植物对硅的吸收转运机制研究进展

硅(Si)能缓解生物与非生物胁迫对植物的毒害作用,Si的吸收转运是由Si转运蛋白介导的.最近,多个Si转运蛋白(Lsi)基因相继在水稻、大麦和玉米中被克隆出来,并在Si的吸收转运机制方面取得了很大进展.水稻OsLsi在根组织中呈极性分布,OsLsi1定位在根外皮层和内皮层凯氏带细胞外侧质膜,负责将外部溶液中的单硅酸转运到皮层细胞内.OsLsi2定位在凯氏带细胞内侧质膜,在外皮层中负责将Si输出到通气组织质外体中,在内皮层与OsLsi1协同作用将Si转运到中柱中.导管中的Si通过蒸腾流转运到地上部,再由定位在叶鞘和叶片木质部薄壁细胞靠近导管一侧的OsLsi6负责木质部Si的卸载和分配.在大麦和玉米中,ZmLsi1/HvLsi1定位在根表皮和皮层细胞外侧质膜负责Si的吸收,然后Si通过共质体途径被转运到内皮层凯氏带细胞中,再由ZmLsi2/HvLsi2输出转运到中柱中.ZmLsi6在细胞中的定位和活性与OsLsi6相似,推测其可能具有类似的功能,但大麦Lsi6至今未见报道.所以,Si转运机制仍需要进一步研究.     

水稻蔗糖转运蛋白研究进展

蔗糖转运蛋白是光合产物运输与分配调控网络中的重要节点,主要参与蔗糖从"源"到"库"的质外体运输,在蔗糖的感应、"源"器官装载、韧皮部长距离运输和"库"器官卸载中起重要作用。总结和分析了水稻蔗糖转运蛋白基因家族的组成、蛋白结构特点、表达与调控特性、生物学功能等方面的研究进展,在此基础上,提出了蔗糖转运蛋白基础理论和应用研究方面存在的不足及应予重视和加强的主要方向。     

植物ABCB转运蛋白研究进展

ABC转运蛋白家族是一类通过结合并水解ATP释放能量实现底物的跨膜运输的转运蛋白,它们参与了植物众多的生理代谢过程,根据保守区的进化关系将ABC转运蛋白家族分成8个亚族,其中ABCB转运蛋白为第二大亚族。ABCB 转运蛋白具保守的NBDs结构域,由6个跨膜α-螺旋的疏水跨膜结构域组成了TMDs结构域,形成溶质跨膜的通道,但是其结构、长度与序列则变化多样。按分子大小不同将植物ABCB转运蛋白分为全分子转运蛋白、半分子转运蛋白两类,通过测序发现在拟南芥、水稻和番茄等植物上均有一定比列的ABCB转运蛋白,且行使多种功能。有研究表明,ABCB转运蛋白基因介导镉、铅和铝等重金属离子的转运,提高植物重金属耐性;它直接参与植物体内生长素的运输,从而调控植物高度;它还可能将苹果酸从质体转运到保卫细胞中调节气孔的开合。近年来,越来越多的ABCB转运蛋白被鉴定,但是ABCB亚家族庞大,底物特异性强,转运机制复杂,多数转运蛋白的功能尚未确定。因此,了解ABCB转运蛋白在生命活动过程中的重要性,以及基因表达调控的机制,解析ABCB转运蛋白在响应逆境胁迫过程中的重要作用,以期为植物抗逆性育种提供思路。     

植物水孔蛋白的功能

水孔蛋白是由多基因编码的介导水分快速跨膜转运的膜内在蛋白。植物水孔蛋白分为4类,具有多功能性,包括介导水分的快速跨膜转运,参与气孔运动,参与叶肉内CO_2的运输,调节植物对中性分子(甘油、NH_3、尿素)和营养元素(硼、硅)的吸收,参与植物体内的氧化应激及信号的跨膜转导等。     

