科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林土壤真菌共现网络及其与土壤因子的关系

为揭示科尔沁沙地樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)人工林土壤真菌间相互作用,以不同林龄(中龄、近熟和成熟)、不同土层(0—10和10—20 cm)樟子松人工林土壤为研究对象,以未造林地为对照样地,采用分子生态网络分析法,基于随机矩阵理比较分析樟子松人工林土壤真菌网络特征及其影响因素。研究结果表明：(1)中龄林到近熟林阶段,科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林土壤真菌网络平均连通度增大,平均路径长减小,网络愈加复杂,而近熟林到成熟林阶段则相反,网络愈加简单;不同土层间,10—20 cm土层土壤真菌平均路径长度小于0—10 cm土层,平均连通度和聚类系数大于0—10 cm土层,10—20 cm较0—10 cm土壤真菌间相互联系更为密切;与樟子松人工林相比,未造林地土壤真菌网络中的平均连通度略低于近熟林,平均路径长低于樟子松人工林,未造林地土壤真菌群落更不稳定。(2)中龄、近熟和成熟樟子松人工林土壤真菌关键菌种分别为Guehomyces sp.、Oidiodendron sp.和Pseudeurotium sp.,未造林地关键菌种为Alphamyces sp.。在0—1...     

桉树种植对林地土壤丛枝菌根真菌群落结构及多样性的影响

桉树(Eucalyptus spp.)种植所产生的生态争议已受到广泛关注。丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, AM真菌)是土壤微生物的重要组成部分,与根系共生后可促进植物的养分运输、提高植物逆境生存能力等。然而,桉树种植对土壤AM真菌群落结构和功能的影响尚不清楚。研究比较了次生林改种桉树后不同年限(2年/5年/10年)的土壤理化性质、AM真菌种类、群落组成及多样性的变化。结果表明,桉树种植显著改变了土壤理化性质,具体表现为2年生和10年生桉树林中土壤pH和有机碳显著降低(P0.05);AM真菌的孢子密度在桉树林土壤中显著低于次生林土壤(其中在5年生土壤中最低);AM真菌的种丰度随种植年份的增加逐渐下降,在10年生桉树林土壤中有所恢复; 5年生桉树的菌根侵染率最高,10年生桉树侵染率最低。AM真菌群落组成和结构发生显著变化,优势种Funneliforms geosporus的丰度在2年生和10年生林地中显著降低;而Septoglomus deserticola的丰度在2年生和10年生林地中显著增加。另外,冗余分析(Redundancy analysis, RDA)结果表明,土壤AM真菌群落结构主要受土壤pH值(解释率:89.88%)变化的影响。研究揭示了次生林改种桉树林后土壤AM真菌的群落变化特征,为桉树林的栽培管理和环境修复提供了数据支撑。     

呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松人工林土壤细菌群落结构与功能预测

为揭示呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松人工林土壤细菌群落结构和功能特征,以3种林龄（25 a、34 a和43 a）沙地樟子松人工林为研究对象,沙质草地为对照,采用野外调查、Illumina Miseq高通量测序和PICRUSt功能预测相结合的研究方法,鉴定分析土壤细菌群落结构,阐明土壤理化因子对土壤细菌群落结构的影响,预测土壤细菌功能特征。研究结果显示：（1）呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松人工林共获得土壤细菌35门92纲109目210科267属,主要细菌优势门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）（24.29%±3.39%）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）（23.72%±4.10%）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）（23.40%±2.55%）。人工林与沙质草地的变形菌门和酸杆菌门相对丰度存在显著差异（P<0.05）,人工林间土壤细菌多样性指数不存在显著差异（P>0.05）。（2）研究区土壤细菌群落的主要影响因子是速效钾、全磷和全氮。（3）PICRUSt功能预测共获得5个一级功能层和31个二级功能层,主要涉及环境信息处理、代谢和遗传信息处理等功能。43 a人工林土壤细菌代谢功能活跃,有利于植物对养分的吸收和利用。在呼伦贝尔沙地种植樟子松人工林有助于改善土壤细菌群落结构,促进土壤细菌代谢功能,且表层土壤细菌群落对土壤环境变化更为敏感。     

Fruiting of putative ectomycorrhizal fungi under blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) plantations of different ages in Western Australia

