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Ingle Kapilkumar Gall‐Szpisjak Nikolett Kaur Hardeep Gall Rbert 《Insect Conservation and Diversity》2019,12(4):321-328
- Non‐native tree plantations constitute a large part of forestation worldwide. Plantations are prone to invasion by exotic herbaceous plant species due to habitat properties, including understory vegetation structure.
- We established 40 sampling sites in 10 plantation forests. Sites were selected according to tree species (native poplar forests and exotic pine plantations) and common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) density (invaded and non‐invaded sites) in a full factorial design. We collected spiders with pitfall traps.
- We found a significant effect of A. syriaca invasion on spider functional diversity (Rao's quadratic entropy), with invaded sites having a lower functional diversity than non‐invaded sites. A larger effect of invasion with A. syriaca on the RaoQ of spiders was observed in pine compared to poplar plantations. Spider species were larger, and web‐building spiders were more frequent in poplar forests than in pine plantations. We found no effect of A. syriaca invasion on species richness or abundance of spiders.
- Species composition of spider assemblages in the two forest types was clearly separated according to non‐metric multidimensional scaling. We identified seven species associated with pine plantations and six species associated with poplar plantations.
- The similar species richness and the higher functional diversity of non‐invaded sites suggested that these trait states were less similar than invaded sites and that functionally different species were present. In contrast, the invaded sites had lower functional diversities and thus more uniform trait state compositions, suggesting that environmental filtering played an important role in species sorting, making invaded plantations low‐quality secondary habitats for the original spider fauna.
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在海南铜鼓岭山麓灌木林和季雨矮林固定大样地的基础上,通过收集凋落物,比较两林型的凋落物数量及其器官组成、凋落叶物种组成,探讨森林群落物种组成与凋落物组成的关系。结果表明:(1)两林型的凋落物总量及其器官组成不同,山麓灌木林(6.227 t/hm~2)比季雨矮林的年凋落量大(5.636 t/hm~2);凋落叶是凋落物的主要组成部分,能反映凋落物的凋落情况。(2)山麓灌木林凋落物优势种和主要物种为贡甲、林仔竹、橄树等15个物种,凋落叶总量占77.72%;季雨矮林的凋落物优势种和主要物种为方枝蒲桃、肖蒲桃、贡甲等17个物种,凋落叶总量占71.84%;山麓灌木林中凋落物优势种和主要物种的叶凋落量与其组成物种的株数、总断面积、树冠面积极显著正相关而季雨矮林的凋落物优势种和主要物种的叶凋落量与其组成物种的株数极显著正相关。山麓灌木林中两者的Jaccard相似性系数为20%,季雨矮林为25.93%,两林型的群落物种组成与凋落叶物种组成不一致,热带森林群落优势种不一定是凋落物优势种。 相似文献
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Wind is the major abiotic disturbance in New Zealand's planted forests, but little is known about how the risk of wind damage may be affected by future climate change. We linked a mechanistic wind damage model (ForestGALES) to an empirical growth model for radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) and a process‐based growth model (cenw ) to predict the risk of wind damage under different future emissions scenarios and assumptions about the future wind climate. The cenw model was used to estimate site productivity for constant CO2 concentration at 1990 values and for assumed increases in CO2 concentration from current values to those expected during 2040 and 2090 under the B1 (low), A1B (mid‐range) and A2 (high) emission scenarios. Stand development was modelled for different levels of site productivity, contrasting silvicultural regimes and sites across New Zealand. The risk of wind damage was predicted for each regime and emission scenario combination using the ForestGALES model. The sensitivity to changes in the intensity of the future wind climate was also examined. Results showed that increased tree growth rates under the different emissions scenarios had the greatest impact on the risk of wind damage. The increase in risk was greatest for stands growing at high stand density under the A2 emissions scenario with increased CO2 concentration. The increased productivity under this scenario resulted in increased tree height, without a corresponding increase in diameter, leading to more slender trees that were predicted to be at greater risk from wind damage. The risk of wind damage was further increased by the modest increases in the extreme wind climate that are predicted to occur. These results have implications for the development of silvicultural regimes that are resilient to climate change and also indicate that future productivity gains may be offset by greater losses from disturbances. 相似文献
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Angélica F. de Resende Bruce W. Nelson Bernardo M. Flores Danilo R. de Almeida 《Biotropica》2014,46(6):643-646
