辽宁省不同地区几种食用菌重金属含量测定及质量评价

对食用菌重金属含量测定和污染状况分析,探讨环境污染因素对食用菌吸收重金属的影响。采用微波消解法对食用菌进行处理,应用ICP-AES法测定了Ni、Cr、Pb、Cd、As、Hg六种重金属元素的含量。结果表明,调查的51份样品中香菇、平菇、杏鲍菇、茶树菇、双孢菇、黑木耳、鸡腿菇、蛹虫草重金属合格率均为97%以上;Ni、As含量在个别香菇和黑木耳中超标,但超标量很小;个别平菇、香菇、黑木耳、鸡腿菇有Pb的检出但不超标;平菇、香菇、茶树菇、黑木耳有Cd的检出但不超标;平菇、香菇、杏鲍菇、茶树菇、黑木耳、鸡腿菇有Cr的检出但不超标;所有样品中Hg均未检出。辽宁市场上食用菌大部分是安全的。     

Metallic and metalloid elements in various developmental stages of Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam

There is growing evidence that mushrooms (fruiting bodies) can be suitable for biogeochemical prospecting for minerals and as indicators of heavy metal and radioactive contaminants in the terrestrial environment. Apart from the nutritional aspect, knowledge of accumulation dynamics and distribution of elements in fruiting bodies, from emergence to senescence, is essential as is standardization when choosing mushroom species as potential bioindicators and for monitoring purposes. We studied the effect of fruitbody developmental stage on the contents of the elements (Li, K, V, Cr, Mn, Mg, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Ag, Al, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, Pb, Tl and U) in the individual parts of the Amanita muscaria fruiting body. Elements such as K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn and Se remained similar throughout all developmental stages studied, however for K, differences occurred in the values of caps and stipes, as expressed by the cap to stipe concentration quotient (index Q_C/S). The other elements quantified, i.e., Li, V, Cr, As, Rb, Sr, Ag, Al, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, Pb, Tl and U are considered as nonessential or toxic (with the exception of V in A. muscaria). Their accumulation in the fruiting bodies and their distribution between cap and stipe did not show a uniform pattern. Pb, Sb, Tl, Ba, Sr, Li, Rb and Cs decreased with increasing maturity of the fruitbodies, implying that translocation, distribution and accumulation in stipes and caps was not a continuous process, while V, Cr, As, Ag, Cd, and U remained at the same concentration, similarly to the essential elements. Our results for A. muscaria confirm that elemental distribution in different parts of fruiting bodies is variable for each element and may change during maturation. Soil properties, species specificity and the pattern of fruitbody development may all contribute to the various types of elemental distribution and suggest that the results for one species in one location may have only limited potential for generalization.     

The accumulation of the technogenic radionuclides by mushrooms in the area affected by the activity of the Krasnoyarsk mining-and-chemical industrial complex

The radionuclide content was measured in mushrooms collected in different sites situated in the zone of the radiation influence on the Mining-and-Chemical Combine at Zheleznogorsk and on the control site, near Krasnoyarsk, in 2002-2004. The analytical investigations of fruiting bodies of 12 mushroom species have revealed three gamma-emitting radionuclides: 7Be, 40K (natural) and 137Cs (artificial). It was found that only three species contain 7Be; activity concentration of 40K is not species- and site-dependent, averaging 1600 Bq/kg. All collected samples contain 137Cs, and its accumulation by mushrooms is species-specific. Suillus concentrates more 137Cs activity than other species and can be used as a bioindicator of soil contamination with radiocesium. The average activity concentration of 137Cs in Suillus granulatus collected in the sites subjected only to aerosol discharges of the MCC is more than twice higher than 137Cs content of the mushrooms collected in the control site--"Krasnoyarsk". The maximum activity concentration of 137Cs in Suillus samples collected in the sites that receive 137Cs with the flood water is an order of magnitude higher, amounting to 8624 Bq/kg. The analysis of the radionuclide distribution in a mushroom shows that 40K activity concentration is the same in caps and stems of Suillus, and 137Cs concentration in Suillus caps is 1.7-2.3 times higher than in stems. Binding of radionuclides by mushroom biomass was determined by chemical fractionation; it was found that the highest activities of 137Cs and 40K are in the exchange-adsorption fraction (56 to 71% of the total content of a radionuclide) and in the organic fraction (23 to 37%). Calculations were made for determination of the coefficients of 40K and 137Cs transfer from the soil to the fruiting body of Suillus.     