 The species richness of putative ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi fruiting in blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) plantations in Western Australia was investigated in relation to plantation age. Eleven plantations, 1–8 years old, were selected for study and two native Eucalyptus forest sites in the same region were chosen for comparison. Sporocarps of 44 species of putative EM fungi were collected from the 13 sites. Of these, 30 species were found in blue gum plantations. The number of fungal species was highly positively correlated with plantation age and inversely correlated with soil pH. Young plantations (1–5 years) had 2–9 fungal species and were overwhelmingly dominated by species of Laccaria and Scleroderma. In older plantations (6–8 years), the relative abundance of sporocarps of each species within the fungal community decreased, accompanied by an increase in the number of fungal species (12–17 per site). A brief survey of the two native eucalypt forests in this region revealed a much higher number of fungal species than that observed in plantations. In plantations, species of Descolea, Laccaria, Pisolithus and Scleroderma typically fruited in young plantations. Species of epigeous fungi of the genera Boletus, Cortinarius, Hydnum, Inocybe, Lactarius, Paxillus, Russula and hypogeous fungi, including species of Descomyces, Hysterangium and Mesophellia, were found only in older plantations, or in native forests. Some of the fungi that fruit in young plantations are now being evaluated for use in commercial spore inoculation programs to increase the species diversity of EM fungi in exotic eucalypt plantations. Accepted: 8 October 1998     

Plant species richness and productivity determine the diversity of soil fungal guilds in temperate coniferous forest and bog habitats

Fungi have important roles as decomposers, mycorrhizal root symbionts and pathogens in forest ecosystems, but there is limited information about their diversity and composition at the landscape scale. This work aimed to disentangle the factors underlying fungal richness and composition along the landscape‐scale moisture, organic matter and productivity gradients. Using high‐throughput sequencing, we identified soil fungi from 54 low‐productivity Pinus sylvestris‐dominated plots across three study areas in Estonia and determined the main predictors of fungal richness based on edaphic, floristic and spatial variables. Fungal richness displayed unimodal relationship with organic matter and deduced soil moisture. Plant richness and productivity constituted the key predictors for taxonomic richness of functional guilds. Composition of fungi and the main ectomycorrhizal fungal lineages and hyphal exploration types was segregated by moisture availability and soil nitrogen. We conclude that plant productivity and diversity determine the richness and proportion of most functional groups of soil fungi in low‐productive pine forests on a landscape scale. Adjacent stands of pine forest may differ greatly in the dominance of functional guilds that have marked effects on soil carbon and nitrogen cycling in these forest ecosystems.     

Life in leaf litter: novel insights into community dynamics of bacteria and fungi during litter decomposition

Microorganisms play a crucial role in the biological decomposition of plant litter in terrestrial ecosystems. Due to the permanently changing litter quality during decomposition, studies of both fungi and bacteria at a fine taxonomic resolution are required during the whole process. Here we investigated microbial community succession in decomposing leaf litter of temperate beech forest using pyrotag sequencing of the bacterial 16S and the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA genes. Our results reveal that both communities underwent rapid changes. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes dominated over the entire study period, but their taxonomic composition and abundances changed markedly among sampling dates. The fungal community also changed dynamically as decomposition progressed, with ascomycete fungi being increasingly replaced by basidiomycetes. We found a consistent and highly significant correlation between bacterial richness and fungal richness (R = 0.76, P < 0.001) and community structure (R_Mantel = 0.85, P < 0.001), providing evidence of coupled dynamics in the fungal and bacterial communities. A network analysis highlighted nonrandom co‐occurrences among bacterial and fungal taxa as well as a shift in the cross‐kingdom co‐occurrence pattern of their communities from the early to the later stages of decomposition. During this process, macronutrients, micronutrients, C:N ratio and pH were significantly correlated with the fungal and bacterial communities, while bacterial richness positively correlated with three hydrolytic enzymes important for C, N and P acquisition. Overall, we provide evidence that the complex litter decay is the result of a dynamic cross‐kingdom functional succession.     

