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R.W. RAND P.A. CLANCEY G.J. BROEKHUYSEN R. LIVERSIDGE E. PIKE B.V. NEUBY-VARTY 《Ostrich》2013,84(1):33-40
Hockey, P.A.R., Plagényi, É.E., Turpie, J.K. &; Phillips, T.E. 1996. Foraging behaviour of Crab Plovers Dromas ardeola at Mida Creek, Kenya. Ostrich 67:33-44. The foraging behaviour of Crab Plovers is directly analogous to the ‘walk-stop-search-walk’ hunting behaviour of true plovers, and changes slightly depending whether the birds are foraging on sand or in water: they are nonterritorial when foraging. Crabs dominate the diet, but other invertebrates and fish are also eaten. Foraging efficiency increases with age and adults and subadults are able to satisfy their daily energy requirements in a single tidal cycle. The population of Crab Plovers at Mida Creek was much larger in 1994 than in 1992, but in 1994 adults achieved much higher intake rates than in 1992, suggesting considerable year-to-year variation in the carrying capacity of Mida Creek for Crab Plovers. The world population of 43–50 000 birds breeds at very few colonies and the species is thus a potential conservation concern. Because of the relative accessibility of large concentrations of Crab Plovers away from the breeding grounds, we suggest that a programme to monitor numbers and population demography should be targeted at nonbreeding aggregations. 相似文献
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Joana Santana Luís Reino Chris Stoate Francisco Moreira Paulo F. Ribeiro José L. Santos John T. Rotenberry Pedro Beja 《Ecology and evolution》2017,7(4):1212-1223
Conserving biodiversity on farmland is an essential element of worldwide efforts for reversing the global biodiversity decline. Common approaches involve improving the natural component of the landscape by increasing the amount of natural and seminatural habitats (e.g., hedgerows, woodlots, and ponds) or improving the production component of the landscape by increasing the amount of biodiversity‐friendly crops. Because these approaches may negatively impact on economic output, it was suggested that an alternative might be to enhance the diversity (compositional heterogeneity) or the spatial complexity (configurational heterogeneity) of land cover types, without necessarily changing composition. Here, we develop a case study to evaluate these ideas, examining whether managing landscape composition or heterogeneity, or both, would be required to achieve conservation benefits on avian diversity in open Mediterranean farmland. We surveyed birds in farmland landscapes of southern Portugal, before (1995–1997) and after (2010–2012) the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform of 2003, and related spatial and temporal variation in bird species richness to variables describing the composition, and the compositional and configurational heterogeneity, of the natural and production components of the landscape. We found that the composition of the production component had the strongest effects on avian diversity, with a particularly marked effect on the richness of farmland and steppe bird species. Composition of the natural component was also influential, mainly affecting the richness of woodland/shrubland species. Although there were some effects of compositional and configurational heterogeneity, these were much weaker and inconsistent than those of landscape composition. Overall, we suggest that conservation efforts in our area should focus primarily on the composition of the production component, by striving to maximize the prevalence of biodiversity‐friendly crops. This recommendation probably applies to other areas such as ours, where a range of species of conservation concern is strongly associated with crop habitats. 相似文献
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《Ostrich》2013,84(3):267-276