重金属在食用菌中的富集及对其生长代谢的影响

本文报导食用菌对重金属的吸收积累性能及重金属对食用菌生长代谢的影响。从供试的香菇、凤尾菇、金针菇及木耳等食用菌研究表明:对Hg、Pb、As、Ni、Cd、Cu、Zn等重金属均有不同程度的富集作用,其中对Hg的富集是极显著的,但对Pb则不明显。从福建省食用菌生产点采样测定结果看,子实体中的重金属含量均不超标。上述重金属对食用菌生长均有不同程度的不良影响,尤其以Hg和As为突出。对产量影响的顺序以香菇最大、凤尾菇次之、金针菇较弱。重金属在一定范围内对香菇抗坏血酸氧化酶活性有激活作用,对纤维素酶有抑制作用。     

The Heavy Metal Content of Wild Edible Mushroom Samples Collected in Canakkale Province,Turkey

In this study, concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) were determined in three edible mushroom species (Lactarius deliciosus, Russula delica, and Rhizopogon roseolus) collected in five sampling sites in Canakkale province, Turkey. Mean values of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn were 0.72, 0.26, 28.34, 1.53, and 64.62 mg/kg, respectively. The highest concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were determined in species R. delica, while Cr was observed in L. deliciosus. In terms of the nutritional aspect, taking into account the concentration of Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake recommended by FAO/WHO, the maximum concentration of Cd is a restrictive factor for consumption of the collected mushroom species. The concentrations of the other elements have no health risks when consumed at optimal levels.     

Contents of Heavy Metals in Chinese Edible Herbs: Evidence from a Case Study of Epimedii Folium

Toxic heavy metal contamination in Chinese edible herbs has raised a worldwide concern. In this study, heavy metals in Epimedii Folium, an edible medicinal plant in China, were quantitatively analyzed. Variations of heavy metals in different species, in various organs (i.e., leaves, stems, and roots), in wild-growing and cultivated plants, and in 35 market samples of Epimedii Folium, were systematically investigated. In all of Epimedium samples, Hg (mercury) was not detectable (0.00 μg/g). Four species, Epimedium pubescens, Epimedium sagittatum, Epimedium brevicornu, and Epimedium wushanense, were found to contain Cu (copper) and Pb (lead). And contents of Cu and Pb in E. brevicornu were significantly higher than those in other species (P < 0.01). In wild-growing and cultivated Epimedium plants, Cd (cadmium) and As (arsenic) were not detectable, and concentrations of Cu and Pb in wild-growing plants were significantly higher than those in cultivated plants (P < 0.01). Cd was not detectable in leaves, roots, and stems, while organ specificity was apparent in the distribution of Cu, As, and Pb. And the highest levels of Cu and Pb were observed in roots and leaves, respectively. In Chinese markets, several samples of Epimedii Folium contained excessive Cu, Cd, As, and Pb beyond the national permissible limits. In summary, there was a large variation of heavy metals among Epimedii Folium samples, and Cu and Pb were the most important heavy metals contaminating the edible medicinal plant. Application of Epimedii Folium to drug and food industries will need to focus more on toxic heavy metal contamination.     