Contrasting soil fungal community responses to experimental nitrogen addition using the large subunit rRNA taxonomic marker and cellobiohydrolase I functional marker

Human activities have resulted in increased nitrogen inputs into terrestrial ecosystems, but the impact of nitrogen on ecosystem function, such as nutrient cycling, will depend at least in part on the response of soil fungal communities. We examined the response of soil fungi to experimental nitrogen addition in a loblolly pine forest (North Carolina, USA) using a taxonomic marker (large subunit rDNA, LSU) and a functional marker involved in a critical step of cellulose degradation (cellobiohydrolase, cbhI) at five time points that spanned fourteen months. Sampling date had no impact on fungal community richness or composition for either gene. Based on the LSU, nitrogen addition led to increased fungal community richness, reduced relative abundance of fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota and altered community composition; however, similar shifts were not observed with cbhI. Fungal community dissimilarity of the LSU and cbhI genes was significantly correlated in the ambient plots, but not in nitrogen‐amended plots, suggesting either functional redundancy of fungi with the cbhI gene or shifts in other functional groups in response to nitrogen addition. To determine whether sequence similarity of cbhI could be predicted based on taxonomic relatedness of fungi, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of publically available cbhI sequences from known isolates and found that for a subset of isolates, similar cbhI genes were found within distantly related fungal taxa. Together, these findings suggest that taxonomic shifts in the total fungal community do not necessarily result in changes in the functional diversity of fungi.     

Abrupt changes in the composition and function of fungal communities along an environmental gradient in the high Arctic

Fungi play a key role in soil–plant interactions, nutrient cycling and carbon flow and are essential for the functioning of arctic terrestrial ecosystems. Some studies have shown that the composition of fungal communities is highly sensitive to variations in environmental conditions, but little is known about how the conditions control the role of fungal communities (i.e., their ecosystem function). We used DNA metabarcoding to compare taxonomic and functional composition of fungal communities along a gradient of environmental severity in Northeast Greenland. We analysed soil samples from fell fields, heaths and snowbeds, three habitats with very contrasting abiotic conditions. We also assessed within‐habitat differences by comparing three widespread microhabitats (patches with high cover of Dryas, Salix, or bare soil). The data suggest that, along the sampled mesotopographic gradient, the greatest differences in both fungal richness and community composition are observed amongst habitats, while the effect of microhabitat is weaker, although still significant. Furthermore, we found that richness and community composition of fungi are shaped primarily by abiotic factors and to a lesser, though still significant extent, by floristic composition. Along this mesotopographic gradient, environmental severity is strongly correlated with richness in all fungal functional groups: positively in saprotrophic, pathogenic and lichenised fungi, and negatively in ectomycorrhizal and root endophytic fungi. Our results suggest complex interactions amongst functional groups, possibly due to nutrient limitation or competitive exclusion, with potential implications on soil carbon stocks. These findings are important in the light of the environmental changes predicted for the Arctic.     

呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松外生菌根真菌多样性

沙地樟子松是我国北方重要的防风固沙造林树种,也是一种典型的外生菌根依赖型树种。为揭示呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松外生菌根真菌多样性,以中龄、近熟、成熟3个龄组沙地樟子松人工林和沙地樟子松天然林为研究对象,采用野外调查和分子生物学相结合的研究方法,鉴定分析沙地樟子松外生菌根真菌种群特征。研究结果表明：（1）呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松外生菌根真菌共有10个OTU属于子囊菌,48个OTU属于担子菌,隶属于21科25属。（2）天然林优势菌为糙缘腺革菌属Amphinema、丝膜菌属Cortinarius和乳牛肝菌属Suillus,人工林优势菌为乳牛肝菌属,其余菌种相对丰度随着林龄变化波动较大。（3）天然林与人工林外生菌根真菌种群Shannon、Simpson和Pielou指数存在显著差异（P<0.05）,人工林间alpha多样性指数差异不显著（P>0.05）。（4）呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松天然林和人工林外生菌根真菌种群组成存在较大差异,其中近熟林的外生菌根真菌群落组成与天然林的最为接近。     