Neighboring upland and nutrient‐poor seasonally flooded Amazon forests were penetrated by a fire in 2009, providing a natural comparative experiment of fire damage for these widespread forest types. In upland, only 16 ± 10% (±2 SEM) of stems and 21 ± 8% of basal area were lost to fire, while seasonally flooded forest lost 59 ± 13% of stems and 57 ± 13% of basal area. Drier understory contributes to greater flammability. Much of the area occupied by seasonally flooded woody vegetation (>11.5 percent of the Amazon region) is vulnerable to fire due to high flammability and slow recovery. 相似文献
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Miko U. F. Kirschbaum Michael S. Watt Andrew Tait Anne‐Gaelle E. Ausseil 《Global Change Biology》2012,18(4):1342-1356
The physiologically based growth model CenW was used to simulate wood‐productivity responses of Pinus radiata forests to climate change in New Zealand. The model was tested under current climatic conditions against a comprehensive set of observations from growth plots located throughout the country. Climate change simulations were based on monthly climate change fields of 12 GCMs forced by the SRES B1, A1B and A2 emission scenarios for 2040 and 2090. Simulations used either constant or increasing CO2 concentrations corresponding to the different emission scenarios. With constant CO2, there were only slight growth responses to climate change across the country as a whole. More specifically, there were slight growth reductions in the warmer north but gains in the cooler south, especially at higher altitudes. For sites where P. radiata is currently grown, and across the full suite of GCMs and emission scenarios, changes in wood productivity averaged +3% for both 2040 and 2090. When increasing CO2 concentration was also included, responses of wood productivity were generally positive, with average increases of 19% by 2040 and 37% by 2090. These responses varied regionally, ranging from relatively minor changes in the north of the country to very significant increases in the south, where the beneficial effect of increasing CO2 combined with the beneficial effect of increasing temperatures. These relatively large responses to CO2 depend on maintenance of the current adequate fertility levels in most commercial plantations. Productivity enhancements came at the expense of some soil‐carbon losses. Average losses for the country were simulated to average 3.5% under constant CO2 and 1.5% with increasing CO2 concentration. Again, there were regional differences, with larger losses for regions with lesser growth enhancements, and lesser reductions in regions where greater productivity enhancements could partly balance the effect of faster decomposition activity. 相似文献
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Catherine I. Cullingham Patrick M. A. James Janice E. K. Cooke David W. Coltman 《Evolutionary Applications》2012,5(8):879-891
Understanding the physical and genetic structure of hybrid zones can illuminate factors affecting their formation and stability. In north‐central Alberta, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb) form a complex and poorly defined hybrid zone. Better knowledge of this zone is relevant, given the recent host expansion of mountain pine beetle into jack pine. We characterized the zone by genotyping 1998 lodgepole, jack pine, and hybrids from British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario, and Minnesota at 11 microsatellites. Using Bayesian algorithms, we calculated genetic ancestry and used this to model the relationship between species occurrence and environment. In addition, we analyzed the ancestry of hybrids to calculate the genetic contribution of lodgepole and jack pine. Finally, we measured the amount of gene flow between the pure species. We found the distribution of the pine classes is explained by environmental variables, and these distributions differ from classic distribution maps. Hybrid ancestry was biased toward lodgepole pine; however, gene flow between the two species was equal. The results of this study suggest that the hybrid zone is complex and influenced by environmental constraints. As a result of this analysis, range limits should be redefined. 相似文献
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- Stream ecosystems receive large quantities of nutrients from terrestrial ecosystems that influence community dynamics. However, few studies have investigated the effects of subsidiary calcium, an essential element of animals, on stream ecosystems.