Distribution and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Xinzhuangzi Reclamation Soil from the Huainan Coal Mining Area,China

The contamination of coal-mine soil by heavy metals is a widespread problem. This study analyzes the heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr, Cd, and Hg) found in 33 surface soil samples from Xinzhuangzi, China restored coal-mining land used as cultivated land. The results show that the selected elements were cumulative, especially for Cd. An index of geo-accumulation indicates that the soil was practically uncontaminated by Cu, Zn, Ni, and Hg, uncontaminated to moderately contaminated by Pb and Cr, and moderately to heavily contaminated by Cd. Based on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's ecological soil screening levels (Eco-SSLs) for Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, and Cd and the Dutch Target and Intervention Values for Cr and Hg, the plants and soil invertebrates were not likely greatly influenced by the selected metals. Although the Cd concentration was found to have no significant effect on plants and soil invertebrates, it is the only metal with a concentration significantly above that required by Chinese standards (HJ/T 332–2006) for edible agricultural products, indicating that Cd is the predominant factor that determines the use of the reclaimed coal-mining area for farmland. Thus, employing the reclaimed land as farmland may not be a good option.     

冬虫夏草与产地植物及土壤的重金属含量测定

本文测定了野生采集和人工培育冬虫夏草、人工培育冬虫夏草子实体、冬虫夏草发酵菌液、冬虫夏草寄主蝙蝠蛾昆虫食物(蕨麻Potentilla anserine和珠芽蓼Polygonum viviparum),以及野生冬虫夏草产地土壤中5种重金属元素(铜Cu、铅Pb、砷As、镉Cd、汞Hg)的含量。结果表明,人工培育冬虫夏草、人工培育冬虫夏草子实体、冬虫夏草发酵菌液、蕨麻块根、珠芽蓼种子的5种重金属元素含量符合《中医药-中药材重金属限量》ISO国际标准;而野生冬虫夏草,除砷含量(6.170 mg/kg)超标外,铜、铅、镉、汞元素含量均符合要求。按国家标准《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 1516-2018),四川产地土壤(KDX)与青海产地土壤(GD、HN)的5种重金属含量均低于农用土壤污染风险筛选值;而四川产地土壤(KDT),除镉含量(0.923 mg/kg)高于风险筛选值而低于风险管制值外,其余4种元素含量均低于风险筛选值。结果为人工培育冬虫夏草的质量控制提供了参考。     

Characterization of vitamin B12 compounds in the fruiting bodies of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) and bed logs after fruiting of the mushroom

This study determined the vitamin B₁₂ content in commercially available dried fruiting bodies of shiitake mushroom, Lentinula edodes. The vitamin B₁₂ contents in dried donko-type fruiting bodies with closed caps (5.61 ± 3.90 μg/100 g dry weight), did not significantly differ from those of dried koushin-type fruiting bodies with open caps (4.23 ± 2.42 μg/100 g dry weight). The bed logs after fruiting of the mushroom also contained the vitamin B₁₂ levels similar to that in the dried shiitake fruiting bodies. To determine whether the dried shiitake fruiting bodies and their bed logs contained vitamin B₁₂ or other corrinoid compounds that are inactive in humans, we purified corrinoid compounds using an immunoaffinity column and identified vitamin B₁₂ using vitamin B₁₂-dependent Escherichia coli 215 bioautograms and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) chromatograms. Dried shiitake fruiting bodies rarely contained an unnatural corrinoid vitamin B₁₂[c-lactone] that is inactive in humans. Given that shiitake mushroom lacks the ability to synthesize vitamin B₁₂ de novo, the vitamin B₁₂ found in dried shiitake fruiting bodies must have been derived from the bed logs.     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in local edible plants near a municipal landfill and the related human health risk assessment

