蒙古栎叶片及其土壤碳、氮同位素自然丰度对大气CO2浓度升高的响应

大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤氮素转化过程产生重要影响,研究其变化有助于更好地预测陆地生态系统的固碳潜力.氮同位素自然丰度作为生态系统氮素循环过程的综合指标能够有效地指示CO₂浓度升高对土壤氮素转化过程的影响.本研究采用开顶箱CO₂ 熏蒸法研究连续10年的大气CO₂ 浓度升高对我国东北地区蒙古栎及其土壤和微生物生物量碳、氮同位素自然丰度的影响.结果表明: 大气CO₂浓度升高改变了土壤氮循环过程,增加了土壤微生物和植物叶片δ¹⁵N;促进了富¹³C土壤有机碳分解,中和了贫¹³C植物光合碳输入的效果,导致土壤可溶性有机碳和微生物碳δ¹³C在CO₂升高条件下没有发生显著变化.这些结果表明,CO₂浓度升高很可能促进了土壤有机质矿化过程,并加剧了系统氮限制的状态.     

氮稳定同位素技术在陆地生态系统氮循环研究中的应用

在过去几十年中, 氮(N)稳定同位素技术的发展提高了人们对于陆地生态系统氮循环的认识。该文回顾了氮稳定同位素技术在研究生态系统氮循环中的历史, 综述了最近十多年来氮稳定同位素技术在陆地生态系统氮循环研究中的典型案例, 包括利用氮同位素自然丰度鉴定植物氮来源、指示生态系统氮状态和量化过程速率, 利用¹⁵N标记技术示踪氮的去向和再分布等。该文同时指出这些应用中存在的问题, 以及在陆地生态系统上氮稳定同位素技术今后研究的重点发展方向。     

蒙古栎叶片及其土壤碳、氮同位素自然丰度对大气CO2浓度升高的响应

大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤氮素转化过程产生重要影响,研究其变化有助于更好地预测陆地生态系统的固碳潜力.氮同位素自然丰度作为生态系统氮素循环过程的综合指标能够有效地指示CO₂浓度升高对土壤氮素转化过程的影响.本研究采用开顶箱CO₂ 熏蒸法研究连续10年的大气CO₂ 浓度升高对我国东北地区蒙古栎及其土壤和微生物生物量碳、氮同位素自然丰度的影响.结果表明: 大气CO₂浓度升高改变了土壤氮循环过程,增加了土壤微生物和植物叶片δ¹⁵N;促进了富¹³C土壤有机碳分解,中和了贫¹³C植物光合碳输入的效果,导致土壤可溶性有机碳和微生物碳δ¹³C在CO₂升高条件下没有发生显著变化.这些结果表明,CO₂浓度升高很可能促进了土壤有机质矿化过程,并加剧了系统氮限制的状态.     

Water isotope analysis for tracing ecosystem processes: measurement techniques,ecological applications,and future challenges

水分是生态系统的重要因子, 水同位素自然示踪和人工标记是研究生态系统水循环过程的重要方法, 利用水同位素所具有的示踪、整合和指示等功能特征, 通过测量和分析生态系统中不同组分所含水分的氢氧同位素比值的变化情况, 可实现生态系统蒸散发的拆分、植物水分来源判定和叶片水同位素富集机理研究, 是研究生态系统水循环过程机理和生态学效应不可或缺的技术手段。该文首先简要回顾了生态系统水同位素发展和应用的历史, 在此基础上阐述了水同位素技术和方法在生态学研究热点领域应用的基本原理, 概述了水同位素在植物水分来源判定、蒸散发拆分、露水来源拆分、降水的水汽来源拆分以及 ¹⁷O-excess的研究进展, 并介绍了植物叶片水富集机理及基于稳定同位素的碳水耦合研究。最后, 指出了水同位素研究亟待解决的问题, 展望了水同位素应用的前沿方向, 旨在利用水同位素分析加深对生态系统的水分动态、植被格局和生理过程的理解。     

