改良早期预警评分对转院转运工作影响的临床研究

目的 研究改良早期预警（MEWS）评分对转院转运工作的影响.方法 在转院转运工作中应用MEWS评分系统对患者进行病情评估,对比其应用前（对照组）、应用后（研究组）转院患者转运途中病情恶化的发生率、患者或家属满意度及医生、护士对实施MEWS评分转运管理模式前（对照组）、后（研究组）满意度的变化.结果 转院患者转运途中病情恶化发生率由应用前（对照组）的10.63%降至应用后（研究组）的3.74%,应用前、后比较差异有显著统计学意义（P＜0.01）;患方满意度则由96%提高至99%,医护人员对实施MEWS评分转运管理模式前、后的满意度由应用前的83.3%提高至应用后的95%,应用前、后比较均有显著性意义（P＜0.05）.结论 MEWS评分能对转院患者的病情进行比较客观、准确的评估,提高了医务人员的质量和医疗干预意识,从而有效降低转院患者转运途中的病情恶化发生率和提高院前医患双方的满意度,是转院转运工作中简便、快捷、客观、实用的病情评估方法和模式,值得推广应用.     

毒蛇咬伤患者院前早期程序化急救处理方案的应用观察

目的探讨毒蛇咬伤患者院前早期程序化急救处理方案的应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院58例毒蛇咬伤患者应用院前早期程序化急救处理方案的临床资料。结果 58例毒蛇咬伤患者经院前早期程序化急救处理后,痊愈出院53例,好转3例,自动出院1例,院前死亡2例（眼镜王蛇咬伤1例,银环蛇咬伤1例）。结论院前急救是蛇伤治疗前期的一个关键性步骤,院前早期程序化急救处理方案应用于蛇伤患者,有利于提高抢救成功率。     

急性冠脉事件发病特点及院前急救对策

目的分析我院急诊科对急性冠脉事件包括急性心肌梗死（AMI）和不稳定型心绞痛（UAP）的院前急救情况,就其存在的问题提出对策。方法回顾性分析1989～2010年救治的急性冠脉事件患者166例临床资料,其中AMI患者72例,UAP患者94例。结果急性冠脉事件发生率占急性心脏事件的48．8％,其院前急救率为31．3％（52／166）,院前抢救成功率为82．69％（44／52）。结论（1）急性冠脉事件的院前急救率仍低,主要与患者及其家属不了解急性冠脉综合征的发病先兆和表现等相关知识以及呼救意识有关,因此加强相关知识的群众性普及教育迫在眉睫。（2）缩短出诊半径、加强医务人员对急诊处理特别是院前处理急性冠脉事件知识的培训、完善院前急救设备,是提高急性冠脉事件院前抢救成功率的保障。     

早期预警评分系统可有效评估急性脑卒中

为了探讨早期预警评分系统在神经内科急性脑卒中患者中的临床应用,本研究选择我院神经内科因急性脑卒中入院的168例患者(收治时间为2016年2月至2017年1月),根据随机方式分为观察组82例,采用EWS进行评估;对照组86例,采用常规评估。通过对比分析两组患者的EWS评分,统计死亡率、好转率并进行分析比较;并根据观察组患者EWS评分分布情况,分析患者的生存和死亡情况。结果显示,观察组的死亡率为7.31%,好转率为92.68%;对照组死亡率为19.77%,好转率为80.23%,两组的死亡率和好转率有统计学差异(p0.05)。以EWS=3为临界值,观察组中EWS≥3的患者共11例,死亡率为54.54%,而EWS3的患者死亡率为0,两者相比差异显著(p0.01)。由此证明EWS在神经内科应用方便,实用性强,并以EWS≥3作为评估最佳临界值,可以对急性脑卒中患者进行准确的疾病评估,预测其潜在危险,减少病情延误,降低死亡率,提高患者好转出院率。     

乳酸和APACHEⅡ评分在评估老年脓毒症患者预后中的应用

目的：研究乳酸和急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分（APACHE Ⅱ评分）对老年脓毒症患者预后的评估作用。方法：老年脓毒症患者96例,按照入院时血乳酸值分成升高者60例,乳酸正常者36例,比较两组的病死率、休克、机械通气和MODS发生率、APACHE Ⅱ评分的区别;根据APACHE Ⅱ评分（〈15、15～24、≥25）分为3组,比较每组患者的病情和预后区别。结果：乳酸升高组老年脓毒症患者的机械通气、休克发生率、MODS发生率、APACHE Ⅱ评分明显大于乳酸正常组（P〈0.05）,病死率明显上升（28.3%vs 2.7%）,（P=0.005）;随着APACHE Ⅱ评分增高,患者病情逐渐加重,休克发生率和住院病死率明显升高,（P〈0.05）,患者乳酸水平也明显增高（P〈0.05）。结论：血乳酸和APACHE Ⅱ评分都可以评估老年脓毒症患者病情严重和预后,两者升高提示预后差。     