ABSTRACT

The increase in municipal solid waste generation, along with high concentrations of heavy metals in environments near municipal landfill, has led to human health hazards. This study investigated heavy metal contamination in water, sediment, and edible plants near a municipal landfill, including the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and potential health risks. The heavy metal concentrations in the samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The concentrations of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) in water samples were not detected (ND), ND, 0.006 ± 0.01 mg/L, and ND, respectively, and in sediment samples, the concentrations were 1.19 ± 0.44, 3.20 ± 0.62, 0.46 ± 0.21, and 6.97 ± 0.34 mg/kg, respectively. The highest concentrations of As (5.03 ± 0.38), Pb (1.81 ± 0.37), and Cd (1.93 ± 0.13) were found in Marsilea crenata, whereas that of Cr (5.68 ± 0.79) was detected in Ipomoea aquatica. The Cr concentration in all plant species exceeded the standard for vegetables. The BAF values followed the heavy metal concentrations. All plant species have a low potential for accumulating Pb and Cr. The edible plants in this study area might cause health hazards to consumers from As, Pb, and Cd contamination.     

First report of phytochelatins in a mushroom: induction of phytochelatins by metal exposure in Boletus edulis

Some species of macromycetes (mushrooms) consistently are found to contain high concentrations of toxic metals such as cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg), and consumption of wild-growing mushrooms is acknowledged as a significant source for Cd and Hg in humans. Yet little is known about the speciation of Cd and Hg in mushroom tissues. Here we present the first evidence of peptides of the phytochelatin family being responsible for binding a large fraction of Cd in caps of the macromycete Boletus edulis exposed to excess metals. Concentrations of Cd, Zn, Cu and Hg, as well as cytosolic Cd-binding capacity (CCBC), glutathione (GSH) and free proline (Pro) were quantified in fruiting bodies of B. edulis differentially exposed to a wide range of metals. Metal distribution among cytosolic compounds were investigated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), followed by metal determinations with atomic absorption chromatography (AAS) and HR-ICP-MS. Cd-binding compounds in SEC elutates were investigated further by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). CCBC was >90 times higher in the exposed group relative to the reference group (Mann-Whitney's P < 0.001), whereas concentrations of free Pro were almost identical for the two groups. For the whole study selection, CCBC correlated positively with metal exposure (Spearman's P < 0.001 for all four metals), suggesting dose-dependent induction of Cd-binding compounds by exposure to these metals, possibly as a defense mechanism. The presence of phytochelatins (PCs), a family of cystein-rich oligopeptides, was confirmed in Cd-containing SEC fractions by HPLC-MS. The appearance of more complex PCs was coupled to declining concentrations of GSH. To our knowledge this is the first report demonstrating the presence of PCs in a macromycete.     

武汉市蔬菜重金属污染现状的调查与评价

通过对武汉市6种蔬菜的供食部位及所对应的土壤中重金属Hg(汞)、Cu(铜)、Pb(铅)、Cd(镉)、Cr(铬)、Zn(锌)、As(砷)含量及分布特征进行了检测,结果表明:Pb、Cr是武汉市蔬菜中主要的污染元素;Hg、Cd只在个别叶菜类上超标;Zn、Cu、As无超标样。在所时应的土样中,普遍存在污染的是Cd,其它6种重金属元素均未超标。     

The Accumulation of Risk and Essential Elements in Edible Mushrooms Chlorophyllum rhacodes,Suillus grevillei,Imleria badia,and Xerocomellus chrysenteron Growing in the Czech Republic

Risk and essential elements were determined in fruiting bodies of wild growing edible mushrooms Chlorophyllum rhacodes, Suillus grevillei, Imleria badia, and Xerocomellus chrysenteron collected in an unpolluted site in South Bohemia, the Czech Republic. The elements were also determined in underlying soils and the bioconcentration factors were calculated. The analyses revealed that C. rhacodes accumulated Ag, Cu, Rb, Se, Zn, As, Cd, and Tl. On the other hand, S. grevillei accumulated Cd, Rb, Ag, Se, and Cs. I. badia and X. chrysenteron strongly accumulated Rb, Cs, and Ag; these species showed the ability to accumulate Cu and Zn as well. Contents of detrimental Cr^VI were in all cases below the quantification limit (0.003 mg kg^?1 dry matter). Studied mushroom species (mainly C. rhacodes) accumulated some toxic elements. However, no considerable effect on human health is expected since they are usually consumed as a delicacy and do not represent a major component of diet.     

