬是幼虫危害期。老熟幼虫7月下旬开始陆续化蛹越冬。提供了成虫外形、翅脉、雌雄外生殖器解剖图及幼虫的毛序图。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所。     

中国栉蝠蛾属一新种(鳞翅目：蝙蝠蛾科)

记述了采自浙江省安吉县刚竹林中的中国栉蝠蛾属Bipectilus一新种,定名为浙江栉蝠蛾Bipectilus zhejiangensis Wang, sp. nov.。该新种与中国栉蝠蛾属其它种的不同点在于：前翅Cu₂脉不与A₁脉相连接;外生殖器上的背兜向两侧分开,钩形突呈角质状。     

Larvae of Aenetus virescens (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) in decaying wood

Abstract

Larvae of Aenetus virescens (Doubleday) have previously been recorded only from the wood of live trees or shrubs. This paper describes the circumstances in which larvae occupy decaying wood in the forest habitat. Young larvae are considered to exist in dead wood for no more than a year. They then disperse to live trees, in which development is completed.     

蝠蛾属Hepialus一新种记述(鳞翅目:蝙蝠蛾科)

记述蝙蝠蛾科Hepialidae蝠蛾属Hepialus 1新种:小金蝠蛾Hepialus xiaojinensis, sp. nov.,模式标本分别保存在西南大学和重庆市中药研究院.     

Ultrastructural analysis of spermatozoa of Korscheltell us lupulinus L. (Lepidoptera : Hepialidae) and Micropterix calthella L. (Lepidoptera : Micropterigidae)

In Korscheltellus lupulinus (Lepidoptera : Hepialidae), both eusperm and parasperm can be found, whereas Micropterix calthella (Lepidoptera : Micropterigidae) produces only eusperm. The eupyrene sperm in K. lupulinus is 250 μm long. Spermatozoa found in K. lupulinus are very similar to those found in higher Lepidoptera, but the eusperm of M. calthella do not possess similar features. As in other Lepidoptera, the axoneme pattern of K. lupulinus is 9 + 9 + 2. Anteriorly, the axoneme is replaced by a fibrous stem similar to an acrosomal structure; posteriorly it becomes progressively uneven. The sperm of K. lupulinus has other original features. The anterior region of the sperm is rigid and contains the nucleus, which has a longitudinal groove adjacent to the axoneme. The 2 mitochondrial derivatives extend from the posterior end of the nucleus. There are no accessory bodies. Many peripheral cytoplasmic vesicles are present. A thin sheath surrounds the cell. It is thick in the parasperm and made of concentric or spiralling lamellae; it does not have any lacinate appendages.The axoneme of the sperm of M. calthella extends over the entire length of the cell and spirals in a helix around the nucleus. The nucleus is also almost as long as the cell. The 2 mitochondrial derivatives, flanked by accessory bodies, follow this spiralling. The axoneme has a 9 + 2 pattern. The plane, which contains the 2 central microtubules, is at an angle with the median plane of the nucleus.     

Pleistophora oncoperae sp.n. (Protozoa: Microsporida) from Oncopera alboguttata (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) in Australia

Pleistophora oncoperae sp.n. is described from adults and larvae of Oncopera alboguttata and O. rufobrunnea. The main site of infection was muscle, though fat body and connective tissue were also infected. Fresh pansporoblasts measured about 25 μm in diameter and contained 16 to 32 or more spores with a mean size of 5.9 × 3.1 μm. Macrospores measuring 7.7 × 4.4 μm were also seen. The mean polar filament length was 158 μm; ultrastructural studies showed that the filament is normally arranged in 14 coils (range, 13 to 20) at an angle of 53.5° to the axis of the spore. The species was found to be distinct from all previously described Pleistophora reported from Lepidoptera.     

Morphological character evolution in hepialid moths (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) from New Zealand

Mapping morphological characters on a molecular-based phytogeny enabled examination of character evolution and an historical perspective into evolutionary processes, both of which are important aspects of systematic research and comparative biology. In this study, 63 morphological characters from hepialid moths in New Zealand were mapped on a phylogenetic tree reconstructed from mitochondrial DNA COI & II sequence data. Morphological characters hypothesized to be synapomorphies for the New Zealand 'Oxycanus' lineages and 'Oxycanus' lineage s.s. were confirmed to be homologous when mapped on the COI & II phytogeny. The direction of character state transformation was determined for five characters, with members of the Aenetus and Aoraia lineages exhibiting hypothesized ancestral states. Male genitalic characters were less homoplasious than other character partitions and covaried significandy with phytogeny.     