高血压性脑出血患者院前急诊临床探析

目的:本文将对高血压性脑出血患者给予临床分组治疗,从而探讨高血压性脑出血患者院前急诊治疗效果,为提高高血压性脑出血患者的治疗效果,最终提高患者生活质量与生命安全。方法:院前急救组高血压性脑出血患者于接诊后且未入院前给予现场急救措施,;院前未处理组高血压性脑出血患者于接诊后直接转运至院内接受治疗,现场并不进行任何急救措施。观察并记录两组患者致残率、死亡率及抢救成功率,给予统计学分析,得出结论。结果:院前急救组高血压性脑出血患者死亡率为13.33%、抢救成功率为86.67%、未死亡患者中致残率为15.38%,均明显优于院前未处理组高血压性脑出血患者死亡率为33.33%、抢救成功率为66.67%、未死亡患者中致残率为35.00%,且P0.05,两组患者对比结果具有统计学意义。结论:对高血压性脑出血患者进行院前现场急救措施,能够有效提高患者抢救成功率,降低其死亡率与致残率,最终提高患者生活质量与生命安全,值得临床推广应用。     

氨溴索注射液对急性肺损伤患者保护作用的研究

目的 探讨氨溴索对急性肺损伤患者预后的影响,对进一步发展至急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的作用.方法 选择77例病情程度基本相同的急性肺损伤患者作为研究对象,随机分为氨溴索治疗组38例,常规治疗组39例.比较治疗7天后两组患者动脉血气的差异;比较两组患者的预后,包括ARDS发生率、病死率、存活患者的住院时间、SIRS评分及肺损伤评分.结果 治疗7天后两组患者动脉血气分析指标均有明显改善（P〈0.01）,氨溴索治疗组比常规治疗组改善更明显（P〈0.01）;氨溴索治疗组患者ARDS发生率（28.95%）低于常规治疗组（53.85%）（P〈0.05）,氨溴索治疗组存活患者的SIRS评分（1.71±1.61）低于常规治疗组（2.73±1.41）（P〈0.05）;肺损伤评分（0.24±0.16）明显低于常规治疗组（0.79±0.21）,住院时间（14.01±7.16）天,明显短于常规治疗组（19.14±6.25）天（均P〈0.01）.结论氨溴索对急性肺损伤有保护作用,可降低急性肺损伤患者ARDS的发生率,缩短患者住院时间,改善预后.     

急性一氧化碳中毒患者院前急救分析

急诊流行病学研究显示,中毒是院前急救领域最常见的疾病谱之一,而急性一氧化碳（CO）中毒又位居各类中毒前茅,因此,总结、探讨急性一氧化碳中毒的院前救治非常必要。柳州市120急救指挥中心下辖的柳州市工人医院、市人民医院两大急救分站,     

脑血管意外的紧急救护

脑血管疾病是神经系统的常见疾病,本病特点是发病急、病情重,病死率和致残率均较高。肾急救护降低病死率和致残率是脑血管疾病目前亟待解决的问题。本文就近两年来我院神经内科212例脑血管患者的救治和临床护理,从脑血管意外的诊断、诱发因素、救治原则等方面分别进行了概述,进一步分析了脑血管意外的救治及防护,对减少并发症及后遗症,提高治愈率及患者的生存质量有一定的临床意义。     

院前创伤评分的应用概况

院前急救是对各种急危重症、意外伤害等事件实施的现场急救,是挽救并维持患者生命的方法,是急救医学中的重要组成[1],是急救过程中的首要环节,也是院内急救成功与否的基础[2],对患者的预后具有积极的临床意义[3]。但院前创伤突发性强、伤员数量多、伤情复杂,且伤情、病情还可表现为相似性[4],如现场同时出现大批量创伤患者时,不能做到详细检查[5],只能依据患者生命体征和大致伤情作出简单     

2014-2015 年乌鲁木齐市院前急救老年患者疾病谱分析

目的：了解乌鲁木齐市院前急救老年患者疾病谱变化,提高老年人救治效率。方法：回顾性收集2014 年1 月1 日-2015 年 12 月31 日乌鲁木齐市120院前急救调度指挥中心数据库中40823 例老年（≥ 60 岁）患者病例信息,并进行疾病谱分析。结果： 40823 例老年患者中男性22284 例,女性18539 例,平均年龄（75.25 8.49）岁;其中汉族35018 例,维吾尔族3608 例,回族1698 例,其他民族499 例。院前急救老年患者疾病谱以心脑血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病、损伤、消化系统疾病、神经系统疾病为主,且心脑 血管疾病接诊率最高。院前急救老年患者接诊高峰月份为每年3-5 月,9-10 月,12-1 月;呼叫高峰时段为每日8:00-12:00,其次为 每日12:00-16:00;高发区域集中在新市区与沙依巴克区。结论：随着院前急救老年患者接诊数量的增多,应加强院前医护人员的 相关培训。根据院前急救老年患者的高发地区、月份及时段,合理配置院前急救资源。     

