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1.
Food rewards were given contingent upon the performance of one of three natural responses in adult male pigtail macaques:
scratching, yawning, and the facial expression “protruded lips.” Scratching rapidly increased in frequency when it was followed
by food, as did variability in form of scratching and one form in particular, using the feet. The facial expression was resistant
to the conditioning procedures. Yawning increased in frequency when followed by food, with extinction and reconditioning procedures
confirming the establishment of the conditioned response. This is the first report of the conditioning of yawning in primates.
Together, the results contribute to the literature on the differential conditionability of different classes of behavior,
and suggest the possibility that macaques can voluntarily display “reflexive” acts for social goals. 相似文献
2.
Alfonso Troisi Filippo Aureli Gabriele Schino Fabio Rinaldi Nicoletta de Angelis 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》1990,86(4):303-310
Yawning behavior was studied in two species of macaques: the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) and the Japanese macaque (M. fuscata). Japanese macaques yawned much more than long-tailed macaques. Age, sex, and dominance rank exerted different effects on yawning in the two species. In the long-tailed macaques, sex differences in frequency of yawning emerged only after sexual maturity; yawning rates increased significantly in both males and females as they reached sexual maturity; and, among males, dominance rank was positively correlated with frequency of yawning. Differently, in the Japanese macaques, males, both mature and immature, yawned more than same-aged females; sexual maturity was associated with an increase in yawning in males only; and male rank did not correlate with the frequency of yawning. Regardless of interspecific differences, the overall results supported only in part the finding that, in Old World monkeys, yawning is largely influenced by plasma concentrations of androgens. There was evidence that social factors were also important in influencing the age-sex class distribution of yawning. 相似文献
3.
Stefano Scucchi Dario Maestripieri Gabriele Schino 《Primates; journal of primatology》1991,32(1):115-118
This study was aimed at testing whether the female menstrual cycle is associated with changes in social tension experienced
by eight heterosexual pairs of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Displacement activities were considered as a behavioral measure of social tension and recorded during the periovulatory
and the menstrual flow phases of the cycle. While male yawning and body shake underwent nonsignificant increases, male autogrooming
and scratching increased significantly during the periovulatory phase. Female displacement activities did not show any significant
difference between the two phases. Male and female socio-sexual behavior was not affected by the menstrual cycle. These results
suggest that the male conflictual state, but not the female one, is affected by female menstrual cycle. 相似文献
4.
Christin Richter Lieke Mevis Suchinda Malaivijitnond Oliver Schülke Julia Ostner 《International journal of primatology》2009,30(4):625-642
Macaque social relationships differ greatly between species. Based on captive studies that focus mainly on females, researchers
have classified stumptail macaque (Macaca arctoides) social relationships as tolerant, as indicated by a high rate of affiliation, frequent aggression, and symmetrical conflicts.
To accumulate more data on male social relationships, which are relatively understudied, and to generate comparative data,
we investigated male social relationships in a provisioned group of 68 free-ranging, naturally dispersing stumptail macaques
in southern Thailand. We collected continuous focal animal and ad libitum data on 7 adult and 2 subadult males, recording social behavior during 283 contact hours between December 2006 and March
2007. Stumptail macaques of this population were less tolerant than predicted based on previous studies on captive groups:
Rates of spatial proximity, affiliation, and aggression were low, most males directed affiliative behavior toward higher-ranking
males, and conflicts were generally of low intensity and relatively asymmetrical. Thus, male stumptail macaques of the focal
group appear to differ in their social style from a previous study of a captive group that mainly comprised of females. In
some traits, they are even more intolerant than rhesus macaques, an intensively studied intolerant macaque species. We also
compare our data on stumptail macaque males to those on other male macaques, but available data are too sparse to draw final
conclusions. 相似文献
5.
Responses to different urine samples were studied in pigtailed (M. nemestrina) and stumptailed (M. arctoides) macaques. Both species exhibited more interest towards urine samples from their own species than neutral stimuli. Responses
towards urine samples from other macaque species did not significantly differ from those towards neutral stimuli. In stumptailed
macaques, no differential interest was observed between urine samples from a known (the adult male of the group) and an unknown
adult male conspecific. 相似文献
6.