The biodiversity of Akagera National Park (ANP), Rwanda, has reportedly been declining since 1990 due to conflict and war in the country between 1990 and 1994. In this paper, we describe bird diversity in the post-war recovery period. We used systematic plots, point counts and presence–absence surveys to estimate bird species richness and diversity in acacia savanna habitats of the park between 2009 and 2011. We recorded a total number of 301 species, of which 75% were resident and 22% migrant, including a large number of Palearctic visitors and Afrotropical migrants. Particularly notable were four endemic species of the Lake Victoria region, four globally threatened and nine near-threatened species as well as species that had not previously been recorded in the park and those overlooked by past records. Estimated species richness and diversity at the landscape level were 346 and 0.98, respectively, mean estimates per plot were 42 and 0.86 for species richness and diversity, respectively. Our results highlight regional and international importance of ANP in protecting important bird diversity. We also emphasise that ANP is the only savanna habitat in Rwanda where typical savanna birds occur. Our findings provide new insights for further strengthening of efforts to conserve the park's biodiversity. 相似文献
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农田生物多样性评价中常采用指示类群基于物种鉴定水平的数据计算多样性指数,如果能用高级别的分类鉴定结果(如科)或直接用该指示类群个体数来代替该类群物种水平上的多样性指数,可以极大地节省鉴定的成本和降低鉴定难度。同时采用多个指示类群田间取样数据和多种分析方法验证这个问题有助于获得更为普适的结论。为研究农田节肢动物不同分类级别和个体数对于物种丰富度的替代效果,于2019年5-8月在浙江省宁波市的两片不同管理措施和多生境的农田景观区进行了节肢动物群取样调查,并对蜘蛛和蜂类两个类群进行了科级和物种级别的鉴定。通过分析目级和科级分类水平的数目、指示类群的个体数与物种丰富度之间的相关性;并基于这4个指数进行不同管理措施和生境间的双因素方差分析;同时基于目级、科级和物种级别数据,采用非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)对比他们在不同管理措施和生境间的种类组成差异。结果显示:(1)将蜘蛛、蜂类分类至科级可分别拟合其物种水平数据63%和89%的变异性,并且比目级的数据相关性更大。(2)两个指示类群的个体数与物种数之间都有极为显著的相关性,且r≥0.7。(3)比起目级数,科级数和个体数在不同管理措施和生境间的差异结果和物种数更类似。(4)基于分科数据的NMDS在不同管理措施和生境间差异的结果也和物种级别数据的结果更类似。因此,在农田生物多样性的评估中,可以在一定程度上采用较高层次分类的数据,其中科级水平的数据作为首选,从而降低分类鉴定难度并提高工作效率。在需要快速进行蜘蛛和蜂类等基于大量标本数目的生物多样性评估时,可直接统计指示类群个体数量来替代物种数结果。 相似文献
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Abstract We investigated the structure, composition and environmental correlates of leaf‐litter invertebrate assemblages in Pinus radiata plantations and in neighbouring native eucalypt woodland in the Jenolan Caves Karst Conservation Reserve, south‐east Australia. Invertebrate assemblages of plantations were compared with remnant eucalypt woodland located well away from the influence of plantations to determine the direct effects of plantations as a result of habitat‐replacement with a non‐native plantation species. We also included in our comparisons edge habitat of eucalypt woodland located immediately adjacent to plantations. This unique edge habitat is exposed to the intrusion of large volumes of pine leaf‐litter from plantations, which has the potential to affect indirectly invertebrate assemblages of surrounding woodland. We found that species richness of invertebrates was significantly lower in pine plantations compared with remnant eucalypt woodland. There was a complete absence of species from 12 invertebrate orders that were found in surrounding eucalypt woodland. A rich and abundant native plant understorey that provides increased habitat heterogeneity is the most likely explanation for the richer invertebrate assemblage found in remnant eucalypt woodland. The total abundance of all invertebrate taxa in pine plantations in winter was significantly higher than in remnant eucalypt woodland, pine‐litter edges and pine‐free edges. Plantations were characterized by particularly high abundances of species in two orders, Acari and Collembola. High abundances of acarine and collembolan species in plantations were associated with a decompositional environment represented by comparatively higher moisture contents and higher C : N ratios of both leaf‐litter and soil, higher soil conductivity and lower soil pH. We suggest that implementation of The Plantation Biodiversity Benefits Score will be a fruitful way forward to assess the environmental benefits that can be gained from pine plantations in this region of south‐eastern Australia. 相似文献
