大剂量垂体后叶素治疗食管静脉曲张破裂的护理

食管、胃底静脉曲张破裂出血是肝硬化门脉高压患者最常见的并发症和致死原因［１］。我院于１９９５年开始使用大剂量垂体后叶素持续缓慢静脉滴注法,治疗食管、胃底静脉曲张破裂出血２６例,效果满意。现将临床观察及护理报告如下。１临床资料本组２６例,其中男１８例,...     

PTVE 与TIPS治疗肝硬化门静脉高压合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血 的疗效比较

目的:研究经皮胃底曲张静脉栓塞术(PTVE)和经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)治疗肝硬化门静脉高压合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床疗效,为临床治疗提供依据。方法:选取2001年4月到2015年4月我院肝硬化门静脉高压合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂患者169例,根据手术方式分为PTVE组(行PTVE治疗)141例和TIPS组(行TIPS治疗)28例,比较两组术前、术后门静脉压力,术前、术后3个月、6个月以及1年两组Child-Pugh评分、白蛋白以及直接胆红素,并比较两组再出血和肝性脑病发生率。结果:TIPS组术后门静脉压力较术前显著降低,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),术后PTVE组及TIPS组组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组术前和术后各时间直接胆红素无统计学意义(P0.05);PTVE组术后1年白蛋白水平显著升高,与术前和TIPS组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),TIPS组术后白蛋白有所升高,但各时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),PTVE组术后各时间Child-Pugh评分较术前明显改善,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),TIPS组术后3个月和术后6个月Child-Pugh评分较术前明显改善,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组术后再出血发生率比较无统计学意义(P0.05),PTVE组肝性脑病发生率显著低于TIPS组,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:PTVE和TIPS治疗肝硬化门静脉高压合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血效果相当,TIPS能显著降低门静脉压,PTVE能降低肝性脑病的发生率,改善患者Child-Pugh评分。     

S-甲基异硫脲对大鼠门脉高压症食管静脉曲张的影响

目的观察诱导型一氧化氮合酶抑制剂SMT对大鼠门脉高压症食管静脉曲张的影响。方法健康雄性SD大鼠60只随机分为5组,假手术组、模型组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组。假手术组仅分离门静脉、左肾上腺静脉关腹,其余组门脉缩窄两步法加左肾上腺静脉结扎,建立门脉高压症食管静脉曲张模型。假手术组与模型组手术后给予腹腔注射生理盐水,其余3组手术后给予腹腔注射不同浓度SMT。手术后21 d,检测大鼠门脉血中TNOS、iNOS的活性及NO的浓度,免疫组化CD34标记食管血管内皮,测量每组大鼠食管横切面黏膜下血管的数目、面积。结果模型组大鼠门脉血中TNOS活性与iNOS活性以及NO浓度和食管黏膜下血管数目,血管平均截面积,血管总面积均较假手术组显著升高（P〈0.01）。中、高剂量组大鼠门脉血中TNOS活性与iNOS活性以及NO浓度和食管黏膜下血管的数目、血管平均面积、血管总面积较模型组均显著下调（P≤0.01）。结论大鼠门脉高压食管静脉曲张的发病机制中有NO参与,门脉缩窄型门脉高压食管静脉曲张病中NO主要由iNOS生成,SMT对大鼠门脉高压食管静脉曲张可能具有一定保护作用。     

多层螺旋CT门静脉成像在评估肝硬化门脉侧枝血管中的价值

目的：评价多层螺旋CT门静脉成像显示门静脉高压的价值。材料与方法：30例门脉高压患者进行了螺旋CT门脉成像检查,其中10例患者又进行了门静脉造影检查(间接法)。30例患者中全部存在侧枝循环,多数病例有2个或2个以上部位侧枝循环。结果：多层螺旋CT门静脉成像不仅显示了肝内门静脉2-3级分支,还显示了整套门脉侧枝血管系统。在三维门脉像上,脾门静脉曲张29例(占96．7％),其中1例脾静脉因栓子部分闭塞而狭窄,另有1例则完全栓塞血管未显示。胃左静脉曲张28例(占93％),食管或食管旁静脉曲张27例(占90％),胃短静脉(胃后静脉)曲张19例(占63％),胃肾分流血管10例(占33％),腹膜后静脉曲张9例(占30％),脐周静脉曲张伴腹壁静脉曲张6例(占20％)。10例患者CT三维门脉像与间接门静脉造影作比较,前者对门静脉及其侧枝循环的显示好于后者。结论：多层螺旋CT门脉成像是门静脉无创性检查的可靠方法,有较高的临床运用价值。     