血清Alb、Mb及MEWS、Waterlow评分对重症监护病房患者压力性损伤的预测价值

摘要 目的：探讨血清白蛋白（Alb）、肌红蛋白（Mb）及改良早期预警评分（MEWS）、Waterlow评分对重症监护病房（ICU）患者压力性损伤（PI）的预测价值。方法：选取2021年6月～2022年12月在新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院ICU住院的患者120例,根据是否发生PI分为PI组43例和非PI组77例。ICU患者PI的影响因素采用多因素Logistic回归分析,血清Alb、Mb及MEWS、Waterlow评分对ICU患者PI的预测价值采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析。结果：PI组年龄大于非PI组,机械通气比例、体温、Mb、MEWS、Waterlow评分高于非PI组,住院时间长于非PI组,Alb低于非PI组（P＜0.05）。住院时间延长和Mb升高、MEWS增加、Waterlow评分增加为ICU患者PI的独立危险因素,Alb升高为其独立保护因素（P＜0.05）。血清Alb、Mb及MEWS、Waterlow评分四项联合预测ICU患者PI的曲线下面积大于各指标预测（P＜0.05）。结论：血清Alb水平降低和Mb、MEWS、Waterlow评分升高与ICU患者PI发生独立相关,血清Alb、Mb及MEWS、Waterlow评分联合对ICU患者PI具有良好预测价值。     

Pre-hospital point-of-care troponin measurement: a clinical example of its additional value

In the majority of patients with chest pain, an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) can be ruled out. However, early recognition of an ACS is required in order to start treatment as soon as possible and reduce risks associated with myocardial ischaemia. Because of the lack of pre-hospital protocols to rule out an ACS, patients with a suspected ACS are transported to the emergency department, where the HEART score can be used to estimate the risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Patients with a low HEART score have a low risk of MACE. A point-of-care (POC) troponin measurement enables ambulance paramedics to calculate the HEART score in the pre-hospital setting. POC troponin measurement and HEART score assessment have several potential advantages, including early recognition of an ACS and identification of high-risk patients before hospital arrival. Moreover, pre-hospital rule-out of an ACS could prevent unnecessary emergency department visits. The safety and cost-effectiveness of referring low-risk patients with a normal POC troponin value to the general practitioner are currently being investigated in the ARTICA randomised trial. This point-of-view article demonstrates one of the potential advantages of early detection of an ACS.

     

Guidelines for the early management of patients with myocardial infarction. British Heart Foundation Working Group.

In light of recent publications relating to resuscitation and pre-hospital treatment of patients suffering acute myocardial infarction of British Heart Foundation convened a working group to prepare guidelines outlining the responsibilities of general practitioners, ambulance services, and admitting hospitals. The guidelines emphasise the importance of the rapid provision of basic and advanced life support; adequate analgesia; accurate diagnosis; and, when indicted, thrombolytic treatment. The working group developed a standard whereby patients with acute myocardial infarction should receive thrombolysis, when appropriate, within 90 minutes of alerting the medical or ambulance service--the call to needle time. Depending on local circumstances, achieving this standard may involve direct admissions to coronary care units, "fast track" assessments in emergency departments, or pre-hospital thrombolytic treatment started by properly equipped and trained general practitioners.     

Improving the care of patients with major trauma in the accident and emergency department.

OBJECTIVE--To determine whether improvement in the care of victims of major trauma could be made by using the revised trauma score as a triage tool to help junior accident and emergency doctors rapidly identify seriously injured patients and thereby call a senior accident and emergency specialist to supervise their resuscitation. DESIGN--Comparison of results of audit of management of all seriously injured patients before and after these measures were introduced. SETTING--Accident and emergency department in an urban hospital. PATIENTS--All seriously injured patients (injury severity score greater than 15) admitted to the department six months before and one year after introduction of the measures. RESULTS--Management errors were reduced from 58% (21/36) to 30% (16/54) (p less than 0.01). Correct treatment rather than improvement in diagnosis or investigation accounted for almost all the improvement. CONCLUSIONS--The management of seriously injured patients in the accident and emergency department can be improved by introducing two simple measures: using the revised trauma score as a triage tool to help junior doctors in the accident and emergency department rapidly identify seriously injured patients, and calling a senior accident and emergency specialist to supervise the resuscitation of all seriously injured patients. IMPLICATIONS--Care of patients in accident and emergency departments can be improved considerably at no additional expense by introducing two simple measures.     