Assessment of heavy metal in the water,sediment, and two edible fish species of Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration,India with special emphasis on human health risk

The city of Jamshedpur, nicknamed the “industrial capital of Jharkhand,” is one of the oldest industrial settlements in India, nestled amidst the mineral-rich Chota Nagpur plateau, with its diverse tribal population. Heavy metal contamination from industrialization and urbanization can pose a serious health risk to the resident population of the city. Metal concentrations in water and sediment of various water bodies (rivers, canals, and lakes) were determined using ICP-MS. Pollution indices indicate heavy metal contamination at Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration, mainly because of Cr (23–1111.6 mg/kg), Hg (0.08–4.11 mg/kg), and Pb (5.2–248 mg/kg). Labeo rohita and Punitus sarara, the two popular edible fishes, also have high concentration of Cr, Hg, and Pb. Health risk to human population due to consumption of metal contaminated edible fishes (L. rohita and P. sarara) was determined by target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI). THQ value of fish consumption (most popular protein supplement in the area) was found higher for Cr and Pb when compared with previous literature on fish consumption. Also, HI value ranged from 1.4 to 3.9, suggesting that the children have higher health risks than adults, due to consumption of metal contaminated fishes (especially L. rohita).     

Spatial distribution,contamination levels,sources, and potential health risk assessment of trace elements in street dusts of Urumqi city,NW China

Abstract

A total of 83 dust samples were collected from the streets of Urumqi city in NW China and analyzed for the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn elements. The spatial distribution, contamination levels, main sources, and potential health risks of these trace elements were determined based on geostatistical analysis, geo-accumulation index, multivariate analysis, and the health risk assessment model introduced by the USEPA, respectively. The obtained results indicate that the average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn exceed the corresponding background values determined in Xinjiang soils by factors of 2.0, 1.35, 1.38, 8.24, 1.28, 2.09, and 3.26, respectively. The spatial distribution patterns of the nine trace elements in street dust were found to be substantially heterogeneous, and the contamination level decreased in the following order: Hg?>?Zn?>?Pb?>?Cd?>?Cr?>?Cu?>?As?>?Ni?>?Mn. Based on the identified concentrations, the collected dust samples were found to be moderately polluted by Hg, and not polluted by As, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Ni. The remaining elements, Cd, Pb, and Zn lie on the borderline between non-pollution and moderate pollution levels. Furthermore, it was shown that Mn and Zn in street dusts originate from both, natural and anthropogenic sources, while As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Pb are mainly produced by anthropogenic sources. Overall, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of the analyzed elements, instigated primarily by oral ingestion of street dusts, were found to be within the acceptable range for both, children and adults. As and Cr are the main non-carcinogenic elements, whereas Cr is the major carcinogenic element among the investigated dust-bound metals in the study area.     

Lentinula edodes as a Source of Bioelements Released into Artificial Digestive Juices and Potential Anti-inflammatory Material

Lentinula edodes (shiitake), an edible and medicinal mushroom, was chosen for this study with the aim of evaluating the possibility of release of bioelements into artificial digestive juices and analyzing the anti-inflammatory properties. The extracts were prepared from fruiting bodies and biomass enriched with copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se). The content of bioelements was analyzed by total reflection X-ray fluorescence method. Relatively low content of elements was observed in the fruiting bodies: Cu–1.6, Zn–7.6, and Se–0.12 mg/100 g d.w. compared to mycelial cultures. The anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated in RAW 264.7 cells. Based on the levels of cyclooxygenase 2 protein, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ determined using Western blot technique, it was found that the addition of bioelements enhanced the anti-inflammatory properties of mycelium. This indicates that L. edodes cultured on a suitable medium may be used as a potential component of anti-inflammatory products.