咸海湖泊退缩对岸边土壤真菌和植物内生真菌的影响研究

[目的] 研究咸海岸边不同暴露时期土壤带的土壤真菌和植物内生真菌群落构成及其对湖泊干涸的响应。[方法] 从咸海湖岸远端（土壤带的暴露时间最长）到湖岸近端（土壤带的暴露时间最短）的不同土壤带采集土壤样品,对其进行地球化学和矿物学分析。同时也采集各土壤带的土壤样品和优势植物,通过ITS基因高通量测序方法分析土壤真菌和植物内生真菌群落构成,进而探讨其如何响应湖泊干涸（如盐度升高、矿物组分变化、植物种类丰富度变化等）过程。[结果] 持续暴露的咸海湖床从湖泊远岸到湖泊近岸形成了一个连续的盐度梯度：E48（暴露于1970年之前,总可溶解盐0.5±0.5 g/L）;E38（暴露于1980年之前,总可溶解盐0.4±0.2 g/L）;E28（暴露于1990年之前,总可溶解盐23.3±2.1 g/L）;E18（暴露于2000年之前,总可溶解盐23.7±7.5 g/L）;E9（暴露于2009年之前,总可溶解盐71.3±6.1 g/L）;E1（暴露于2017年之前,总可溶解盐62.9±10.7 g/L）和E0（2018年湖岸线附近沉积物样品,总可溶解盐69.9±8.3 g/L）。咸海岸边不同土壤带分布着不同的植物：梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）在E48和E38区域中占优势地位;滨藜（Chenopodium album）在E28、E18和E9区域占优势;而在E1和E0区域无可见植物物种分布。另外,咸海岸边不同土壤带的主要矿物成分也存在差异：粘土矿物和蒸发岩的含量从咸海湖岸远端到湖岸近端逐渐增加,而碳酸盐矿物含量逐渐减少。咸海岸边不同土壤带土壤样品优势真菌类群（>5%）为散囊菌纲（Eurotiomycetes）、粪壳菌纲（Sordariomycetes）、锤舌菌纲（Leotiomycetes）、座囊菌纲（Dothideomycetes）、黑粉菌亚门（Ustilaginomycotina）和伞菌纲（Agaricomycetes）,且按植物种类丰富度进行聚类。而植物样品优势真菌类群为未知真菌门类（>97.8%）,且按植物种类进行聚类。线性回归结果显示,咸海岸边不同土壤带土壤样品真菌群落差异性与暴露时间距离具有显著相关（R²=0.32,P<0.05）,而与总可溶解盐差异则无明显相关性。而植物内生真菌群落差异性与暴露时间距离/总可溶解盐差异之间均无显著相关。Mantel检验结果显示,咸海岸边不同土壤带土壤真菌群落与植物种类丰富度和矿物成分组成（如白云石、方解石、微斜长石和石膏）呈显著相关（P<0.05）,其中植物种类丰富度和方解石含量的相关性系数最大;植物内生真菌群落与方解石含量之间呈显著相关（P<0.05）。[结论] 咸海岸边不同暴露时期土壤带的土壤真菌和植物内生真菌种群结构具有时空差异,与植物种类丰富度和特定矿物组成相关,而与总可溶解盐无显著相关。     

Large‐scale fungal diversity assessment in the Andean Yungas forests reveals strong community turnover among forest types along an altitudinal gradient

The Yungas, a system of tropical and subtropical montane forests on the eastern slopes of the Andes, are extremely diverse and severely threatened by anthropogenic pressure and climate change. Previous mycological works focused on macrofungi (e.g. agarics, polypores) and mycorrhizae in Alnus acuminata forests, while fungal diversity in other parts of the Yungas has remained mostly unexplored. We carried out Ion Torrent sequencing of ITS2 rDNA from soil samples taken at 24 sites along the entire latitudinal extent of the Yungas in Argentina. The sampled sites represent the three altitudinal forest types: the piedmont (400–700 m a.s.l.), montane (700–1500 m a.s.l.) and montane cloud (1500–3000 m a.s.l.) forests. The deep sequence data presented here (i.e. 4 108 126 quality‐filtered sequences) indicate that fungal community composition correlates most strongly with elevation, with many fungi showing preference for a certain altitudinal forest type. For example, ectomycorrhizal and root endophytic fungi were most diverse in the montane cloud forests, particularly at sites dominated by Alnus acuminata, while the diversity values of various saprobic groups were highest at lower elevations. Despite the strong altitudinal community turnover, fungal diversity was comparable across the different zonal forest types. Besides elevation, soil pH, N, P, and organic matter contents correlated with fungal community structure as well, although most of these variables were co‐correlated with elevation. Our data provide an unprecedented insight into the high diversity and spatial distribution of fungi in the Yungas forests.     