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鸟类是理想的生物多样性指示类群。中国观鸟记录中心(以下简称“记录中心”)是目前中国最大的鸟类监测公众科学数据平台, 其记录覆盖94%的全国鸟种和94.3%的县级行政区。本研究基于公众科学数据, 参考《区域生物多样性评价标准》(HJ 623-2011)中的受胁物种丰富度指数, 构建了鸟类丰富度指数(RB_A)和珍稀濒危鸟类丰富度指数(RTB_A), 继而提出一种对区域鸟类多样性进行评价的新方法。本研究计算了自2014年起, 各省级、地级、县级行政区(不含市辖区)每年在记录中心的累积记录鸟种数对官方发布鸟种数的覆盖率和省级行政区记录的累积珍稀濒危鸟种数对官方发布数据的覆盖率, 并计算了自2018年起各级行政区每年的RB_A和RTB_A, 以了解各地鸟类丰富度指数的逐年变化情况, 并分析记录中心数据集的发展趋势和两个指数的敏感性。分析结果表明, 记录中心数据对全国各级行政区的鸟种覆盖率自2014年起逐年增加, 在2023年分别有94.1%的省级、59.0%的地级和49.0%的县级行政区(不含市辖区)的鸟种覆盖率超过90%; 记录中心的累积珍稀濒危鸟种数据在省级行政区的覆盖率亦呈上升趋势, 但略低于所有鸟种覆盖率。自2020年起, 全国每年观测到的鸟种数量呈逐年增加趋势, 但其中部分省份每年观测到的鸟种总数在2022年出现下降。自2020年起, 各省级行政区的RB_A和RTB_A整体呈现上升趋势。RB_A范围为0.50-0.96, RTB_A范围为0.45-0.98, 显示RTB_A更为敏感。本研究结果表明, RB_A和RTB_A在本地用户提交记录数量充足的地区有较大的应用价值, 可作为生物多样性评价指标应用。RTB_A对于鸟类多样性的变化更为敏感, 更能体现在地鸟类保护状况。随着记录中心等公众科学平台的发展, 以RB_A和RTB_A为代表的基于公众科学的评价指数在物种多样性评估和物种监测方面有巨大的应用潜力。 相似文献
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全球气候变化与人为活动等因素导致的生物多样性丧失,引起了全球各界对生物多样性保护的高度关注。传统生物多样性保护主要对物种、特有种、受威胁物种的种类组成及其分布模式开展研究,忽视了进化历史在生物多样性保护中的作用。云南是全球生物多样性热点地区的交汇区,生物多样性的保护历来受到广泛关注,为了更好地探讨云南生物多样性的保护措施,该研究以云南被子植物菊类分支物种为研究对象,基于物种间的演化关系,结合其地理分布,从进化历史的角度探讨物种、特有种、受威胁物种的种类组成及系统发育组成的分布格局,并整合自然保护地的空间分布,识别生物多样性的重点保护区域。结果表明:云南被子植物菊类分支的物种、特有种及受威胁物种的物种密度与系统发育多样性均显著正相关;通过零模型分析发现,由南向北标准化系统发育多样性逐渐降低;云南南部、东南部、西北部是云南被子植物菊类分支的重点保护区域,加强这些区域的保护,将最大化地保护生物多样性的进化历史和进化潜能。由此可见,融合进化历史信息的植物多样性格局分析不仅有助于更加深入地理解植物多样性的形成与演变,也为生物多样性保护策略的制定提供更多的思路。 相似文献
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With many species predicted to respond to a changing climate by shifting their distribution to climatically suitable areas, the effectiveness of static protected areas (PAs) is in question. The Madagascan PA network area has quadrupled over the past 15 years, and, although conservation planning techniques were employed to prioritise suitable areas for protection during this process, climate change impacts were not considered. We make use of species distribution models for 750 Madagascan vertebrate species to assess the potential impacts of climate change on (1) species richness across Madagascar, (2) species gain, loss and turnover in Madagascar's PAs and (3) PA network representativeness. Results indicate that Madagascar is predicted to experience substantial shifts in species richness, with most PAs predicted to experience high rates of species turnover. Provided there are no barriers to species movements, the representativeness of the current PA network will remain high for the species that are predicted to survive changes in climate by 2070, suggesting that little benefit will be gained from establishing new PAs. However, this rests on the assumption of mobility through areas currently characterised by fragmentation and anthropogenic activity, something that will require considerable expansion in conservation efforts in order to achieve. 相似文献
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以数据为支撑的物种多样性空间分布是自然保护地适应性保护和管理的基础, 但当前大多数自然保护地缺乏全域物种多样性观测数据。本研究以钱江源国家公园全域663个20 m × 20 m木本植物样方调查数据为基础, 分析了国家公园内观测物种丰富度、稀疏物种丰富度、胸高断面积和树木个体数量的空间变化, 比较了这些变量在国家公园各功能区块间的差异。结果显示木本植物物种多样性的热点分布区与钱江源国家公园核心保护区基本匹配。两个物种丰富度在核心保护区古田山区块和长何齐区块及一般控制区古田-苏庄区块最大, 三者的观测物种丰富度无显著差异(P > 0.05), 古田山区块和古田-苏庄区块的稀疏物种丰富度无显著差异, 但均显著大于长何齐区块; 古田山区块和古田-苏庄区块的两个物种丰富度指标变异程度小于其他区块, 且这两个区块间无显著差异(P > 0.05)。齐溪区块、长何齐区块和古田山区块胸高断面积大于其他区块, 古田-苏庄区块次之, 前三者无显著差异, 古田-苏庄区块显著小于长何齐区块和古田山区块。古田山区块和古田-苏庄区块树木个体数量最小。长何齐区块齐溪片区部分胸高断面积大、个体数量小, 而在长虹和何田片区胸高断面积小、个体数量大。一般控制区长虹-何田区块和古田-洪源区块两个物种丰富度最小, 胸高断面积最小。结果表明, 从生物多样性角度来看钱江源国家公园的功能分区基本合理, 扩展了对国家公园物种多样性热点和保护空缺的认识: 古田山区块木本植物个体大、物种最丰富, 与其毗邻的一般控制区古田-苏庄区块物种同样丰富、个体略小, 可将其纳入保护核心区以利于钱江源国家公园主要生态系统完整性保护; 核心保护区长何齐区块长虹和何田片区物种多样性低、个体小、密度大, 待加强保护和修复; 长虹-何田区块和古田-洪源区块物种少、个体小、干扰强, 待社区发展和保护协同。本研究将为钱江源国家公园生物多样性适应性保护和管理提供科学支撑。 相似文献
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边缘效应对动物的分布及行为会产生一定的影响,在鸟类生态学研究中已证实某些鸟类在森林内部和森林边缘区域存在着物种丰富度和个体多度的差异。于1999至2001年的春夏季,在吉林省左家自然保护区对阔叶林/农田边缘、阔叶林/灌丛边缘及阔叶林/针叶林边缘3种不同类型边缘地带的鸟类物种丰富度及个体多度进行了比较研究。结果表明,不同年间鸟类物种丰富度无显著变化,但个体多度存在着一定的波动。不同类型森林边缘的鸟类物种丰富度存在着一定的差异,阔叶林/灌丛边缘的鸟类物种丰富度最高,而阔叶林/针叶林边缘的鸟类物种丰富度最低。鸟类个体多度的总体趋势在3种不同类型的边缘差异不显著,但存在种间差异,灰椋鸟、灰头啄木鸟和喜鹊在阔叶林/农田边缘的个体多度最高,斑啄木鸟、黄胸、三道眉草和日本树莺在阔叶林/灌丛边缘的个体多度最高,而沼泽山雀、冕柳莺和山在阔叶林/针叶林边缘的个体多度最高。 相似文献