食管胃底静脉曲张患者行内镜下静脉曲张套扎术及内镜下组织胶注射术后早期再出血的危险因素研究

目的：研究行内镜下静脉曲张套扎术及内镜下组织胶注射术治疗的食管胃底静脉曲张患者的术后早期出血的危险因素。方法：回顾性分析在我院治疗的103例食管胃底静脉曲张患者的临床资料,对患者的性别、年龄、发病原因、有无脾切除史、是否有肝脏病史、有无分流及断流等临床情况进行统计分析,同时结合治疗前后患者的临床表现、相关实验室检查指标、影像学指标及胃镜指标等对患者早期再出血发生的原因进行分析,寻找独立的危险因素。结果：103例患者在术后早期再出血发生率10．7％;对其危险因素进行分析可知,肝功能分级、凝血酶原时间、门静脉血栓、血红蛋白含量为术后早期再出血的独立危险因素。结论：在进行手术前,应充分的最好术前准备,尽最大能力使患者的各项危险因素（肝功能分级、凝血酶原时间、门静脉血栓、血红蛋白含量）维持在正常水平,以减少术后出血的发生。     

门静脉高压治疗现状与展望

门静脉高压症是一种主要因肝脏病变而引起门静脉系统循环异常为主要特点的病症,经过100多年的研究与探索,门静脉高压症的诊断和治疗手段均得到了不断的发展和完善.如非选择性β受体阻断剂和内镜下曲张静脉套扎术对预防有中、重度静脉曲张的患者首次静脉曲张出血均具有各自的优势,气囊阻断经静脉逆行栓塞术对曲张的食管胃底静脉的具有良好疗效,部分性脾栓塞术已成为肝硬化门脉高压脾亢血液病的最主要非手术治疗措施,外科治疗方面联合手术的优势已经逐步体现出来,但门静脉高压症最根本的治疗措施仍是肝移植.但选择何种方式治疗,仍要根据患者肝功能状况及病情变化而定,本文将就门静脉高压治疗现状与展望做一综述.     

选择性贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症的临床价值

目的：探讨选择性断流术与传统断流术在门静脉高压症手术治疗中的疗效。方法：分析我院从2007 年10 月至2013 年10 月行传统断流术52 例患者与行选择性断流术的34例患者的临床资料,对两组进行回顾性对比分析。结果：选择性断流术术后近 期脾窝积液、发热以及随访期间再出血、门静脉高压性胃病(portal hypertensive gastropathy,PHG)发生率明显减低(P<0.05),食管胃 底静脉曲张程度明显减轻（P<0.05）,肝性脑病发生率未增加(P>0.05)。结论：选择性断流术可以明显改善断流术后再出血和PHG 发病率高的问题,降低术后并发症的发生,近期疗效显著。但术后6-12 月,食管旁静脉均基本闭塞,远期疗效还有待于进一步研 究。     

急诊断流术在门静脉高压症并食道胃底静脉出血的疗效观察

目的观察急诊断流术在门静脉高压症并食道胃底静脉出血的临床疗效。方法选取我院收治的门静脉高压症并食道胃底静脉出血患者103例,随机分为两组。对照组52例,在患者入院后先采取保守止血治疗,再择期进行断流术;观察组51例,在患者入院后立即采取急诊断流术治疗。观察比较两组的临床疗效。结果观察组患者术后死亡率为11.76%,对照组为25.00%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组患者住院时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。经随访3~4年,观察组再次出血发生率为12.76%,对照组再次出血发生率为13.46%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论急诊断流术在门静脉高压症并食道胃底静脉出血的临床疗效显著,可降低患者死亡率,缩短住院时间,值得临床应用。     

肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血预测研究进展

正食管胃底静脉曲张容易导致上消化道出血,而上消化道出血是肝硬化患者常见的并发症,同时也是导致患者死亡的重要原因之一,经过积极治疗幸存的患者仍然会有50%～80%发生再出血,明显影响了患者的临床预后[1],再出血的病死率为 30%～70%[2],对家庭和社会造成巨大负担,寻找一种可靠的出血风险预测方法,对临床上高危患者进行鉴别以便于医生制订合理的治疗方案具有重要意义[3-4]。本文主要介绍食管胃底静脉曲张导致的上消化道出血预测的各种方法。     

TIPS治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效及安全性研究

目的:研究经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效及安全性。方法:选取我院2013年8月到2015年4月收治的肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者86例为研究对象,采用随机数字法将其分为对照组和观察组,每组各43例。对照组患者行经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术(PTVE)治疗,观察组患者行TIPS治疗。比较两组患者的手术成功率、各并发症发生率、远期生存率及症状缓解情况,同时观察两组患者术后的肝功能变化。结果:观察组手术后的门静脉压力、术后3个月、6个月及12个月再出血发生率均明显低于对照组(P0.05),而肝性脑病发生率与对照组比较差异无明显统计学意义(P0.05)。两组手术前、术后6个月和12个月的Child-Pugh评分、血清TBIL、DBIL水平比较均无明显差异(P0.05),术后3个月,观察组的Child-Pugh评分、血清TBIL、DBIL水平均明显高于对照组(P0.01)。两组术后1年生存率比较无明显差异(P=0.72)。结论:TIPS治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的手术安全性较高,术后再出血等并发症发生率低,能有效改善静脉曲张症状,对肝功能损伤控制较好,且远期生存率较高。     

Cimetidine and portal pressure in chronic liver disease.