水稻锌铁转运蛋白ZIP基因家族研究进展

锌(zinc, Zn)和铁(iron, Fe)是水稻(Oryza sativa L.)生长必需的矿质元素,也是人体必需的微量元素。水稻体内Zn、Fe含量维持在适宜水平有利于提高其产量和品质,提高稻米中Zn、Fe含量能够在一定程度上解决人体Zn、Fe营养缺乏的问题。因此,研究水稻中Zn和Fe等微量元素转运蛋白的具体功能对于提高水稻产量和稻米品质具有重要意义。锌铁转运蛋白(zinc-regulated transporters and iron-regulated transporter-like protein, ZIP)负责Zn和Fe等离子的吸收、转运和分配,是维持水稻中Zn和Fe平衡的重要转运蛋白,其表达水平受Zn和Fe水平影响。ZIP基因家族在自然群体中具有丰富的等位变异,而且某些单倍型存在明显的籼粳分化,这可能造成了不同品种间籼、粳稻中Zn和Fe积累的差异。目前,已有大量关于ZIP基因家族的研究,但只有OsZIP3的作用机制研究的较为清楚。另外,对Zn、Fe在籽粒中的积累机制研究和自然群体中ZIP基因的等位变异研究还不够深入。因此,ZIP转运蛋白家族仍存在较大的研究空间。本文详细介绍了ZIP转运蛋白在水稻体内的亚细胞定位、表达模式、转运机制以及在自然群体中的等位变异等,以期为研究水稻稻米微量元素的积累提供理论基础,为提高稻米品质提供借鉴。     

植物ABCB亚家族生物学功能研究进展

ABC转运蛋白超家族结构和功能复杂多样, 包含ABCA-ABCH八个亚家族。ABCB是ABC转运蛋白的一个亚家族, 多数定位于质膜, 少数定位于线粒体膜或叶绿体膜。ABCB与其它生长素转运蛋白(AUX1/LAX、PIN)共同参与调控植物生长素的极性运输, 在植物生长发育的各个阶段发挥作用。此外, ABCB转运蛋白还调控植物的向性运动和重金属抗性等过程。近年来, 随着越来越多植物全基因组测序的完成, ABCB亚家族在禾谷类单子叶植物水稻(Oryza sativa)、玉米(Zea mays)和高粱(Sorghum bicolor)中的生物学功能开始有少量报道, 然而多数ABCB转运蛋白的功能尚未得到阐释。该文对拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)和禾谷类作物ABCB转运蛋白的研究进展进行综述, 以期为全面揭示ABCB亚家族生物学功能提供线索。     

植物ABCB亚家族生物学功能研究进展

ABC转运蛋白超家族结构和功能复杂多样, 包含ABCA-ABCH八个亚家族。ABCB是ABC转运蛋白的一个亚家族, 多数定位于质膜, 少数定位于线粒体膜或叶绿体膜。ABCB与其它生长素转运蛋白(AUX1/LAX、PIN)共同参与调控植物生长素的极性运输, 在植物生长发育的各个阶段发挥作用。此外, ABCB转运蛋白还调控植物的向性运动和重金属抗性等过程。近年来, 随着越来越多植物全基因组测序的完成, ABCB亚家族在禾谷类单子叶植物水稻(Oryza sativa)、玉米(Zea mays)和高粱(Sorghum bicolor)中的生物学功能开始有少量报道, 然而多数ABCB转运蛋白的功能尚未得到阐释。该文对拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)和禾谷类作物ABCB转运蛋白的研究进展进行综述, 以期为全面揭示ABCB亚家族生物学功能提供线索。     

施硅对镉胁迫下水稻镉吸收和转运的调控效应

探讨镉(Cd)胁迫下,施硅处理对水稻镉积累的影响。以水稻"泰优390"为材料,通过营养液培养的方法,研究水稻在3种镉胁迫浓度(Cd1、Cd2、Cd3)下施用4种不同浓度硅(Si0、Si1、Si2、Si3)对水稻镉积累的影响。结果表明:施用硅浓度越高,水稻产量增加越大,对水稻各部位镉含量具有显著降低效果;施硅能显著降低水稻各部位转运系数,阻控镉向地上部转移,且对水稻伤流液中镉含量也能起到显著降低的作用;表明施硅能有效阻控水稻吸收镉,且施硅浓度越高效果越显著,但考虑成本因素,不同程度镉污染应该施用相应量的硅,以达到国家食品中污染物限量标准;施硅与镉胁迫对水稻农艺性状以及镉吸收和转运存在交互作用。本试验结果为科学管理和合理利用重金属污染土壤以及适量施用硅肥提供依据,对生产安全稻米有一定的指导意义。     