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祁连山北麓四种天然草地蝗虫物种多样性比较研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
为了研究不同草地类型间草地蝗虫多样性的时空变化特性,于2008和2009年6-10月在祁连山北麓4种天然草地设置采样点,用网捕法调查草地蝗虫物种丰富度和相对多度。共捕获到蝗虫28种(亚种),隶属于7科15属。结果显示:4种不同草地类型平均蝗虫丰富度变化幅度为7~23种,较低的蝗虫丰富度出现在高山灌丛,2008和2009年其丰富度分别为7和8种;而高山草地蝗虫丰富度值最高,两年分别为16和23种;荒漠草地和高山草甸蝗虫丰富度介于以上两者之间,两年间丰富度值分别为15和15及9和12种。结果提示,水热资源状况、草地植被和地貌地势等特性决定的空间异质性对草地蝗虫群落组成、多样性和空间分布产生重要影响,不同生境间草地蝗虫时空分布呈现明显分化。 相似文献
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Mbeng Donatus Waghiiwimbom Bakwo Fils Eric-Moise Atagana Patrick Jules Tsague Kenfack Joseph Aimé Joseph Lebel Tamesse 《African Journal of Ecology》2020,58(2):211-226
In this survey, we investigated the diversity and community structure of bats in the Centre Region of Cameroon with respect to their distribution in the different vegetation zones of the region. We mist-netted bats monthly from January 2016 to June 2017 for five nonconsecutive nights per month. Thirty-nine sites were surveyed: 24 in traditional farms, nine in the savannah and six in the forests. A total of 668 bats were captured during 81 nights of capture, covering seven families, 21 genera and 36 species. This included 26 species in traditional farms, 13 species in savannah and 11 species in the forest. Micropteropus pusillus was the most abundant species (30.7%) recorded, followed by Hipposideros ruber (24.9%). The sample efficiency was estimated at 72.1% with fitted species accumulation curves not reaching asymptotes for the three habitat types, suggesting that the survey did not record all the bats present. There was an indication of general increased in abundance of bats during the dry and rainy seasons but it is not significant (Mann–Whitney U: 783.5, p = .195). The rarity index was highest in traditional farms (0.44), followed by savannah (0.38) and then forest (0.33). This preliminary survey provides baseline data on the distribution of bats in the different vegetation types in the Centre Region of Cameroon. 相似文献
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边缘效应与生物多样性 总被引:31,自引:0,他引:31
自从边缘效应提出以来,许多生态学家对它与生物多样性之间的关系进行了研究。大量的事实显示出边缘效应会表现出正效应或负效应,其结果并不完全一致。边缘效应的利用、管理和生物多样性保护是一项有意义而紧迫的工作。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT As human development continues in coastal areas, shoreline properties adjacent to expansive tidal marsh habitat are increasingly used for access to coastal waterways via long piers (>30 m) over marsh habitat. These tidal wetlands provide breeding and foraging habitat for many marsh birds, which may be affected by the human disturbance associated with long piers. Our objectives were to determine the effect of long piers over vegetated tidal marshes on the relative abundance and species richness of marsh birds. We completed combined passive and callback surveys in tidal marsh habitat at 22 sites with long piers and 24 sites without long piers, May-July 2005–2006 in Worcester County, Maryland, USA. Pier sites had lower relative abundance and species richness of obligate marsh birds than nonpier sites. Pier sites had a greater relative abundance of gulls, terns, herons, and egrets than nonpier sites. Pier sites had fewer species of herons and egrets than at nonpier sites. The presence of long piers had no affect on facultative marsh birds. Long pier density was negatively related to obligate marsh bird relative abundance and species richness, and facultative marsh bird species richness, whereas it was positively related to the relative abundance and species richness of gulls and terns. Herons and egrets relative abundance and species richness were not related to long pier density. Obligate marsh birds were negatively affected by long piers, whereas herons, egrets, gulls, and terns appeared to benefit from perching opportunities. Based on the negative effects of long piers on obligate marsh birds, management should focus on reducing the presence and density of long piers in tidal marshes by requiring the removal of existing long piers, or reducing or eliminating permits for construction of new long piers. 相似文献
