A multi‐wavelength Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging (SFDI) utilizes structured illumination to provide absorption and reduced scattering coefficient maps of colorectal tissue. Combining SFDI with a Machine Learning algorithm ‐ AdaBoost, different types of colorectal tissues including normal, adenomatous polyp and cancer, can be differentiated with high accuracy. This new technique provides a potential method to assist in colorectal cancer screening. Further details can be found in the article by Shuying Li, Yifeng Zeng, William C. Chapman Jr, et al. ( e201960241 ).
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has shown potential in differentiating normal colonic mucosa from neoplasia. In this study of 33 fresh human colon specimens, we report the first use of texture features and computer vision-based imaging features acquired from en face scattering coefficient maps to characterize colorectal tissue. En face scattering coefficient maps were generated automatically using a new fast integral imaging algorithm. From these maps, a gray-level cooccurrence matrix algorithm was used to extract texture features, and a scale-invariant feature transform algorithm was used to derive novel computer vision-based features. In total, 25 features were obtained, and the importance of each feature in diagnosis was evaluated using a random forest model. Two classifiers were assessed on two different classification tasks. A support vector machine model was found to be optimal for distinguishing normal from abnormal tissue, with 94.7% sensitivity and 94.0% specificity, while a random forest model performed optimally in further differentiating abnormal tissues (i.e., cancerous tissue and adenomatous polyp) with 86.9% sensitivity and 85.0% specificity. These results demonstrated the potential of using OCT to aid the diagnosis of human colorectal disease. 相似文献
Incomplete surgical resection of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common cause of local HNSCC recurrence. Currently, surgeons rely on preoperative imaging, direct visualization, palpation and frozen section to determine the extent of tissue resection. It has been demonstrated that optical coherence tomography (OCT), a minimally invasive, nonionizing near infrared mesoscopic imaging modality can resolve subsurface differences between normal and abnormal head and neck mucosa. Previous work has utilized two‐dimensional OCT imaging which is limited to the evaluation of small regions of interest generated frame by frame. OCT technology is capable of performing rapid volumetric imaging, but the capacity and expertise to analyze this massive amount of image data is lacking. In this study, we evaluate the ability of a retrained convolutional neural network to classify three‐dimensional OCT images of head and neck mucosa to differentiate normal and abnormal tissues with sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 70%, respectively. This method has the potential to serve as a real‐time analytic tool in the assessment of surgical margins. 相似文献
Biopsy samples from 27 patients referred to a colposcopy clinic in Glasgow for cervical abnormalities were assessed for the relations among colposcopic appearances, cytological and histological diagnosis, expression of papillomavirus antigen, and the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16, and 18 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences. Specimens were from colposcopically abnormal areas of the transformation zone and from colposcopically apparently normal areas of the zone in the same patients (paired matched internal control tissue). All 27 women referred for abnormal smears had colposcopic abnormalities.HPV-16 or 18 DNA sequences were detected in 20 of the 27 colposcopically abnormal biopsy samples and 13 of the 27 paired normal samples. Twelve samples of colposcopically normal tissue contained histological evidence of viral infection but only four of these contained HPV DNA sequences. The other nine samples of colposcopically normal tissue which contained HPV DNA sequences were, however, histologically apparently normal. HPV-6 and 11 were not detected.Integration of the HPV-16 genome into the host chromosome was indicated in both cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and control tissues. In two thirds of the HPV DNA positive samples the histological grade was classed as normal, viral atypia, or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1. Papillomavirus antigen was detected in only six of the abnormal and three of the normal biopsy samples, and HPV DNA was detected in all of these.The detection of HPV DNA correlates well with a combination of histological and cytological evidence of viral infection (20 of 22 cases in this series). A poor correlation between the site on the cervix of histologically confirmed colposcopic abnormality and the presence of HPV DNA sequences implies that a cofactor other than HPV is required for preneoplastic disease to develop.A separate study in two further sets of biopsy samples examined the state of HPV DNA alone. The sets were (a) 43 samples from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and nine external controls and (b) 155 samples from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, cervical cancer, vulval intraepithelial neoplasia, and vulval cancer and external controls. HPV-11 was found in only two (4·7%) of the 43 specimens from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, whereas HPV-16 was found in 90 (58%) of the other 155 specimens. These results also suggest that HPV subtype is subject to geographical location rather than being an indicator of severity of the lesion or of prognosis. 相似文献