水稻蔗糖转运及其与产量形成的关系

蔗糖是植物体内主要的光合产物和运输形式,在叶片中合成并经过维管组织向库器官转运,在库组织中水解并用于合成淀粉、蛋白质和纤维素等有机物。水稻蔗糖转运对调控作物生长发育和产量形成,特别是在逆境条件下的产量稳定,都具有十分重要的作用。本文重点综述了水稻蔗糖韧皮部装载、运输和卸载机制以及关键酶的活性和基因表达调控,并讨论了其与水稻产量形成的关系。     

黄色条纹/黄色条纹样蛋白与植物中的铁转运功能

黄色条纹/黄色条纹样蛋白（yellow stripe/yellow stripe like,YS/YSL）在植物金属转运,尤其是在微量营养元素铁的分配和利用过程中发挥重要作用。近年来,植物的铁长距离运输机制已成为研究的热点之一。YS/YSL转运蛋白涉及铁的转移、运输、装载和卸载。鉴定并精确解析YS/YSL的功能对于阐明铁的长距离运输机制具有重要的意义。本文综述了YS/YSL的蛋白质性质、金属转运活性、底物特异性及其功能表达,以期为植物YS/YSL相关铁转运机制研究奠定基础,并为提高作物籽粒铁营养提供理论依据。     

Defense Responses in Rice Induced by Silicon Amendment against Infestation by the Leaf Folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis

Silicon (Si) amendment to plants can confer enhanced resistance to herbivores. In the present study, the physiological and cytological mechanisms underlying the enhanced resistance of plants with Si addition were investigated for one of the most destructive rice pests in Asian countries, the rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée). Activities of defense-related enzymes, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and polyphenol oxidase, and concentrations of malondialdehyde and soluble protein in leaves were measured in rice plants with or without leaf folder infestation and with or without Si amendment at 0.32 g Si/kg soil. Silicon amendment significantly reduced leaf folder larval survival. Silicon addition alone did not change activities of defense-related enzymes and malondialdehyde concentration in rice leaves. With leaf folder infestation, activities of the defense-related enzymes increased and malondialdehyde concentration decreased in plants amended with Si. Soluble protein content increased with Si addition when the plants were not infested, but was reduced more in the infested plants with Si amendment than in those without Si addition. Regardless of leaf folder infestation, Si amendment significantly increased leaf Si content through increases in the number and width of silica cells. Our results show that Si addition enhances rice resistance to the leaf folder through priming the feeding stress defense system, reduction in soluble protein content and cell silicification of rice leaves.     

Effects of silicon on the chemical composition of rice plants

Summary Rice plants were grown in nutrient culture solutions. Silicon was supplied to these plants at different rates. The plant samples of early vegetative, vegetative and flowering stages were analysed for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, silicon, protein and carbohydrate contents. The application of silicon generally decreased the nitrogen, protein and potassium content of rice plants. Its application also decreased the iron and manganese contents. The use of silicon resulted in an increase in phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, silicon and carbohydrate contents of rice plants.Reader and Head of the Department of Soil Science, University of Dacca, Dacca, East Pakistan.     

Advances in Drought Resistance of Rice

Water deficit is a serious environmental stress and the major constraint to rice productivity. Losses in rice yield due to water shortage probably exceed losses from all other causes combined and the extent of the yield loss depends on both the severity and duration of the water stress. Drought affects rice at morphological, physiological, and molecular levels such as delayed flowering, reduced dry matter accumulation and partitioning, and decreased photosynthetic capacity as a result of stomatal closure, metabolic limitations, and oxidative damage to chloroplasts. Small-statured rice plants with reduced leaf area and short growth duration are better able to tolerate drought stress, although the mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Increased water uptake by developing larger and deeper root systems, and the accumulation of osmolytes and osmoprotectants are other important mechanisms for drought resistance. Drought resistance in rice has been improved by using plant growth regulators and osmoprotectants. In addition, several enzymes have been found that act as antioxidants. Silicon has also improved drought resistance in rice by silicification of the root endodermis and improving water uptake. Seed priming improves germination and crop stand establishment under drought. Rice plants expressing HVA1, LEA proteins, MAP kinase, DREB and endo-1, 3-glucanase are better able to withstand drought stress. Polyamines and several enzymes act as antioxidants and reduce adverse effects of drought stress in rice. Drought resistance can be managed by developing and selecting drought-tolerant genotypes. Rice breeding and screening may be based on growth duration, root system, photosynthesis traits, stomatal frequency, specific leaf weight, leaf water potential, and yield in target environments. This review discusses recent developments in integrated approaches, such as genetics, breeding and resource management to increase rice yield and reduce water demand for rice production.     