Fungal soil communities in a young transgenic poplar plantation form a rich reservoir for fungal root communities

Fungal communities play a key role in ecosystem functioning. However, only little is known about their composition in plant roots and the soil of biomass plantations. The goal of this study was to analyze fungal biodiversity in their belowground habitats and to gain information on the strategies by which ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form colonies. In a 2-year-old plantation, fungal communities in the soil and roots of three different poplar genotypes (Populus × canescens, wildtype and two transgenic lines with suppressed cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity) were analyzed by 454 pyrosequencing targeting the rDNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS) region. The results were compared with the dynamics of the root-associated ECM community studied by morphotyping/Sanger sequencing in two subsequent years. Fungal species and family richness in the soil were surprisingly high in this simple plantation ecosystem, with 5944 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 186 described fungal families. These findings indicate the importance that fungal species are already available for colonization of plant roots (2399 OTUs and 115 families). The transgenic modification of poplar plants had no influence on fungal root or soil communities. Fungal families and OTUs were more evenly distributed in the soil than in roots, probably as a result of soil plowing before the establishment of the plantation. Saprophytic, pathogenic, and endophytic fungi were the dominating groups in soil, whereas ECMs were dominant in roots (87%). Arbuscular mycorrhizal diversity was higher in soil than in roots. Species richness of the root-associated ECM community, which was low compared with ECM fungi detected by 454 analyses, increased after 1 year. This increase was mainly caused by ECM fungal species already traced in the preceding year in roots. This result supports the priority concept that ECMs present on roots have a competitive advantage over soil-localized ECM fungi.     

Illumina高通量测序揭示艾比湖湿地6种盐生植物根际土壤真菌群落组成及多样性

[目的] 通过研究新疆艾比湖湿地不同盐生植物根际土壤真菌的多样性和群落结构,为艾比湖湿地退化恢复工作和真菌深入研究提供理论支持。[方法] 利用高通量测序技术对真菌扩增子ITS1区进行测定,从而分析艾比湖湿地6种盐生植物根际土壤真菌群落多样性,并结合相关土壤理化因子分析环境与真菌群落多样性和丰富度的关联。[结果] 艾比湖湿地6种盐生植物根际土壤真菌群落多样性及丰富度存在差异,碱蓬根际土壤真菌多样性最高,芦苇根际土壤真菌群落丰富度最高。真菌群落组成分析表明,土壤样品中真菌菌落主要隶属于子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）,其中子囊菌门为主要优势菌门;链格孢霉属（Alternaria）是6种植物共有的优势菌属,但是其在不同植物之间的丰度存在差异,在戟叶鹅绒藤中的丰度最高,在准噶尔大戟中的丰度最低。pH与真菌多样性呈显著负相关,全磷（TP）与真菌群落丰富度呈显著正相关,pH、电导率（EC）和有机质（OM）对优势菌属的影响最大。[结论] 艾比湖湿地6种盐生植物根际土壤真菌群落组成及多样性具有显著差异,碱蓬和芦苇根际土壤真菌的多样性和丰度高于其他植物,子囊菌门和链格孢霉属是艾比湖湿地的主要土壤真菌门属。研究结果可为艾比湖湿地的生态修复提供理论指导。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal soil infectivity and spores distribution across plantations of tropical,subtropical and exotic tree species: a case study from the forest reserve of Bandia,Senegal

Several fast‐growing and multipurpose trees such as exotic and valuable native species have been widely used in West Africa to reverse the tendency of massive degradation of plant cover and restore soil productivity. Although benefic effects have been reported on soil stabilization, a lack of information about their impact on soil symbiotic microorganisms still remains. This investigation has been carried out in field trees of 28 years old in a forest reserve at Bandia. To determine the mycorrhizal inoculum potential (MIP) of soils, a mycorrhizal bioassay was conducted using seedlings of Zea mays L. Spores concentration, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi morphotypes and mycorrhizal colonization of field plants were examined. Results showed that fungal communities were dominated in all samples by the genus Glomus. Nevertheless, the others genera Gigaspora and Scutellospora occurred preferentially out of the plantations. The number and richness of spores as well as the MIP of soils were decreased in the tree plantations. Accordingly, the amount of annual herbaceous plants kept out of the tree plantations was much greater than those under the tree plantations. The colonization was higher in field root systems of herb plants in comparison with that of the tree plants. Comparisons allowed us to conclude that vegetation type modifies the AM fungal communities, and the results suggest further adoption of management practices that could improve or sustain the development of herbaceous layers and thus promote the AM fungal communities.     