Self-injurious behavior (SIB) occurs in both human and nonhuman primate populations. Despite the potential for harm, SIB may persist in part because of an inability to inhibit behavior that results in wounding. A lever-pressing task was used to test the prediction that monkeys with SIB would show greater persistence in lever-pressing on extinction trials than monkeys without the disorder. The subjects were 15 individually-housed adult male rhesus macaques, 10 of which (the SIB group) had a veterinary record of self-inflicted wounding. All of the monkeys were trained to lever-press for food rewards to a criterion of 400 total responses. The test procedures consisted of five daily 30-min sessions divided into six 5-min intervals. On day 1, the subjects received continuous reinforcement. On days 2-4, testing consisted of alternating reinforced/unreinforced 5-min intervals, beginning with reinforcement. Reinforced intervals were cued with a buzzer. On day 5, the subjects received no reinforcement. The number of lever-presses and behavioral responses were recorded during each session. Saliva samples were collected for cortisol measurement before and after test sessions on days 1, 2, and 5. As predicted, monkeys with SIB lever-pressed more than controls during extinction intervals on days 2-4. There was no difference on day 1 or day 5. The frequency of scratching, yawning, and abnormal behavior increased when reinforcement was intermittent (days 2-4) or absent (day 5). Cortisol levels were highest with continuous reinforcement (day 1), and may reflect differential levels of food intake rather than stress. The presence of extinction deficits suggests that SIB may persist in some monkeys because they lack the ability to regulate the intensity of their biting behavior. 相似文献
7.
Arianna De Marco Roberto Cozzolino Francesco Dessì-Fulgheri Bernard Thierry 《International journal of primatology》2011,32(3):708-720
Sexual competition is potentially disruptive for the cohesion of social groups because stress and conflicts can extend to
other group members. The displays and interactions of sexual partners are liable to influence the behavior of group-mates,
which may need to observe them to anticipate possible consequences. We studied 2 captive groups of Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana) to test whether group-mates pay more attention to consort partners, modify their activities and social interactions, and
exhibit signs of stress during periods of sexual consortships. We found that group-mates approached the top-ranking male more
frequently and were more frequently oriented toward the consort pair at the time of consortship than at other times. Group-mates
spent less time sleeping, and devoted less time to manipulating the environment and more time to monitoring during consortship.
This indicates that consortships may incur costs in individuals not involved in sexual competition. However, Tonkean macaques
did not exhibit any signs of increased stress during consortship periods, as their rates of scratching and yawning did not
differ between consortship and nonconsortship periods. This study shows that not only direct competitors but also other individuals
monitor the behavior of sexual partners. It is likely that group-mates obtain information this way about ongoing action, and
take decisions accordingly. 相似文献
8.
Joseph H. Manson 《Primates; journal of primatology》1993,34(3):285-288
Five adult and subadult sons of middle- and low-ranking female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were observed to hold high dominance rank in their natal groups during a 12-month study at Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. Three
of these males also experienced high mating success during at least one mating season. These findings contrast with all previously
published accounts of rank acquisition by natal male rhesus macaques in provisioned colonies, and they present a challenge
to the hypothesis that natal transfer functions to increase male access to fertile females. 相似文献
9.
Aggression in adult male primates: A comparison of confined Japanese macaques and free-ranging olive baboons 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
G. Gray Eaton 《International journal of primatology》1984,5(2):145-160
The frequencies and types of adult male aggressive behavior of confined Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)and free-ranging olive baboons (Papio anubis)were compared. The baboons, which do not have a mating season, were more aggressive to conspecific males than were the macaques
during their nonmating season. The baboons also solicited aid during aggressive encounters more frequently than the macaques.
However, during their mating season, the macaques were more aggressive to conspecific females than were the baboons. The macaques
were also involved in more triadic sequences of aggression, and the frequency of occurrence of these patterns supported Chase’s
theory of dominance hierarchy formation and maintenance. The differences in aggressive behavior appeared to be related to
the seasonal reproductive cycle of the macaques. 相似文献
10.
In the adult rhesus monkey, yawning is an androgen-dependent sexually dimorphic behavior with males yawning more frequently than do females reflecting sex differences in circulating androgens. Studies in a variety of species indicate that yawning is mediated by various neurochemicals including dopamine, serotonin, and oxytocin. In rhesus monkeys, exogenous androgen reliably induces yawning in females to male-like levels. This study investigated whether flutamide, a nonsteroidal anti-androgen, reverses yawning induced by exogenous androgen administration in adult female rhesus monkeys. Six adult female rhesus monkeys were given chronic DHT alone and in combination with daily injections of flutamide and observed for yawning behavior. Treatment with DHT alone significantly increased yawning from 0.3 yawns per 30 min at the pretreatment baseline to 4.7 yawns per 30 min. Concurrent administration of flutamide significantly reduced the rate of yawning to 1.9 yawns per 30 min. These data indicate that flutamide is an effective tool for blocking the central effects of androgens in rhesus monkey females and that androgens regulate yawning similarly in both males and females. 相似文献
11.