Evolution of arboreal tunnelling by larvae of Aenetus (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae)

Abstract

Aspects of larval feeding and tunnelling were described for seven species of the wood-boring genus Aenetus. The species were studied in Australia, New Caledonia, and New Zealand. A sequential pattern of larval feeding involving transfer from a fungal based diet to callus tissue in live trees, previously known for A. virescens, was confirmed for A. cohici and inferred for A. dulcis and A. paradiseus. A specialised “transfer” morph linking the two feeding stages in A. virescens was also confirmed for A. cohici and two unidentified species. The wood-boring habit involved entry into the host above ground level and the construction of a tunnel which extends into and then down the stem. Tunnels were often located on the lower surface of leaning branches or stems. Tunnel entrances were open to the host surface, but overlain by a silk- /frass web. Bark and underlying tissue were removed from around the tunnel entrance and a callus growth resulted, which the larva consumed. The evolutionary history of arboreal tunnelling in the Hepialidae was investigated using biogeographic analysis of generic distribution. It is argued that evolution and variation in arboreal tunnelling resulted from specialised recombinations of generalised ancestral characters. It is suggested that the study of arboreal tunnelling can provide a source of useful characters for systematic analysis of phylogenetic relationships within Aenetus. The potential systematic value of tunnel characters is illustrated for A. virescens.     

阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫血细胞形态学研究

本研究采用Wright-Giemsa染色方法,利用光学显微镜观察阿尔泰蝠蛾Hepialus altaicola Wang幼虫血细胞.根据鳞翅目昆虫血细胞形态特征对阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫血细胞进行鉴定,计数并计算各类血细胞所占的比例.发现阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫血淋巴中存在原血胞、浆血胞、粒血胞、类绛色细胞、珠血胞和囊血胞6种细胞类型,所...     

阿尔泰蝠蛾(鳞翅目:蝙蝠蛾科)幼虫低温胁迫转录组分析

[目的]本研究旨在通过转录组测序技术分析低温胁迫引起的阿尔泰蝠蛾Hepialus altaicola Wang幼虫基因转录差异及上调表达基因的主要功能类群和参与的主要代谢通路.[方法]采用Illumina HiSeq TM 2500测序平台对阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫进行转录组测序、组装,利用Blast软件进行数据库比对和基因功能注释,用DEGSeq R软件包分析4℃低温处理与室内适温饲养试虫的差异表达基因,并对上调表达基因进行GO和KEGG代谢途径富集分析.[结果]经序列拼接后共获得100300个unigenes,总长度81600309 bp,平均长度813 bp,N50长度1719 bp.与7大数据库同源比对,共获得34691(34.59％)条unigenes.低温胁迫转录组分析得到11569个差异表达基因(DEGs),7158条基因上调,4411条基因下调.富集到47个GO类群,217个KEGG途径.其中代谢过程、催化、结合活性类群占有重要比例,核糖体、碳代谢、剪接体等途径显著富集.另外,热激蛋白、昆虫表皮蛋白、海藻糖酶、超氧化物歧化酶等非生物胁迫相关基因显著上调表达.[结论]阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫低温胁迫转录组分析揭示,代谢过程、细胞过程、生物调节、对刺激的反应等生物学过程相关基因和部分非生物胁迫响应基因显著上调表达,提示蝠蛾幼虫可能从抗氧化防御、分子伴侣、体温调节和维持细胞的渗透平衡等多方面应对低温胁迫.     

阿尔泰蝠蛾(鳞翅目:蝙蝠蛾科)幼虫低温胁迫转录组分析

[目的]本研究旨在通过转录组测序技术分析低温胁迫引起的阿尔泰蝠蛾Hepialus altaicola Wang幼虫基因转录差异及上调表达基因的主要功能类群和参与的主要代谢通路.[方法]采用Illumina HiSeq TM 2500测序平台对阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫进行转录组测序、组装,利用Blast软件进行数据库比对和基因功能注释,用DEGSeq R软件包分析4℃低温处理与室内适温饲养试虫的差异表达基因,并对上调表达基因进行GO和KEGG代谢途径富集分析.[结果]经序列拼接后共获得100300个unigenes,总长度81600309 bp,平均长度813 bp,N50长度1719 bp.与7大数据库同源比对,共获得34691(34.59％)条unigenes.低温胁迫转录组分析得到11569个差异表达基因(DEGs),7158条基因上调,4411条基因下调.富集到47个GO类群,217个KEGG途径.其中代谢过程、催化、结合活性类群占有重要比例,核糖体、碳代谢、剪接体等途径显著富集.另外,热激蛋白、昆虫表皮蛋白、海藻糖酶、超氧化物歧化酶等非生物胁迫相关基因显著上调表达.[结论]阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫低温胁迫转录组分析揭示,代谢过程、细胞过程、生物调节、对刺激的反应等生物学过程相关基因和部分非生物胁迫响应基因显著上调表达,提示蝠蛾幼虫可能从抗氧化防御、分子伴侣、体温调节和维持细胞的渗透平衡等多方面应对低温胁迫.     