     

Assessment of Essential Elements and Heavy Metals Content on Mytilus galloprovincialis from River Tagus Estuary

Trace elemental content was analysed in edible tissues of Mytilus galloprovincialis collected in five different sampling areas near the mouth of river Tagus estuary in Lisbon. The concentrations of essential elements (S, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Br and Sr) were determined by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry, while toxic elements (Cr, Cd, Hg, Se and Pb) were measured by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The results show that the essential elements K and S are present at the highest concentrations in all the studied samples reaching 2,920 and 4,520 μg g^?1 (fresh weight), respectively. The highest levels of heavy metals found were in two areas close to the city for Pb and Cd, but below the maximum allowed values.     

Impact of Mushrooms’ Vegetative Places and Morphological Parts of a Fruiting Body on the Fatty Acids Profile of Wild Leccinum aurantiacum and Leccinum versipelle

The aim of this study was to indicate potential differences in composition of fatty acids between two mushroom species as well as to examine the impact of mushrooms’ vegetative places and morphological parts of a fruiting body on the fatty acids profile. The research material consisted of 72 samples of wild Leccinum aurantiacum and Leccinum versipelle in the form of caps and stipes, collected from three selected regions of Poland. Determination of the examined compounds was performed by gas chromatography (FID). Linoleic (C18 : 2), oleic (C18 : 1) and palmitic (C16:0) acids were the predominant compounds in all samples under study. The profile of fatty acids in Leccinum aurantiacum and Leccinum versipelle was varied depending on mushroom species, a region and morphological parts of a fruiting body. The high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in polish L. aurantiacum and L. versipelle provides that the mushroom may be recommended in different types of diets.     

草原珍稀食用菌蒙古口蘑菌种的分子鉴定

目的:蒙古口蘑是一种著名的野生食用菌.为了辨别蒙古口蘑与其相似的草原蘑菇种及分离菌株的真伪.方法:采用ITS序列分析方法对从内蒙古地区采集的子实体和纯培养菌株进行分子鉴定.结果:在20个供试材料中,从呼伦贝尔草原采集的4个子实体(来源于不同地区)中有2个属于蒙古口蘑,从子实体分离得到的纯培养物中有2个为蒙古口蘑菌株;在呼伦贝尔地区购买的蘑菇干品和冷冻品都属于蒙古口蘑;从锡林郭勒草原的不同地区采集分离得到的10株纯培养物中有6株为蒙古口蘑菌株.结论:在呼伦贝尔地区和锡盟地区都有蒙古口蘑存在,而且从不同地区采集的蒙古口蘑亲缘关系比较近.     

Do Differences in Chemical Composition of Stem and Cap of Amanita muscaria Fruiting Bodies Correlate with Topsoil Type?

Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) was investigated using a ¹H NMR-based metabolomics approach. The caps and stems were studied separately, revealing different metabolic compositions. Additionally, multivariate data analyses of the fungal basidiomata and the type of soil were performed. Compared to the stems, A. muscaria caps exhibited higher concentrations of isoleucine, leucine, valine, alanine, aspartate, asparagine, threonine, lipids (mainly free fatty acids), choline, glycerophosphocholine (GPC), acetate, adenosine, uridine, 4-aminobutyrate, 6-hydroxynicotinate, quinolinate, UDP-carbohydrate and glycerol. Conversely, they exhibited lower concentrations of formate, fumarate, trehalose, α- and β-glucose. Six metabolites, malate, succinate, gluconate, N-acetylated compounds (NAC), tyrosine and phenylalanine, were detected in whole A. muscaria fruiting bodies but did not show significant differences in their levels between caps and stems (P value>0.05 and/or OPLS-DA loading correlation coefficient <0.4). This methodology allowed for the differentiation between the fruiting bodies of A. muscaria from mineral and mineral-organic topsoil. Moreover, the metabolomic approach and multivariate tools enabled to ascribe the basidiomata of fly agaric to the type of topsoil. Obtained results revealed that stems metabolome is more dependent on the topsoil type than caps. The correlation between metabolites and topsoil contents together with its properties exhibited mutual dependences.