Herein we report that subcutaneous injection of low doses of ovine prolactin (oPRL) induce yawning in young adult male rats. The most effective dose of oPRL in evoking yawning was 0.25 microgram/kg body weight (5.2 yawns/60 min at 1000 hr vs 0.3 in control animals). Doses of 0.025, 0.05, 2.5, 25, and 250 micrograms/kg were less effective. Interestingly, yawning in response to oPRL changes over the course of one circadian cycle with highest frequency at 1600 hr (11 yawns/80 min vs 2 yawns/80 min in animals injected with boiled oPRL). The onset of yawning in most oPRL-treated rats began approximately 40 min after oPRL injection, whereas with apomorphine the latency to the response was about 10 min. These results indicate that oPRL in addition to other hypophysial peptides such as ACTH and MSH can stimulate yawning. It is proposed that PRL after initial activation of the nigrostriatal dopamine system secondarily induces yawning by inhibition of this system via an autoreceptor-mediated negative feedback mechanism. This may explain the long latency to the response. 相似文献
12.
Caitlin Reed Timothy G. O'Brien Margaret F. Kinnaird 《International journal of primatology》1997,18(2):247-260
In a 6-week study of the social behavior of wild Sulawesi crested black macaques (Macaca nigra), we found a linear and transitive dominance hierarchy among the six adult males in one social group. Dominance rank, as determined by the direction of supplantations, correlated strongly with percentage of time near more than four neighbors, frequency of grooming received from adult females, and percentage of time with an adult female as nearest neighbor. These results suggest that high-ranking males are socially attractive. Adult females sexually solicited high-ranking males more often than low-ranking males, but frequency of copulation was not correlated with dominance rank. Frequency and intensity of aggression between males are strongly correlated with rank distance, but aggression toward females was greatest for mid-ranking males. Males of all rank displayed significantly more aggression toward sexually receptive females than toward females in other estrous states. These data indicate that male Sulawesi crested black macaques display a social organization similar to that reported for multimale groups in other macaque species rather than the egalitarian social organization described for female Sulawesi macaques. 相似文献
13.
Hideshi Ogawa 《American journal of primatology》1995,35(4):305-310
Bridging behavior among male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) was studied in a free-ranging group at Mt. Huangshan, China. This behavior was defined as a type of affiliative behavior in which two individuals simultaneously lifted up one infant. Bridging behavior occurred after an adult male carried an infant to another male or approached another male who was holding an infant. Each male frequently held and groomed a particular infant in the group, which was named an “affiliated” infant of the male. Males were more frequently provided with their affiliated infant by other males than with other non-affiliated infants. This finding suggests that male Tibetan macaques recognized the affiliative relationship between a male and his affiliated infant, and chose that infant for bridging behavior on the basis of this knowledge. Such choice might be important for effective bridging behavior or other affiliative interactions between males. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
14.
Irwin S. Bernstein Katherine Bruce Lawrence Williams 《Primates; journal of primatology》1982,23(4):587-591
The effect of male presence on female menstrual cycles was studied in a group of 13 adult female and 3 adult male Celebes
black apes (Macaca nigra) living in an outdoor enclosure. When males were absent, all cycling females had longer durations of maximal perineal swelling.
Overall cycle length also appeared to be longer when males were absent, but there was no statistically significant increase.
The data suggest that male absence results in a longer late follicular stage, perhaps indicating a delay in ovulation. Whereas
these findings do imply that male presence may influence female macaque reproductive condition, it is acknowledged that this
effect is much weaker than the demonstrated influence of female macaques on male reproductive state. 相似文献
15.
A captive group of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). consisting of one adult male and three adult females, was observed for 88 hr during the 1988 mating season. We focused on the group's sexual activities because understanding how social dynamics affect reproductive behavior may enhance our ability to establish self-sustaining captive populations. The adult male exhibited distinct preferences in copulation partners, although all females were receptive and cycled during the study period. The dominant female participated in the most copulations and successfully harassed and disrupted copulations between the male and the other females. The alpha female, therefore, actively constrained the formation of mating pairs. Further, the male did not consort with his year-round female grooming partner. This female, the least dominant member of the group, engaged in the most autosexual and homosexual behavior. Birth season data show that only the dominant female bore offspring. This study emphasizes the influence of social dynamics on a group's reproductive potential and suggests an alternative means by which females can influence consort formation. 相似文献
16.