Delineation of brain tumor margins during surgery is critical to maximize tumor removal while preserving normal brain tissue to obtain optimal clinical outcomes. Although various imaging methods have been developed, they have limitations to be used in clinical practice. We developed a high‐speed cellular imaging method by using clinically compatible moxifloxacin and confocal microscopy for sensitive brain tumor detection and delineation. Moxifloxacin is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved antibiotic and was used as a cell labeling agent through topical administration. Its strong fluorescence at short visible excitation wavelengths allowed video‐rate cellular imaging. Moxifloxacin‐based confocal microscopy (MBCM) was characterized in normal mouse brain specimens and visualized their cytoarchitecture clearly. Then, MBCM was applied to both brain tumor murine models and two malignant human brain tumors of glioblastoma and metastatic cancer. MBCM detected tumors in all the specimens by visualizing dense and irregular cell distributions, and tumor margins were easily delineated based on the cytoarchitecture. An image analysis method was developed for automated detection and delineation. MBCM demonstrated sensitive delineation of brain tumors through cytoarchitecture visualization and would have potentials for human applications, such as a surgery‐guiding method for tumor removal. 相似文献
To identify proteins with colorectal cancer-specific regulation, comparative 2-DE of individual-matched normal and neoplastic colorectal tissue specimens was performed. We found 15 protein spots with concordantly increased and 20 protein spots with concordantly decreased intensity in tumor tissue (expression regulation more than fivefold). Nine of these proteins were identified by MS/MS. Interestingly, one of the proteins, which exhibited a marked down-regulation in colorectal cancer tissues, was the recently identified endocrine cell-expressed protein secretagogin. The reduction of the secretagogin content in colorectal cancer tissues was confirmed by comparative immunoblotting (n = 17) and RT-PCR (n = 22) as well as by immunohistochemistry (n = 45) of individual-matched neoplastic and normal colorectal tissue specimens. Immunohistochemistry revealed absence of secretagogin-expressing cells in most of the colorectal cancer tissue specimens. However, some colorectal cancers were characterized by secretagogin-expressing cells. In normal mucosa, positively stained cells exhibited a neuroendocrine cell-characteristic morphology and mucosal location. In colorectal cancer tissues, secretagogin-expressing cells were characterized by a malignant morphology. Our findings might represent the basis for the clinical application of secretagogin as a biomarker for a distinct subgroup of colorectal cancers. 相似文献
Nonlinear optical imaging techniques have been widely used to reveal biological structures for accurate diagnosis at the cellular as well as the tissue level. In the present study, polarization‐dependent second‐harmonic generation (PSHG) was used to determine collagen orientation in breast cancer biopsy tissues (grades 0, I, II and III). The obtained data were processed using fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis, while second‐harmonic generation (SHG) anisotropy and the “ratio parameter” values were also calculated. Such measurements were shown to be able to distinguish collagen structure modifications in different cancer grades tested. The analysis presented herein suggests that PSHG imaging could provide a quantitative evaluation of the tumor state and the distinction of malignant from benign breast tissues. The obtained results also allowed the development of a biophysical model, which can explain the aforementioned differentiations and is in agreement with the simulations relating the SHG anisotropy values with the mechanical tension applied to the collagen during cancer progression. The current approach could be a step forward for the development of new, nondestructive, label free optical diagnostic tools for cancer reducing the need of recalls and unnecessary biopsies, while potentially improving cancer detection rates. 相似文献
Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subset of breast cancer that is more common in African‐American and Hispanic women. Early detection followed by intensive treatment is critical to improving poor survival rates. The current standard to diagnose TNBC from histopathology of biopsy samples is invasive and time‐consuming. Imaging methods such as mammography and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, while covering the entire breast, lack the spatial resolution and specificity to capture the molecular features that identify TNBC. Two nonlinear optical modalities of second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging of collagen, and resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) potentially offer novel rapid, label‐free detection of molecular and morphological features that characterize cancerous breast tissue at subcellular resolution. In this study, we first applied MR methods to measure the whole‐tumor characteristics of metastatic TNBC (4T1) and nonmetastatic estrogen receptor positive breast cancer (67NR) models, including tumor lactate concentration and vascularity. Subsequently, we employed for the first time in vivo SHG imaging of collagen and ex vivo RRS of biomolecules to detect different microenvironmental features of these two tumor models. We achieved high sensitivity and accuracy for discrimination between these two cancer types by quantitative morphometric analysis and nonnegative matrix factorization along with support vector machine. Our study proposes a new method to combine SHG and RRS together as a promising novel photonic and optical method for early detection of TNBC. 相似文献
Effective intraoperative tumor margin assessment is needed to reduce re‐excision rates in breast‐conserving surgery (BCS). Mapping the attenuation coefficient in optical coherence tomography (OCT) throughout a sample to create an image (attenuation imaging) is one promising approach. For the first time, three‐dimensional OCT attenuation imaging of human breast tissue microarchitecture using a wide‐field (up to ~45 × 45 × 3.5 mm) imaging system is demonstrated. Representative results from three mastectomy and one BCS specimen (from 31 specimens) are presented with co‐registered postoperative histology. Attenuation imaging is shown to provide substantially improved contrast over OCT, delineating nuanced features within tumors (including necrosis and variations in tumor cell density and growth patterns) and benign features (such as sclerosing adenosis). Additionally, quantitative micro‐elastography (QME) images presented alongside OCT and attenuation images show that these techniques provide complementary contrast, suggesting that multimodal imaging could increase tissue identification accuracy and potentially improve tumor margin assessment. 相似文献
We develop a novel smartphone‐based spectral imaging otoscope for telemedicine and examine its capability for the mobile diagnosis of middle ear diseases. The device was applied to perform spectral imaging and analysis of an ear‐mimicking phantom and a normal and abnormal tympanic membrane for evaluation of its potential for the mobile diagnosis. Spectral classified images were obtained via online spectral analysis in a remote server. The phantom experimental results showed that it allowed us to distinguish four different fluids located behind a semitransparent membrane. Also, in the spectral classified images of normal ears (n = 3) and an ear with chronic otitis media (n = 1), the normal and abnormal regions in each ear could be quantitatively distinguished with high contrast. These preliminary results thus suggested that it might have the potentials for providing quantitative information for the mobile diagnosis of various middle ear diseases. 相似文献
Oral cancer is associated with high rates of recurrence, attributable to field cancerization. Early detection of advanced field changes that can potentially progress to carcinoma can facilitate timely intervention and can lead to improved prognosis. Previous in vivo studies have successfully detected advanced field effects in oral cancers. Raman exfoliative cytology has previously shown to differentiate normal, oral pre‐cancer and cancers. The present study explores Raman‐exfoliative‐cytology‐based detection of field effects. Exfoliated cells were collected from tumor (n = 16) and contralateral‐normal appearing mucosa (n = 16) of oral cancer patients, and healthy tobacco habitués (n = 20). After spectral acquisition, specimens were Pap‐stained for cytological evaluation. Data analysis, by Principal Component Analysis and Principal Component‐Linear Discriminant Analysis, indicate several spectral‐misclassifications between contralateral normal and tumor, which were investigated and correlated with spectral, cytological and clinical outcomes. A qualitative analysis by grouping patients with number of misclassifications with tumor (Group 1: 0, Group 2: 1 and Group 3: >1) was explored. Group 3 with highest misclassifications showed spectral and cytological similarity to tumor group — one patient was a case of early inoperable residual disease, despite clear margins on histopathology. Thus, these misclassifications could be indicative of cancer field changes, and can prospectively help to identify patients susceptible to recurrences . 相似文献