Characterization of a coelomic gregarine parasite from Thitarodes pui (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) in the Tibetan Plateau

Thitarodes pui, one of the host species of entomopathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis, has great economic importance in the Tibetan Plateau. We report here, for the first time, a gregarine parasite found in the coelom of 7th instar and adults of T. pui. Gregarine gamonts (ovoid, ～15×8μm) underwent syzygy to produce reproductive gametocysts in T. pui larval hemolymph. All infected T. pui carried 2-17 mature gametocysts filled with numerous oocysts (lemon-shaped, 17.17±0.73×6.49±0.4μm). Transmission electron microscopy showed that these oocysts contained vacuoles of various sizes and amylopectin granules in the cytoplasm; scanning electron microscopy revealed a number of small bumps all over the surface of these oocysts. Small subunit ribosomal DNA sequence analysis showed a close relationship between the gregarine and the species of Ascogregarina (Eugregarinorida: Lecudinidae). Internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S ribosomal DNA from this gregarine exhibited 76% highest sequence identity with that from Ascogregarina culicis Ross.     

Interactions between Oncopera alboguttata (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) and its microsporidan pathogen, Pleistophora oncoperae (Protozoa: Microsporida)

Infection by Pleistophora oncoperae is widespread in populations of Oncopera alboguttata. Detailed study of insects from one site indicated that 85% of the 131 pupae and 65% of the 403 adults were infected. The infection did not adversely affect duration of larval and pupal development, adult life span, the number of eggs laid, or fecundity. Infected females were able to transmit the disease to their progeny, though the degree of transmission ranged from 0 to 92%, depending on the severity of the parental infection. Transmission of the disease by infected males could not be detected. It was estimated that 49% of the progeny from this site would have been infected by transovum transmission. Details of the incidence of P. oncoperae infection from this area during the period 1972 to 1979 are given to emphasise the possible role of this disease in O. alboguttata population dynamics.     

温度胁迫对小金蝠蛾幼虫抗氧化酶活性的影响

小金蝠蛾Hepialus xiaojinensis Tu.是我国名贵中药材冬虫夏草的寄主昆虫之一,适宜在高海拔低温地区(8℃-12℃)生存。本文研究了小金蝠蛾在不同温度(4℃、12℃、16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃)条件下处理4 h和12 h后4龄幼虫体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GSTs)的活力变化,以及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果表明,小金蝠蛾在正常生长发育情况下SOD具有较高活性;经温度胁迫后,SOD活力持续维持在较高活性,CAT、POD活性以及T-AOC活性显著性升高(P0.05);GSTs在24℃以上活性有降低趋势,MDA含量有上升趋势。     

New cell lines from Lymantria xylina (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae): characterization and susceptibility to baculoviruses

Four new cell lines, designated as NTU-LY-1 to -4, respectively, were established from the pupal tissues of Lymantria xylina Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). These cell lines have been cultured approximately 80 passages during 2 years in TNM-FH medium supplemented with 8% fetal bovine serum, at a constant temperature of 28 degrees C. Each line consists of three major morphological types: round cells, spindle-shaped cells, and giant cells. The characterization of these cell lines showed that they are different from previously established lines derived from related Lepidopteran species. All new lines were susceptible to the L. xylina multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (LyxyMNPV) and appeared to have a good potential for studying this virus.     

基于高通量测序的阿尔泰蝠蛾(鳞翅目:蝙蝠蛾科)幼虫转录组分析

本研究采用Illumina HiSeq TM 2500测序平台对阿尔泰蝠蛾Hepialus altaicola Wang幼虫进行转录组测序及生物信息学分析.经序列拼接后共获得100133个Unigenes,总长度86319112 bp,平均长度862 bp,N50长度1628 bp.将Unigenes与NR、COG/KOG、Pfam、Swiss-Prot、GO、KEGG数据库比对,共获得38198条Unigenes,其中Nr数据库注释的Unigenes最多,为32381条,占32.34％.通过GO功能分类,共有13216个Unigenes在GO数据库中细胞组分、分子功能和生物学过程等3大类57个分支中找到注释;KEGG通路分析,共有15058条Unigenes被注释,归属于305条代谢通路.CDS预测发现54002条序列可被编码,占全部基因的53.93％.基因注释进一步获得311个与冷适应相关的代谢调节基因,并用FPKM值对基因表达量进行评估.本研究获得的转录组信息及分析结果,为进一步研究阿尔泰蝠蛾的基因功能及低温生态适应性奠定分子基础.