氮稳定同位素技术在陆地生态系统氮循环研究中的应用

在过去几十年中,氮(N)稳定同位素技术的发展提高了人们对于陆地生态系统氮循环的认识。该文回顾了氮稳定同位素技术在研究生态系统氮循环中的历史,综述了最近十多年来氮稳定同位素技术在陆地生态系统氮循环研究中的典型案例,包括利用氮同位素自然丰度鉴定植物氮来源、指示生态系统氮状态和量化过程速率,利用~(15)N标记技术示踪氮的去向和再分布等。该文同时指出这些应用中存在的问题,以及在陆地生态系统上氮稳定同位素技术今后研究的重点发展方向。     

Global change and ecosystems research progress and prospect

全球变化与生态系统研究是一个宏观与微观相互交叉、多学科相互渗透的前沿科学领域, 重点研究生态系统结构和功能对全球变化的响应及反馈作用, 其目标是实现人类对生态系统服务的可持续利用。《植物生态学报》的《全球变化与生态系统》专辑在对国内外全球变化研究进行历史回顾和综合分析的基础上, 总结了全球变化与生态系统研究的阶段性重大进展及存在的主要问题, 并对全球变化研究的前沿方向进行展望和建议。根据研究内容和对象, 该专辑系统地综述了不同全球变化因子, 包括CO₂和O₃浓度升高、气候变暖、降水格局改变、氮沉降增加、土地利用变化等对陆地植物生理生态、群落结构及生态系统功能等的影响以及全球变化对海洋生态系统的影响; 探讨生态系统关键过程以及生物多样性的变化; 在明确全球变化生态效应的基础上, 阐明这些影响对气候和环境变化的反馈机制, 为构筑全球变化的适应对策提供生态学理论基础。     

15N自然丰度法在生态系统氮素循环研究中的应用

稳定性同位素技术是现代生态学研究中的一门新兴技术,在生态学研究的诸多领域都展示了广阔的应用前景,其中,稳定性同位素＾１５Ｎ自然丰度法近年来在生态系统氮素循环研究中发挥了正在发挥着极为重要的作用,首先简述了自然生态系统氮素循环诸过程中的＾１５Ｎ同位素分馏机制,然后,在此基础上,综述了＾１５Ｎ自然丰度法的基本原理与方法,列举了近年 来此法在生物固氮及氮素转化过程研究中的一些应用实例,并预测了该方法在国     

Effects of plant invasion on soil nitrogen transformation processes and its associated microbes

外来入侵植物不仅影响植物群落组成、生物多样性以及生态系统的结构和功能, 而且显著影响土壤氮(N)的转化过程。外来入侵植物对N循环影响的研究已成为入侵生态学的研究热点。N循环与凋落物的分解和养分释放有关, 外来入侵植物能够改变凋落物的组成与结构, 进而影响土壤的N转化过程。另外, 外来入侵植物的化感作用也会影响土壤N转化过程, 这些作用与土壤微生物的结构与功能变化密不可分。该文主要从凋落物分解与养分释放及外来入侵植物化感作用两个方面综述了外来入侵植物对土壤N转化的影响, 总结了外来入侵植物对土壤N转化相关土壤微生物(尤其是氨氧化细菌与氨氧化古菌)的影响, 探讨了土壤N转化对外来植物入侵的反馈, 并探讨了丛植菌根真菌与外来入侵植物的互相影响。     

鼎湖山森林演替序列植物-土壤碳氮同位素特征

植物群落对水分利用和养分利用的优化策略, 土壤碳周转和氮循环过程对演替变化如何响应, 森林土壤有机碳积累机制等都是森林生态学需要解决的关键问题。然而, 这些生态学过程的变化在短时间内通过传统的研究手段难以被精确观测, 碳氮同位素(¹³C、¹⁵N)技术的应用或许能提供更多有价值的信息。该文通过对鼎湖山森林演替序列代表性群落——马尾松(Pinus massoniana)针叶林(PF)、针阔叶混交林(MF)和季风常绿阔叶林(BF)植物-土壤碳氮同位素自然丰度的测定, 分析了叶片稳定碳同位素比率(δ¹³C)和稳定氮同位素比率(δ¹⁵N)与其叶片元素含量的关系, 以及叶片-凋落物-土壤δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N在演替水平和垂直方向上的变化特征。结果显示: 1)主要优势树种叶片δ¹³C与其C:N极显著正相关(p < 0.01), 凋落物和各层土壤δ¹³C均表现为PF > MF > BF, 沿演替方向逐渐降低; 2)叶片δ¹⁵N与叶片N含量正相关(p = 0.05), 凋落物和表层土壤(0-10 cm) δ¹⁵N沿演替方向逐渐增大; 3)不同演替阶段土壤δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N均沿垂直剖面呈现增大的趋势。结果表明: 南亚热带地区植物群落的发展并不一定受水分利用和氮素利用的补偿制约; δ¹³C自然丰度法的应用有助于森林土壤有机碳积累机制, 尤其有助于成熟森林土壤“碳汇”机制的阐释; 植物-土壤δ¹⁵N值可作为评估土壤氮素有效性和生态系统“氮饱和”状态的潜在指标。     