Full‐field optical coherence tomography (FF‐OCT) has been reported with its label‐free subcellular imaging performance. To realize quantitive cancer detection, the support vector machine model of classifying normal and cancerous human liver tissue is proposed with en face tomographic images. Twenty samples (10 normal and 10 cancerous) were operated from humans and composed of 285 en face tomographic images. Six histogram features and one proposed fractal dimension parameter that reveal the refractive index inhomogeneities of tissue were extracted and made up the training set. The other different 16 samples (8 normal and 8 cancerous) were imaged (190 images) and employed as the test set with the same features. First, a subcellular‐resolution tomographic image library for four histopathological areas in liver tissue was established. Second, the area under the receiver operating characteristics of 0.9378, 0.9858, 0.9391, 0.9517 for prediction of the cancerous hepatic cell, central vein, fibrosis, and portal vein were measured with the test set. The results indicate that the proposed classifier from FF‐OCT images shows promise as a label‐free assessment of quantified tumor detection, suggesting the fractal dimension‐based classifier could aid clinicians in detecting tumor boundaries for resection in surgery in the future. 相似文献
Intraoperative Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) can effectively improve the performance of tumor surgery. Nevertheless, the existing approaches are still unsatisfying to the clinical demands of open surgery. This study develops a novel intraoperative in vivo CLI approach to investigate the potential and value of Cerenkov luminescence (CL) image‐guided surgery. A system characterized with high sensitivity (19.61 kBq mL?1 18F‐FDG) and desirable spatial resolution (88.34 μm) is developed. CL image‐guided surgery is performed on colorectal cancer (CRC) models of mice and swine. Tumor surgery is guided by the static CL images, and the resection quality is evaluated quantitatively and contrasted with other imaging modalities exemplified by bioluminescence imaging (BLI). The in vivo results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed intraoperative CLI approach for removing primary and metastatic CRC. Safety of performing in vivo CL image‐guided surgery is verified as well through radiation measurements of related staffs. Overall, the developed intraoperative in vivo CLI approach can efficiently improve the cancer treatment. 相似文献
The incidence of colorectal cancer has increased annually, and the pathogenesis of this disease requires further investigation. In normal colorectal tissues, ion channels and transporters maintain the water‐electrolyte balance and acid/base homeostasis. However, dysfunction of these ion channels and transporters leads to the development and progression of colorectal cancer. Therefore, this review focuses on the progress in understanding the roles of ion channels and transporters in the colorectum and in colorectal cancer, including aquaporins (AQPs), Cl? channels, Cl?/ exchangers, Na+/ transporters and Na+/H+ exchangers. The goal of this review is to promote the identification of new targets for the treatment and prognosis of colorectal cancer. 相似文献
Minimally invasive fetal interventions require accurate imaging from inside the uterine cavity. Twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), a condition considered in this study, occurs from abnormal vascular anastomoses in the placenta that allow blood to flow unevenly between the fetuses. Currently, TTTS is treated fetoscopically by identifying the anastomosing vessels, and then performing laser photocoagulation. However, white light fetoscopy provides limited visibility of placental vasculature, which can lead to missed anastomoses or incomplete photocoagulation. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is an alternative imaging method that provides contrast for hemoglobin, and in this study, two PA systems were used to visualize chorionic (fetal) superficial and subsurface vasculature in human placentas. The first system comprised an optical parametric oscillator for PA excitation and a 2D Fabry‐Pérot cavity ultrasound sensor; the second, light emitting diode arrays and a 1D clinical linear‐array ultrasound imaging probe. Volumetric photoacoustic images were acquired from ex vivo normal term and TTTS‐treated placentas. It was shown that superficial and subsurface branching blood vessels could be visualized to depths of approximately 7 mm, and that ablated tissue yielded negative image contrast. This study demonstrated the strong potential of PA imaging to guide minimally invasive fetal therapies. 相似文献
Numerous anti-angiogenic agents are currently developed to limit tumor growth and metastasis. While these drugs offer hope for cancer patients, their transient effect on tumor vasculature is difficult to assess in clinical settings. Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is a novel endoscopic imaging technology that enables histological examination of the gastrointestinal mucosa. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of using CLE to image the vascular network in fresh biopsies of human colorectal tissue. For this purpose we have imaged normal and malignant biopsy tissue samples and compared the vascular network parameters obtained with CLE with established histopathology techniques.