Hanya G 《Primates; journal of primatology》2003,44(4):333-339
Age differences in food intake and dietary selection were studied for 8 months among wild male Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) under non-predatory situations. Juveniles' feeding time was longer than adult males' in some months, in particular in mating seasons, but did not differ in the other months. Juveniles' feeding speed was slower than that of adult males. However, the age difference in average feeding speed was smaller (90%) than that in expected daily energy expenditure (62–58%). The extent of age difference in feeding speed varied with the food type: the difference was large for fibrous foods, but small for fruits or seeds. As a consequence of the age differences in time spent feeding and feeding speed, the age difference in daily food intake was smaller than expected from metabolic demands. Thus, the hypothesis that juveniles are more vulnerable to starvation than adults was not supported among male Japanese macaques in predator-free Yakushima. Juveniles ate more animal matter, while adult males ate more fibrous foods. 相似文献
17.
Robert W. Sussman 《International journal of primatology》1992,13(4):395-413
Lemur catta shares a male-biased dispersal pattern with most primate species and the majority of mammals. Individuals in a free-ranging
population of ringtailed lemurs were captured, marked, released, and monitored for a 40-month period. Sixty-four percent of
the males (43 of 67) migrated or were missing within this period and all nine censused groups were affected by migration.
Males migrate from their natal group and then may migrate again after reaching full adult body weight. Full-sized adult males
migrate at a rate of 0.28 per year or once every 3.5 years and may change groups a number of times during their life. Migrations
occurred within a 6-month period, ending just after the mating season. However, there is no direct connection between mating
success and male migration. Females mate with transferring males, with group males, and with visitors from adjacent groups.
The age-related pattern of male migration and the occurrence of extragroup mating inLemur catta is similar to that described for several species of macaques. 相似文献
18.
M. Inoue 《Human Evolution》1995,10(1):53-62
Paternity in many primate species cannot be established reliably on behavioral grounds. For instance, Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) have a multi-male group structure and promiscuous mating patterns. On the other hand, accurate evaluation of male reproductive
success is needed to analyze primate behavior. DNA finger-printing techniques were applied to 2 captive groups of Japanese
macaques in the Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University for identification of paternity. Also, mating behavior of a
captive group was observed in order to compare the reproductive success of each male with that expected on the basis of his
observed mating activity. The number of offspring of full adult males was not related to their social rank although the number
of copulations with ejaculation was highly correlated with their social rank.
Monitoring of the female sexual cycles from the plasma profiles of gonadotropins and ovarian hormones suggested that males
could not choose females at days of ovulation.
The results of two-free-ranging wild troops, like those of the captive groups, indicated that high-ranking males could not
monopolize the paternity of offspring. The results of paternity discrimination in Japanese macaques were compared with results
from patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) in a discussion of social structure and male reproductive success. Some aspects of polymorphism detection techniques are
also discussed. 相似文献
19.
This study reports the first experimental exploration of possible contagious yawning in monkeys. Twenty-two stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) were presented with video clips of either yawns or control mouth movements by conspecifics. At a group level, monkeys yawned significantly more often during and just after the yawn tape than the control tape. Supplementary analysis revealed that the yawn tape also elicited significantly more self-directed scratching responses than the control tape, which suggests that yawning might have been caused by tension arising from viewing the yawn tape. Understanding to what extent the observed effect resembles contagious yawning as found in humans and chimpanzees requires more detailed experimentation. 相似文献
20.
Mewa Singh Tephillah Jeyaraj U. Prashanth Werner Kaumanns 《International journal of primatology》2011,32(1):167-176
Socioecology suggests that female distribution in space is determined by the distribution of food resources and the male distribution
is influenced by female distribution. Though studies have traditionally focused on females, males have received increasing
attention in recent years. We compared male–male relationships in lion-tailed macaques and bonnet macaques. Because bonnet
macaques have a high adult male:female sex ratio and are seasonal breeders whereas lion-tailed macaques have a low adult male:female
sex ratio and are largely aseasonal breeders, we predicted that bonnet macaque males would be spatially and socially more
tolerant of each other and would have less linear dominance relationships than lion-tailed macaques. We recorded male–male
and male–female relationships in 1 group of wild macaques of each species via scan sampling and 1–0 sampling. The results
revealed that lion-tailed macaque males largely remained at a distance from each other whereas bonnet macaque males remained
in close proximity to one another. Lion-tailed macaque males were more agonistic toward each other whereas bonnet macaque
males showed more affiliative interactions. The dominance hierarchy among lion-tailed macaque males was more linear than among
bonnet macaque males. Our data support the hypothesis that the study of spatial structuring, temporality of interactions,
and linearity of social relationships may contribute to a better understanding of macaque social systems. 相似文献