Monitoring Vital Signs: Development of a Modified Early Warning Scoring (Mews) System for General Wards in a Developing Country

Objective

The aim of the study was to develop and validate, by consensus, the construct and content of an observations chart for nurses incorporating a modified early warning scoring (MEWS) system for physiological parameters to be used for bedside monitoring on general wards in a public hospital in South Africa.

Methods

Delphi and modified face-to-face nominal group consensus methods were used to develop and validate a prototype observations chart that incorporated an existing UK MEWS. This informed the development of the Cape Town ward MEWS chart.

Participants

One specialist anaesthesiologist, one emergency medicine specialist, two critical care nurses and eight senior ward nurses with expertise in bedside monitoring (N = 12) were purposively sampled for consensus development of the MEWS. One general surgeon declined and one neurosurgeon replaced the emergency medicine specialist in the final round.

Results

Five consensus rounds achieved ≥70% agreement for cut points in five of seven physiological parameters respiratory and heart rates, systolic BP, temperature and urine output. For conscious level and oxygen saturation a relaxed rule of <70% agreement was applied. A reporting algorithm was established and incorporated in the MEWS chart representing decision rules determining the degree of urgency. Parameters and cut points differed from those in MEWS used in developed countries.

Conclusions

A MEWS for developing countries should record at least seven parameters. Experts from developing countries are best placed to stipulate cut points in physiological parameters. Further research is needed to explore the ability of the MEWS chart to identify physiological and clinical deterioration.     

急诊内科医生和外科医生对急性颅脑损伤患者院前急救效果探讨

目的探讨急诊内科医生和外科医生对颅脑损伤患者的院前救治效果。方法将我院120例急性颅脑损伤患者随机分为内科救治组和外科救治组各60例,比较两组的救治效果。结果两组患者的院前急救时间、急诊科救治时间、救治成功率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经过专业培训的急诊内科医师能胜任急性颅脑损伤患者的院前急救和急诊救治工作。     

A novel first aid stretcher for immobilization and transportation of spine injured patients

Effective immobilization and transportation are vital to the life-saving acute medical care needed when treating critically injured people. However, the most common types of stretchers used today are wrought with problems that can lead to further medical complications, difficulty in employment and rescue, and ineffective transitions to hospital treatment. Here we report a novel first aid stretcher called the "emergency carpet", which solves these problems with a unique design for spine injured patients. Polyurethane composite material, obtained by a novel process of manually mixing isocyanate and additives, can be poured into a specially designed fabric bag and allowed to harden to form a rigid human-shaped stretcher. The effectiveness of the emergency carpet was examined in the pre-hospital management of victims with spinal fractures. Additionally, it was tested on flat ground and complex terrain as well as in the sea and air. We demonstrated that the emergency carpet can be assembled and solidified on the scene in 5 minutes, providing effective immobilization to the entire injured body. With the protection of the emergency carpet, none of the 20 patients, who were finally confirmed to have spinal column fracture or dislocation, had any neurological deterioration during transportation. Furthermore, the carpet can be handled and transported by multiple means under differing conditions, without compromising immobilization. Finally, the emergency carpet allows the critically injured patient to receive multiple examinations such as X-ray, CT, and MRI without being removed from the carpet. Our results demonstrate that the emergency carpet has ideal capabilities for immobilization, extrication, and transportation of the spine injured patients. Compared with other stretchers, it allows for better mobility, effective immobilization, remarkable conformity to the body, and various means for transportation. The emergency carpet is promising for its intrinsic advantages in the pre-hospital management of accident victims.     

喉罩与气管插管在呼吸衰竭患者院前和急诊急救中的应用效果比较

目的:探讨喉罩与气管插管在呼吸衰竭患者院前和急诊急救中的应用效果。方法:选择2016年1月至2018年5月由中国人民解放军第174医院急诊医学科出诊抢救的呼吸衰竭患者92例,所有患者根据通气方法的不同分为A组和B组。其中A组使用喉罩人工通气方法进行急救,共有47例,而B组则使用气管插管人工通气方法进行急救,共有45例,比较两组患者治疗前与治疗1 h后呼吸频率(RR)、心率(HR)以及血氧饱和度(SpO_2)等生命体征指标,对比喉罩与气管插管置入时间、一次性成功率、心肺复苏成功率情况,记录两组并发症发生情况。结果:两组患者治疗前HR、RR以及SpO_2比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),两组患者治疗1 h后HR、RR均较治疗前降低,SpO_2较治疗前升高(P0.05),两组患者治疗1h后HR、RR以及SpO_2比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组的喉罩插管置入时间明显短于B组的气管插管置入时间,且A组插管一次性成功率明显高于B组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),而两组心肺复苏成功率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组并发症发生率为2.13%(1/47),低于B组的并发症发生率13.33%(6/45),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:喉罩通气与气管插管通气效果基本一致,但其操作更简单更安全,可缩短插管置入时间,提高一次性成功率,争取抢救时间。