- We focused on differences in calcium concentrations of leaf litter between tree species. In particular, litter of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) has a higher concentration of calcium than other taxa, and the tree is planted in many parts of Japan. Therefore, we predicted that a C. japonica plantation would affect the supply of subsidiary calcium to stream ecosystems.
- We compared calcium concentration of leaf litters, soils, stream water and stream benthic invertebrates sampled at nine sites in catchments composed of cedar plantations, evergreen broad‐leaved forest and clear‐cut areas. In addition, we placed 10 Gammarus nipponensis in each of 10 nylon cages in the nine streams and after one month surveyed the number of surviving individuals.
- Calcium concentration in stream water and soil, and the density and survival of the dominant crustacean (Gammarus nipponensis) were significantly higher at sites dominated by C. japonica compared with other forest types. Furthermore, invertebrate community composition was correlated with total calcium and nitrate in stream water, indicating that terrestrial vegetation can affect stream invertebrate communities, particularly crustaceans.
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通过在亚热带杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)和米老排(Mytilaria laosensis)人工林中设置互换凋落物、去除凋落物、去除凋落物+去除根系和对照处理来分析改变地上、地下碳输入对人工林土壤微生物生物量和群落组成的影响。结果显示,改变地上、地下碳输入对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的影响因树种而异。在米老排林中,土壤微生物生物量不受碳源的限制。而在杉木林中,加入米老排凋落物、去除凋落物和去除凋落物+去除根系3种处理中土壤微生物生物量碳、氮具有明显增加的趋势。磷脂脂肪酸分析结果显示,杉木林中,添加高质量的米老排凋落物后,革兰氏阳性细菌、阴性细菌、丛枝菌根真菌、放线菌和真菌群落生物量分别显著增加了24%、24%、53%、25%、28%,革兰氏阴性细菌和丛枝菌根真菌的相对丰度均有显著增加。与对照相比,杉木林中去除凋落物后革兰氏阳性细菌、阴性细菌、丛枝菌根真菌、放线菌和真菌群落生物量分别显著增加了22%、29%、44%、25%、52%,真菌与细菌比值显著增加了21%。但是,去除凋落物+去除根系处理对两个树种人工林土壤微生物群落组成均无显著影响。米老排和杉木林土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的季节变化格局不同,土壤养分有效性可能是驱动土壤微生物生物量季节变化的主要因子。未来研究需要关注凋落物和根系在不同树种人工林中对土壤微生物群落的相对贡献。 相似文献
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Yan&#x;Mei Fu Xiu&#x;Yue Zhang Dan&#x;Dan Qi Fu&#x;Juan Feng 《Ecology and evolution》2021,11(18):12335
Forest degradation succession often leads to changes in forest ecosystem functioning. Exactly how the decomposition of leaf litter is affected in a disturbed forest remains unknown. Therefore, in our study, we selected a primary Korean pine forest (PK) and a secondary broad‐leaved forest (SF) affected by clear‐cutting degradation, both in Northeast China. The aim was to explore the response to changes in the leaf litter decomposition converting PK to SF. The mixed litters of PK and SF were decomposed in situ (1 year). The proportion of remaining litter mass, main chemistry, and soil biotic and abiotic factors were assessed during decomposition, and then, we made an in‐depth analysis of the changes in the leaf litter decomposition. According to our results, leaf litter decomposition rate was significantly higher in the PK than that in the SF. Overall, the remaining percent mass of leaf litter''s main chemical quality in SF was higher than in PK, indicating that leaf litter chemical turnover in PK was relatively faster. PK had a significantly higher amount of total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) than SF during decomposition. Based on multivariate regression trees, the forest type influenced the soil habitat factors related to leaf litter decomposition more than decomposition