Responses of exchangeable base cations to continuously increasing nitrogen addition in alpine steppe: A case study of Stipa purpurea steppe

土壤交换性盐基离子(Ca ²⁺、Mg ²⁺、K ⁺、Na ⁺)在维持土壤养分与缓冲土壤酸化中起着重要作用, 了解其对氮添加的响应有助于准确评估氮沉降背景下生态系统结构与功能的动态变化。然而, 目前关于土壤交换性盐基离子对氮添加响应的相关研究主要集中在酸性土中。鉴于目前在碱性土中研究相对较少的现状, 该研究以青藏高原高寒草原为研究对象, 依托氮添加控制实验平台, 通过连续3年(2014-2016)的测定, 考察了8个不同施氮水平(0、1、2、4、8、16、24、32 g·m ^-2·a ^-1)下土壤交换性盐基离子含量变化及其可能原因。结果显示: 随着施氮量的增加, 土壤交换性盐基离子, 尤其是Mg ²⁺与Na ⁺含量显著降低。并且, 盐基离子含量与植物地上生物量显著负相关(p < 0.05), 说明氮添加通过促进植物生长, 加速植物对盐基离子的吸收, 进而导致土壤中盐基离子含量降低。此外, 盐基离子含量也与土壤无机氮含量呈显著负相关(p < 0.05)关系, 说明施氮还通过提高土壤中无机氮含量进而导致更多NH₄ ⁺与土壤吸附的盐基离子交换, 同时加剧NO₃ ^-淋溶, 带走等电荷阳离子。需要指出的是, 虽然连续施氮导致土壤pH值下降, 但该土壤目前仍处于碳酸盐缓冲阶段, 说明通常在酸性土中报道的“因缓冲土壤酸化引起的盐基离子损失机制”在碱性土中并不成立。这些结果意味着持续的氮输入会造成碱性土中盐基离子损失, 进而影响土壤缓冲能力与植被生产力, 未来草原生态系统管理中应重视这一问题。     

Iron supply prevents Cd uptake in Arabidopsis by inhibiting IRT1 expression and favoring competition between Fe and Cd uptake

Background

Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) addition has dramatically increased and significantly affected global nitrogen cycling. The natural abundance of stable N isotope ratios (δ¹⁵N) has been used as an indicator of the N status of an ecosystem. However, how plant and soil δ¹⁵N signatures would respond to N addition is still unclear.

Methods and aims

Herein, we synthesized the data of 951 observations from 48 individual studies associated with responses of plant and soil δ¹⁵N values to N addition and conducted a meta-analysis to explore a general pattern of N addition effects on δ¹⁵N values of plant and soil.

Results

Our results showed that δ¹⁵N values of plant, soil total N, and soil NO₃ ^? were significantly increased by N addition, while δ¹⁵N value of soil N₂O was significantly decreased and δ¹⁵N value of soil NH₄ ⁺ was not significantly changed. The δ¹⁵N value of soil total N of different ecosystems showed similar responses to N addition, whereas δ¹⁵N values of different plant types showed different responses. Increasing treatment duration significantly increased the effects of inorganic N addition on δ¹⁵N values of shrubs and soil NH₄ ⁺ but did not affect the responses of δ¹⁵N values of soil total N and NO₃ ^?. With increasing inorganic N addition rate, only δ¹⁵N value of plant was significantly increased, but no significant relationship was found between the effect of N addition on other components and N addition rate because of the input of isotopically depleted sources.