毛乌素沙地樟子松外生菌根真菌多样性特征

【背景】外生菌根真菌(ectomycorrhizal fungi,ECMF)侵入林木根系形成外生菌根,是樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongholica)适应环境变化和环境胁迫的重要途径。【目的】深入理解沙地樟子松人工林外生菌根真菌群落组成和多样性。【方法】以毛乌素沙地3个林龄(27、33和44 a)沙地樟子松人工林为研究对象,采用rDNA ITS区段PCR扩增测序方法鉴定分析沙地樟子松外生菌根真菌群落组成并计算多样性指数。【结果】毛乌素沙地樟子松共获得56个外生菌根真菌OTU,隶属于2门3纲8目15科21属,优势属为棉革菌属(Tomentella)、地孔菌属(Geopora)和阿太菌属(Amphinema)。27 a人工林外生菌根真菌丰富度指数最高,33 a人工林ECMF的α多样性指数最高,但不同林龄之间不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。不同林龄沙地樟子松ECMF群落组成存在差异,地孔菌属、棉革菌属、Delastria和Mallocybe的动态变化是造成群落组成差异的主要原因。【结论】毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林外生菌根真菌群落组成较为丰富,该研究区的群落组成可能比多样性更能体现外生菌根真菌群落随林龄的动态变化,伴随着林木的生长成熟,部分功能性外生菌根真菌的动态变化可能与沙地樟子松人工林退化存在密切联系,有待进一步研究。     

Nutrient enrichment increased species richness of leaf litter fungal assemblages in a tropical forest

Microbial communities play a major role in terrestrial ecosystem functioning, but the determinates of their diversity and functional interactions are not well known. In this study, we explored leaf litter fungal diversity in a diverse Panama lowland tropical forest in which a replicated factorial N, P, K and micronutrient fertilization experiment of 40 × 40 m plots had been ongoing for nine years. We extracted DNA from leaf litter samples and used fungal‐specific amplification and a 454 pyrosequencing approach to sequence two loci, the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU) D1 region. Using a 95% sequence similarity threshold for ITS1 spacer recovered a total of 2523 OTUs, and the number of unique ITS1 OTUs per 0.5–1.0 g leaf litter sample ranged from 55 to 177. Ascomycota were the dominant phylum among the leaf litter fungi (71% of the OTUs), followed by Basidiomycota (26% of the OTUs). In contrast to our expectations based on temperate ecosystems, long‐term addition of nutrients increased, rather than decreased, species richness relative to controls. Effect of individual nutrients was more subtle and seen primarily as changes in community compositions especially at lower taxonomic levels, rather than as significant changes in species richness. For example, plots receiving P tended to show a greater similarity in community composition compared to the other nutrient treatments, the +PK, +NK and +NPK plots appeared to be more dominated by the Nectriaceae than other treatments, and indicator species for particular nutrient combinations were identified.     

寒温带地区典型森林类型中外生菌根真菌多样性和群落组成及其影响因素

外生菌根(ECM)真菌可促进宿主植物对土壤中水分和营养的吸收,提高宿主植物的抗逆性及对环境的适应,在森林生态系统的物质循环中发挥了重要作用。为探明寒温带地区ECM真菌多样性和群落组成以及土壤理化因子对真菌群落组成的可能影响机制,采用高通量测序(Illumina Miseq)平台对大兴安岭4种典型森林类型白桦、樟子松、兴安落叶松和偃松的根围土壤ECM真菌群落组成进行了分析。结果表明,4种典型森林类型根围土壤中共获得167个ECM真菌可操作分类单元(OTUs),隶属于2个门、4个纲、10个目、24个科、36个属。在门水平上,担子菌门(Basidiomycota)真菌的相对丰度占96.4%,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)真菌占3.6%。在属水平上,红菇属(Russula,30.2%)、丝膜菌属(Cortinarius,17.1%)、Piloderma(9.6%)、棉革菌属(Tomentella,7.2%)、丝盖伞属(Inocybe,7.2%)和蜡壳耳属(Sebacina,6.2%)的相对丰度均>5.0%,是该地区的优势ECM真菌类群。不同森林类型的优势ECM真菌在属水平上的组成存在显...     