time. Structural equation modeling revealed that litter N was strongly and positively affecting litter decomposition, and the changes in actinomycetes PLFA biomass played a more important role among all the functional groups. Selected soil abiotic factors were indirectly driving litter decomposition through coupling with actinomycetes. This study provides evidence for the complex interactions between leaf litter substrate and soil physical–chemical properties in affecting litter decomposition via soil microorganisms. 相似文献
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叶功能性状对林火的响应是林火生态领域的研究热点之一,研究火后油松叶功能性状变化能够揭示油松为适应火环境形成的生长策略,为促进油松火后恢复提供参考。以山西省沁源县火烧迹地内油松为研究对象,选择当年生叶片分析叶功能性状在不同火烈度(未过火、轻度火烧、中度火烧)火烧迹地间的变化规律,并研究不同火烧迹地内叶经济谱的变化特征。结果表明: 除氮磷比外,叶功能性状在不同火烈度的火烧迹地间存在显著差异,其中,叶面积的差异最为明显,是最敏感的性状。随火烧迹地内火烈度的增加,叶面积、叶厚度、叶干物质含量、叶氮含量和叶磷含量升高,比叶面积、叶有机碳含量降低。部分叶功能性状间存在显著的相关关系,但其相关性在不同火烈度的火烧迹地间存在差异。叶经济谱沿着“未过火-轻度火烧-中度火烧”的火烧迹地环境总体向“快速投资-收益型”的资源权衡策略移动,低烈度火烧迹地内油松的生长恢复会加快。 相似文献
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对黄土高原子午岭任家台林区内刺槐、油松、侧柏等3种人工林以及桦树、辽东栎等两种天然次生林的凋落叶C、N、P含量、林下土壤基本理化性质和碱性磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶3种酶的活性进行分析,并研究凋落叶C、N、P含量与土壤C、N、P含量之间的相关关系,以及土壤基本理化性质与酶活性之间的相关关系,为该区植被恢复效果评价提供科学依据与参考。结果发现:刺槐、辽东栎凋落叶碳氮比值显著低于其他植被,凋落叶分解速率相对较快;辽东栎土壤有机碳、全氮含量最高,分别为19.18、1.60g/kg,刺槐土壤全磷含量最高(0.61g/kg);土壤酶活性主要受土壤有机碳、全氮、容重及p H影响,与土壤全磷相关性不显著;人工林中,侧柏土壤中3种酶活性均高于其他植被,且侧柏凋落叶碳氮比值相对较低,分解速率较快,相比于刺槐作为造林树种更占优势。 相似文献
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Brian V. Smithers Malcolm P. North Constance I. Millar Andrew M. Latimer 《Global Change Biology》2018,24(2):e442-e457
In response to climate warming, subalpine treelines are expected to move up in elevation since treelines are generally controlled by growing season temperature. Where treeline is advancing, dispersal differences and early life stage environmental tolerances are likely to affect how species expand their ranges. Species with an establishment advantage will colonize newly available habitat first, potentially excluding species that have slower establishment rates. Using a network of plots across five mountain ranges, we described patterns of upslope elevational range shift for the two dominant Great Basin subalpine species, limber pine and Great Basin bristlecone pine. We found that the Great Basin treeline for these species is expanding upslope with a mean vertical elevation shift of 19.1 m since 1950, which is lower than what we might expect based on temperature increases alone. The largest advances were on limber pine‐dominated granitic soils, on west aspects, and at lower latitudes. Bristlecone pine juveniles establishing above treeline share some environmental associations with bristlecone adults. Limber pine above‐treeline juveniles, in contrast, are prevalent across environmental conditions and share few environmental associations with limber pine adults. Strikingly, limber pine is establishing above treeline throughout the region without regard to site characteristic such as soil type, slope, aspect, or soil texture. Although limber pine is often rare at treeline where it coexists with bristlecone pine, limber pine juveniles dominate above treeline even on calcareous soils that are core bristlecone pine habitat. Limber pine is successfully “leap‐frogging” over bristlecone pine, probably because of its strong dispersal advantage and broader tolerances for establishment. This early‐stage dominance indicates the potential for the species composition of treeline to change in response to climate change. More broadly, it shows how species differences in dispersal and establishment may result in future communities with very different specific composition. 相似文献