Conclusions

Our study revealed a comprehensive picture of the effects of N addition on δ¹⁵N signatures in terrestrial ecosystems and could help us understand how plant and soil δ¹⁵N signatures change with N addition and how these signatures can be used as an indicator of ecosystem N status under increasing N deposition or fertilization.

     

Patterns of soil and plant nitrogen isotope composition and their relationships with climate factors in Xilingol League,Inner Mongolia,China

Background: Plant and soil nitrogen stable isotope (δ¹⁵N) can integrate several fundamental biogeochemical processes in ecosystem nitrogen dynamics, and reflect characteristics of ecosystem nitrogen cycling.

Aims: We investigated how climate change influenced plant-soil nitrogen cycling by relating soil δ¹⁵N, plant δ¹⁵N and Δδ¹⁵N (difference between soil and plant δ¹⁵N) with climatic factors.

Methods: Field investigation was conducted in temperate grasslands in Inner Mongolia during August 2015. Plant δ¹⁵N, soil δ¹⁵N and Δδ¹⁵N were determined, and their relationships with climatic factors were examined by simple regression analyses and general linear models.

Results: Soil δ¹⁵N was significantly higher than plant δ¹⁵N, and there was a positive linear correlation between them. Soil and plant δ¹⁵N were negatively related with mean annual precipitation (MAP) and positively with mean annual temperature (MAT); conversely, Δδ¹⁵N was positively related with MAP and negatively with MAT.

Conclusion: Soil δ¹⁵N was dominantly controlled by MAT, while it was MAP for plant δ¹⁵N. Climate factors influenced plant δ¹⁵N not only through their effects on soil nitrogen dynamics but also strategies of plant nitrogen acquisition. Thus, compared with plant δ¹⁵N, soil δ¹⁵N can more accurately reflect soil nitrogen dynamics, while plant δ¹⁵N may integrate soil nitrogen dynamics and plant nitrogen acquisition.     

Ectomycorrhizal impacts on plant nitrogen nutrition: emerging isotopic patterns,latitudinal variation and hidden mechanisms

Ectomycorrhizal (EcM)‐mediated nitrogen (N) acquisition is one main strategy used by terrestrial plants to facilitate growth. Measurements of natural abundance nitrogen isotope ratios (denoted as δ¹⁵N relative to a standard) increasingly serve as integrative proxies for mycorrhiza‐mediated N acquisition due to biological fractionation processes that alter ¹⁵N:¹⁴N ratios. Current understanding of these processes is based on studies from high‐latitude ecosystems where plant productivity is largely limited by N availability. Much less is known about the cause and utility of ecosystem δ¹⁵N patterns in the tropics. Using structural equation models, model selection and isotope mass balance we assessed relationships among co‐occurring soil, mycorrhizal plants and fungal N pools measured from 40 high‐ and 9 low‐latitude ecosystems. At low latitudes ¹⁵N‐enrichment caused ecosystem components to significantly deviate from those in higher latitudes. Collectively, δ¹⁵N patterns suggested reduced N‐dependency and unique sources of EcM ¹⁵N‐enrichment under conditions of high N availability typical of the tropics. Understanding the role of mycorrhizae in global N cycles will require reevaluation of high‐latitude perspectives on fractionation sources that structure ecosystem δ¹⁵N patterns, as well as better integration of EcM function with biogeochemical theories pertaining to climate‐nutrient cycling relationships.     

Isotopic evidence for increased carbon and nitrogen exchanges between peatland plants and their symbiotic microbes with rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations since 15,000 cal. year BP

Whether nitrogen (N) availability will limit plant growth and removal of atmospheric CO₂ by the terrestrial biosphere this century is controversial. Studies have suggested that N could progressively limit plant growth, as trees and soils accumulate N in slowly cycling biomass pools in response to increases in carbon sequestration. However, a question remains over whether longer-term (decadal to century) feedbacks between climate, CO₂ and plant N uptake could emerge to reduce ecosystem-level N limitations. The symbioses between plants and microbes can help plants to acquire N from the soil or from the atmosphere via biological N₂ fixation—the pathway through which N can be rapidly brought into ecosystems and thereby partially or completely alleviate N limitation on plant productivity. Here we present measurements of plant N isotope composition (δ¹⁵N) in a peat core that dates to 15,000 cal. year BP to ascertain ecosystem-level N cycling responses to rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. We find that pre-industrial increases in global atmospheric CO₂ concentrations corresponded with a decrease in the δ¹⁵N of both Sphagnum moss and Ericaceae when constrained for climatic factors. A modern experiment demonstrates that the δ¹⁵N of Sphagnum decreases with increasing N₂-fixation rates. These findings suggest that plant-microbe symbioses that facilitate N acquisition are, over the long term, enhanced under rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, highlighting an ecosystem-level feedback mechanism whereby N constraints on terrestrial carbon storage can be overcome.     