Mixed plantations of Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Bischofia polycarpa change soil fungal and archaeal communities and enhance soil phosphorus availability in Shanghai,China

Soil degradation has been found in urban forests in Shanghai, especially in the pure plantations. Mixed plantations are considered to improve soil quality because they can stimulate organic matter cycling and increase soil carbon and nutrient content. Although soil microbes play crucial roles in regulating soil biogeochemical processes, little is known about how mixed plantations affect soil microbial communities, including bacteria, archaea, and fungi. Here, we evaluated soil chemical properties, abundances and compositions of soil bacterial, archaeal, and fungal communities, and enzyme activities in pure and mixed Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Bischofia polycarpa plantations, located in Shanghai, China. The results showed that soil available phosphorus content in the mixed plantation of M. glyptostroboides and B. polycarpa was significantly higher than that in pure plantations, while no significant difference was observed in the content of soil organic carbon, total and available nitrogen, total and available potassium among the three studied plantations. We found higher fungal abundance in the mixed plantation, when compared to both pure plantations. Moreover, fungal abundance was positively correlated with the content of soil available phosphorus. No significant difference was found in the abundance and diversity of bacterial and archaeal community among the three studied plantations. A similarity analysis (ANOSIM) showed that mixed plantation significantly altered the community composition of archaea and fungi, accompanied with an increase of alkaline phosphatase activity. However, ANOSIM analysis of bacterial communities showed that there was no significant group separation among different plantations. Overall, results from this study indicated that fungal and archaeal communities were more sensitive to aboveground tree species than bacterial community. Moreover, mixed plantations significantly increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase and the content of soil available phosphorus, suggesting that afforestation with M. glyptostroboides and B. polycarpa is an effective way to alleviate phosphorus deficiency in urban forests in Shanghai, China.     

Cultivation of Tuber melanosporum in firebreaks: Short-term persistence of the fungus and effect of seedling age and soil treatment

Wildfires are a major threat to Mediterranean forests. Firebreaks are built as a prevention measure, but require a periodic and expensive maintenance. Cultivating the ectomycorrhizal mushroom Tuber melanosporum Vitt. in firebreaks could reduce costs and improve their sustainability. But firebreaks are built on forest soil, considered nonoptimum for T. melanosporum cultivation. A pot experiment was used to study the persistence of T. melanosporum in firebreak soils in the short term, as a first step to assess the viability of these plantations. The influence of seedlings, soil heating, and liming was also tested. During the 2 y after plantation, T. melanosporum mycorrhizas increased their number, showing its ability to proliferate. Percent root colonisation by native fungi importantly increased from month 12 to 22; although T. melanosporum remained dominant, with a colonisation level similar to those in standard truffle plantations. The age of seedlings at the time of planting influenced T. melanosporum proliferation, supporting a key role for nursery seedling quality in the performance of young plantations. Heating the soil before planting reduced the richness of native fungi, suggesting that this could increase plantation success. The results tend to support the viability of T. melanosporum cultivation in firebreaks, and encourage experimental field plantations.     

碧塔海湿地不同水分梯度下土壤真菌群落结构及功能类群研究

【目的】通过对碧塔海湿地不同水分梯度下土壤真菌群落结构及功能类群的分析,以期为湿地资源管理和生态恢复提供参考。【方法】选择滇西北碧塔海湿地不同水分梯度下的土壤,包括常年淹水的沼泽湿地(swamp wetland,SW)、季节性淹水的沼泽化草甸(swamp meadow,SM)和无淹水的草甸(meadow,M),利用Illumina高通量测序和FUNGuild比较分析不同水分梯度下土壤真菌群落结构和功能类群,并探究环境因子对真菌群落的影响。【结果】碧塔海湿地土壤真菌α多样性在不同水分梯度上无显著差异。非度量多维尺度分析和相似性分析表明真菌β多样性在不同水分梯度上存在显著的差异(R=0.501,P=0.001)。碧塔海湿地中真菌优势门为子囊菌门、担子菌门、隐菌门和被孢霉门。在不同水分梯度上担子菌门、被孢霉门和隐真菌门丰度存在显著差异(P<0.05)。优势科为火丝菌科、被孢霉科、古生菌科和珊瑚菌科(P<0.05)。相关分析显示,土壤pH、总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、铁、钾、蔗糖酶和植物PCoA1与真菌α多样性呈显著相关(P<0.05)。冗余分析和相关性热图分析结果表明,含水率、铵...