Materials and Methods
Fresh non-fixed biopsy samples of both normal and malignant colorectal mucosa were stained with fluorescently labeled anti-CD31 antibodies and imaged by CLE using a dedicated endomicroscopy system. Corresponding biopsy samples underwent immunohistochemical staining for CD31, assessing the microvessel density (MVD) and vascular areas for comparison with CLE data, which were measured offline using specific software.
Results
The vessels were imaged by CLE in both normal and tumor samples. The average diameter of normal vessels was 8.5±0.9 µm whereas in tumor samples it was 13.5±0.7 µm (p = 0.0049). Vascular density was 188.7±24.9 vessels/mm2 in the normal tissue vs. 242.4±16.1 vessels/mm2 in the colorectal cancer samples (p = 0.1201). In the immunohistochemistry samples, the MVD was 211.2±42.9/mm2 and 351.3±39.6/mm2 for normal and malignant mucosa, respectively. The vascular area was 2.9±0.5% of total tissue area for the normal mucosa and 8.5±2.1% for primary colorectal cancer tissue.
Conclusion
Selective imaging of blood vessels with CLE is feasible in normal and tumor colorectal tissue by using fluorescently labeled antibodies targeted against an endothelial marker. The method could be translated into the clinical setting for monitoring of anti-angiogenic therapy. 相似文献
Multispectral imaging combines the spectral resolution of spectroscopy with the spatial resolution of imaging and is therefore very useful for biomedical applications. Currently, histological diagnostics use mainly stainings with standard dyes (eg, hematoxylin + eosin) to identify tumors. This method is not applicable in vivo and provides low amounts of chemical information. Biomolecules absorb near infrared light (NIR, 800‐1700 nm) at different wavelengths, which could be used to fingerprint tissue. Here, we built a NIR multispectral absorption imaging setup to study skin tissue samples. NIR light (900‐1500 nm) was used for homogenous wide‐field transmission illumination and detected by a cooled InGaAs camera. In this setup, images I(x, y, λ) from dermatological samples (melanoma, nodular basal‐cell carcinoma, squamous‐cell carcinoma) were acquired to distinguish healthy from diseased tissue regions. In summary, we show the potential of multispectral NIR imaging for cancer diagnostics. 相似文献
The ability to differentiate benign metaplasia in Barrett’s Esophagus (BE) from neoplasia in vivo remains difficult as both tissue types can be flat and indistinguishable with white light imaging alone. As a result, a modality that highlights glandular architecture would be useful to discriminate neoplasia from benign epithelium in the distal esophagus. VFI is a novel technique that uses an exogenous topical fluorescent contrast agent to delineate high grade dysplasia and cancer from benign epithelium. Specifically, the fluorescent images provide spatial resolution of 50 to 100 μm and a field of view up to 2.5 cm, allowing endoscopists to visualize glandular morphology. Upon excitation, classic Barrett’s metaplasia appears as continuous, evenly-spaced glands and an overall homogenous morphology; in contrast, neoplastic tissue appears crowded with complete obliteration of the glandular framework. Here we provide an overview of the instrumentation and enumerate the protocol of this new technique. While VFI affords a gastroenterologist with the glandular architecture of suspicious tissue, cellular dysplasia cannot be resolved with this modality. As such, one cannot morphologically distinguish Barrett’s metaplasia from BE with Low-Grade Dysplasia via this imaging modality. By trading off a decrease in resolution with a greater field of view, this imaging system can be used at the very least as a red-flag imaging device to target and biopsy suspicious lesions; yet, if the accuracy measures are promising, VFI may become the standard imaging technique for the diagnosis of neoplasia (defined as either high grade dysplasia or cancer) in the distal esophagus. 相似文献