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John L. Willis;Don C. Bragg;Jeffery B. Cannon;Kamal J. K. Gandhi;Kathryn R. Kidd;Adam D. Polinko;Joshua J. Puhlick;Daniel Saenz;Mary Anne Sayer;Christopher M. Schalk;Andrew B. Self;Courtney M. Siegert;J. Morgan Varner; 《Restoration Ecology》2024,32(5):e14119
Reestablishing appropriate tree species is an important step in converting off-site monocultures into woodlands. Species conversion is often necessary, as off-site exotic species rarely function like woodland species. However, when off-site tree species are native, and functionally redundant to woodland species, conversion may be unnecessary. To explore this possibility in the southeastern United States, we reviewed the literature on trait differences among the primary southern pines and qualitatively assessed the effect of their identity at the species and stand-levels. In this region, woodland restoration focuses on removing loblolly (Pinus taeda) and slash pine (P. elliottii) to reestablish longleaf (P. palustris) or shortleaf pine (P. echinata). Our review found minimal variation among species in understory flammability, fire resistance at maturity, and Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Leuconotopicus borealis) habitat at the stand-level. Longleaf and shortleaf pine were generally more resistant to abiotic and pest disturbance at the tree-level; however, stand-level differences in wind, drought, and boring insect resistance among southern pines growing in open forests were considered minimal. Retaining loblolly and slash pine will improve stand-level productivity in the short term, but creates regeneration problems due to low juvenile fire resistance and resilience. Ice resistance and long-term carbon sequestration will also likely be reduced by retaining loblolly and slash pine. Collectively, these results suggest that southern pine species are generally interchangeable at the stand-level in woodlands; although woodlands featuring loblolly and slash pine may be less stable in the face of disturbance than those dominated by shortleaf and longleaf pine. 相似文献
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外来种湿地松是我国亚热带地区大面积造林树种,研究其凋落物影响下土壤微生物群落结构和功能的变化,对于全面科学的评价湿地松的生态影响具有重要的理论与实践意义。通过凋落物袋 小盆模拟试验研究,分两个时期(分解5个月和18个月)比较了外来种湿地松与本地种马尾松的凋落物对土壤微生物群落结构(磷脂脂肪酸)和功能(碳代谢)的影响,结果表明：(1)外来种湿地松凋落物的C:N高于本地种马尾松;(2)两个时期,湿地松凋落物处理土壤细菌和放线菌的磷脂脂肪酸含量均低于马尾松,18个月时湿地松凋落物处理土壤真菌含量和群落真菌/细菌显著高于马尾松处理;(3)湿地松凋落物影响下土壤微生物群落功能多样性显著低于马尾松;(4)土壤微生物群落的结构显著影响微生物的活性和功能多样性：土壤微生物群落碳源代谢的强度、多样性及丰富度与细菌磷脂脂肪酸含量呈极显著正相关,细菌特征脂肪酸14:0、15:0、a15:0、i16:0、16:1ω7c、a17:0和cy19:0的含量显著影响土壤微生物群落碳代谢功能。上述结果表明：与本地种马尾松相比,引进种湿地松的凋落物显著改变了土壤微生物群落结构,降低了微生物群落的功能。 相似文献
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不同干扰措施对松材线虫入侵松林内物种多样性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
经野外调查发现:松材线虫入侵松林后,对原先林型相同的两块染病松林而言,经过人为伐除和保留受害木这两种干扰措施后,任其自然恢复更新,后恢复的林型会大不相同,即对受害木采取不同的干扰措施会对染病松林内林下植被的更新产生不同的影响.基于以上出发点,以松材线虫入侵后采取不同伐除干扰措施的2个马尾松受害群落为研究对象,针对受害木移除和保留两种处理方式,选择α多样性指数函数Rényi指数为测量单位,探讨了不同受害木处理方式下植物多样性的变化规律.结果表明:受害木及时移走的松林内林下灌草多样性比受害木保留的要高. 相似文献
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Miranda T. Curzon Anthony W. D'Amato Shawn Fraver Emily S. Huff Brian J. Palik 《植被学杂志》2017,28(1):82-92