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Joseph S. Cutler Juan Andrés Olivos Brian Sidlauskas Ivan Arismendi 《Conservation Science and Practice》2020,2(2):e151
Data scarcity impedes a comprehensive impact assessment of the 38 dams currently proposed within the highly biodiverse central African nation of Gabon. Here, we present a multiple-species MaxEnt distribution modeling approach to assess species richness for freshwater fishes at the landscape level and demonstrate its utility in identifying proposed dam sites in Gabon that fall in highly diverse areas. We modeled habitat suitability for 202 of Gabon's fresh and brackish water fish species based on georeferenced presence data from museum specimens and a set of ecologically meaningful environmental conditions. We removed poor performing species from the model and compiled the distributions of 114 well-performing species to generate a new metric, the species pseudorichness index (pR), defined as the cumulative number of species that are highly suited to the habitat in a given segment of river. We used pR as a proxy for true species richness and use this metric to evaluate the distribution of freshwater fish diversity relative to the proposed dam development in Gabon. We found that more than 80% of the proposed dams in Gabon overlap with areas of high pR, implying that planned hydroelectric development in Gabon may disproportionately affect high diversity areas. These dams deserve more focused baseline assessments and conservation action. This approach provides a rapid way to initiate a landscape-scale assessment of freshwater fish diversity to inform conservation decisions in areas that are species rich, but data poor. 相似文献
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Given that land‐use change is the main cause of global biodiversity decline, there is widespread interest in adopting land‐use practices that maintain high levels of biodiversity, and in restoring degraded land that previously had high biodiversity value. In this study, we use ant taxonomic and functional diversity to examine the effects of different land uses (agriculture, pastoralism, silviculture and conservation) and restoration practices on Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) biodiversity. We also examine the extent to which ant diversity and composition can be explained by vegetation attributes that apply across the full land management spectrum. We surveyed vegetation attributes and ant communities in five replicate plots of each of 13 land‐use and restoration treatments, including two types of native vegetation as reference sites: cerrado sensu stricto and cerradão. Several land‐use and restoration treatments had comparable plot richness to that of the native reference habitats. Ant species and functional composition varied systematically among land‐use treatments following a gradient from open habitats such as agricultural fields to forested sites. Tree basal area and grass cover were the strongest predictors of ant species richness. Losses in ant diversity were higher in land‐use systems that transform vegetation structure. Among productive systems, therefore, uncleared pastures and old pine plantations had similar species composition to that occurring in cerrado sensu stricto. Restoration techniques currently applied to sites that were previously Cerrado have focused on returning tree cover, and have failed to restore ant communities typical of savanna. To improve restoration outcomes for Cerrado biodiversity, greater attention needs to be paid to the re‐establishment and maintenance of the grass layer, which requires frequent fire. At the broader scale, conservation planning in agricultural landscapes, should recognize the value of land‐use mosaics and the risks of homogenization. 相似文献