Portal pressure was determined in 10 patients with chronic liver disease before and after an infusion of cimetidine. The drug had no significant effect on portal hypertension. Suggestions that histamine H2-receptor antagonists, by decreasing portal pressure, may be useful in the management of bleeding from esophageal varices are not supported by these results.     

左侧门脉高压症并上消化道出血的诊断与治疗（附14 例临床分析）

目的:探讨左侧门脉高压症合并上消化道出血的诊断和治疗方法。方法:回顾分析我院近10年来收治的14例左侧门脉高压症合并上消化道出血患者的诊治措施和随访结果。结果:14例患者均有呕血或(和)黑便史,无肝硬化、腹水及肝功能异常等表现。14例患者中胰体尾占位6例,胰腺假性囊肿4例,慢性胰腺炎4例。14例患者均采用手术治疗。9例患者获得随访,定期内镜复查,曲张静脉明显改善或消失,随访5月～8年均无再出血。结论:胰腺疾病病史、无肝硬化和肝功能正常、孤立性胃底静脉曲张和脾肿大及脾亢是诊断左侧门脉高压症的基本要点。该疾病可通过脾切除术或联合胃底周围血管离断术结合原发胰腺疾病的治疗来获得治愈。     

A novel canine model of portal vein stenosis plus thioacetamide administration-induced cirrhotic portal hypertension with hypersplenism

Current large animal models that could closely resemble the typical features of cirrhotic portal hypertension in human have not been well established. Thus, we aimed to develop and describe a reliable and reproducible canine cirrhosis model of portal hypertension. A total of 30 mongrel dogs were randomly divided into four groups: 1 (control; n = 5), 2 (portal vein stenosis [PVS]; n = 5], 3 (thioacetamide [TAA]; n = 5), and 4 (PVS plus TAA; n = 15). After 4-months modeling period, liver and spleen CT perfusion, abdominal CT scans, portal hemodynamics, gastroscopy, hepatic function, blood routine, the bone marrow, liver, and spleen histology were studied. The animals in group 2 (PVS) developed extrahepatic portosystemic collateral circulation, particularly esophageal varices, without hepatic cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Animals from group 3 (TAA) presented mild cirrhosis and portal hypertension without significant symptoms of esophageal varices and hypersplenism. In contrast, animals from group 4 (PVS + TAA) showed well-developed micronodular and macronodular cirrhosis, associated with significant portal hypertension and hypersplenism. The combination of PVS and TAA represents a novel, reliable, and reproducible canine cirrhosis model of portal hypertension, which is associated with the typical characteristics of portal hypertension, including hypersplenism.     

Clinical Analysis of 15 Cases of Liver Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia

Nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) of liver may be one of the leading causes of non-cirrhotic intrahepatic portal hypertension (NCIPH), although the exact relationship is currently unknown. Diagnosis of NRH is relatively difficult and involves surgical pathology, and thus it is necessary to improve the preoperative recognition of NRH. Here, we analyze 15 cases of NRH to better understand this disease. All the liver specimens were microscopically examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining and reticulin and Masson trichrome staining. Diagnoses of NRH were confirmed by pathological examination. Clinically, NRH presents as diffused liver lesions with mildly increased liver enzymes. Portal hypertension is the most common clinical manifestation presenting prominently as splenomegaly, hypersplenism, and esophageal varices bleeding. NRH is often associated with autoimmune or collagen vascular diseases, and such patients often present with a variety of positive autoantibodies and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), Ig and ?? %. Pathological examination of the liver showed diffuse small regenerative nodules without fibrous septa and obstructive portal venopathy. For those patients with portal hypertension of unknown cause and preserved liver function, especially, those combined with autoimmune diseases, NRH should be considered.     

Gastric Cooling for Massive Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

The treatment of massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage by gastric hypothermia was studied clinically in 23 patients: five with peptic ulcer, six with multiple gastric erosions, nine with portal hypertension and varices, and three with coagulation defects. Hemorrhage was controlled in 13 of the patients. The high mortality (14 out of 23 patients) was attributed to the severity of the bleeding and to the underlying disease, particularly in patients with liver failure. This form of treatment is a useful method of treating selected patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.     

Clinical aspects of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: a contrast with cirrhosis.

The clinical picture of liver disease in endemic areas of Schistosomiasis mansoni differs in many ways from that observed in alcoholic and other types of cirrhosis. In hepatosplenic schistosomiasis there is predominance of the clinical manifestations of portal hypertension, e.g., bleeding esophageal varices, while ascites, jaundice, and hepatic precoma or coma are much less common. Ammonia tolerance is usually normal and helps explain the low mortality rate during bleeding. Of special interest is the observation of a high incidence of persistent hepatitis B surface antigenemia among patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, suggesting increased susceptibility of such patients to the development of virus-induced chronic active hepatitis.