土壤剖面碳氮稳定同位素自然丰度的垂直分布模式及其影响机制

土壤碳、氮稳定同位素自然丰度(δ13C和δ15N)随土壤深度变化的研究,对揭示碳、氮元素生物地球化学循环机制具有重要意义.本文在概述土壤剖面δ13C和δ15N垂直分布特征的基础上,重点介绍了土壤δ13C和δ15N垂直分布模式的影响机制.土壤剖面δ13C垂直分布模式的影响机制主要有3种:1)植被δ13C值的历史变化;2)...     

放牧对内蒙古典型草原生态系统植物及土壤δ15N的影响

植物和土壤中的¹⁵N自然丰度值(δ¹⁵N)是评价生态系统N循环的一个重要指标, 而放牧是草原生态系统的主要土地利用方式, 对草原生态系统的N循环过程的改变起着重要作用。该研究测定了内蒙古锡林河流域放牧和围封条件下草原群落主要优势植物和土壤的δ¹⁵N值, 探讨放牧对草原N循环的影响。研究中所测定的8种植物叶片δ¹⁵N变化很大(-4.04‰-4.34‰), 但与植物功能型有一定的相关性。放牧显著降低了大针茅(Stipa grandis)、杂类草和小半灌木木地肤(Kochia prostrata)的δ¹⁵N值。具有潜在共生固氮能力的豆科植物δ¹⁵N偏低负值(-4.04‰ - -1.90‰), 但在放牧和围封条件下无显著差异; 而被认为具有联合固氮能力的羊草(Leymus chinensis), 放牧后δ¹⁵N显著增加, 一定程度上表明了豆科植物和羊草生物固氮能力的存在。所有植物中, 除无菌根侵染的木地肤外, 其他有丛枝菌根真菌侵染记录的物种δ¹⁵N值较低, 通常接近0或为负值, 说明在N限制的内蒙古草原, 菌根转运N可能也是一种重要的N源途径。放牧显著降低了0-20 cm土壤δ¹⁵N值, 这也与过去的研究结果不同。δ¹⁵N的测定为生态系统提供了一个整合时空N循环过程的综合指标, 反映出放牧改变了草原生态系统的N循环。     

Linking aboveground and belowground food webs through carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) have been used for more than two decades in analyses of food web structure. The utility of isotope ratio measurements is based on the observation that consumer δ¹³C values are similar (<1‰ difference) to those of their diet, while consumer δ¹⁵N values are about 3‰ higher than those of their diet. The technique has been applied most often to aquatic and aboveground terrestrial food webs. However, few isotope studies have examined terrestrial food web structure that includes both above- and belowground (detrital) components. Here, we review factors that may influence isotopic signatures of terrestrial consumers in above- and belowground systems. In particular, we emphasize variations in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N in belowground systems, e.g., enrichment of ¹³C and ¹⁵N in soil organic matter (likely related to soil microbial metabolism). These enrichments should be associated with the high ¹³C (~3‰) enrichment in belowground consumers relative to litter and soil organic matter and with the large variation in δ¹⁵N (~6‰) of the consumers. Because such enrichment and variation are much greater than the trophic enrichment generally used to estimate consumer trophic positions, and because many general predators are considered dependent on energy and material flows from belowground, the isotopic variation in belowground systems should be taken into account in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N analyses of terrestrial food webs. Meanwhile, by measuring the δ¹³C of key predators, the linkage between above- and belowground systems could be estimated based on observed differences in δ¹³C of primary producers, detritivores and predators. Furthermore, radiocarbon (¹⁴C) measurements will allow the direct estimation of the dependence of predators on the belowground systems.