水稻施硅对白背飞虱刺吸和寄主选择行为的影响

【目的】硅可增强植物对多种植食性昆虫的抗性。本研究旨在了解硅处理对水稻叶鞘硅化程度及其对白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera刺吸和寄主选择行为的影响,以明确施硅增强水稻对白背飞虱的抗性的部分机制。【方法】采用扫描电镜观察施硅水稻的叶鞘硅化程度;利用刺吸电位技术记录白背飞虱若虫刺吸行为;采用笼罩法测定白背飞虱雌成虫栖息和产卵选择性。【结果】与不施硅的对照相比,硅处理(0.16和0.32 g SiO2/kg土壤)增加了水稻叶鞘硅细胞的数量,延长了白背飞虱若虫刺吸行为中非刺探波和路径波的总时间,缩短了取食韧皮部汁液的时间。在选择性测定中,与对照组相比,白背飞虱雌成虫对0.16和0.32 g SiO2/kg土壤处理的水稻的栖息率分别降低48.0%和67.4%,在其上的产卵量分别降低34.8%和46.1%。【结论】施硅增加水稻对白背飞虱的排驱性,阻碍白背飞虱的刺吸行为,因此有助于增强水稻对白背飞虱的抗性。     

Non‐specific phospholipase C1 affects silicon distribution and mechanical strength in stem nodes of rice

Silicon, the second abundant element in the crust, is beneficial for plant growth, mechanical strength, and stress responses. Here we show that manipulation of the non‐specific phospholipase C1, NPC1, alters silicon content in nodes and husks of rice (Oryza sativa). Silicon content in NPC1‐overexpressing (OE) plants was decreased in nodes but increased in husks compared to wild‐type, whereas RNAi suppression of NPC1 resulted in the opposite changes to those of NPC1‐OE plants. NPC1 from rice hydrolyzed phospholipids and galactolipids to generate diacylglycerol that can be phosphorylated to phosphatidic acid. Phosphatidic acid interacts with Lsi6, a silicon transporter that is expressed at the highest level in nodes. In addition, the node cells of NPC1‐OE plants have lower contents of cellulose and hemicellulose, and thinner sclerenchyma and vascular bundle fibre cells than wild‐type plants; whereas NPC1‐RNAi plants displayed the opposite changes. These data indicate that NPC1 modulates silicon distribution and secondary cell wall deposition in nodes and grains, affecting mechanical strength and seed shattering.     

Silicon nutrition potentiates the antioxidant metabolism of rice plants under iron toxicity

Iron toxicity reduces growth of rice plants in acidic lowlands. Silicon nutrition may alleviate many stresses including heavy metal toxicity in plants. In the present study, the ameliorating effects of silicon nutrition on rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants under toxic Fe levels were investigated. Plants were cultivated in greenhouse in hydroponics under different Fe treatments including 10, 50, 100, and 250 mg L^?1 as Fe-EDTA and silicon nutrition including 0 and 1.5 mM sodium silicate. Iron toxicity imposed significant reduction in plant fresh weight, tiller, and leaf number. The activity of catalase, cell wall, and soluble peroxidases, and polyphenol oxidase in shoots decreased due to moderate Fe toxicity (50 and 100 mg L^?1), but increased at greater Fe concentration. Ascorbate peroxidase activity increased in both roots and shoots of Fe-stressed plants. Iron toxicity led to increased tissue hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation. Silicon nutrition improved plant growth under all Fe treatments and alleviated Fe toxicity symptoms, probably due to lower Fe concentration of Si-treated plants. Silicon application could improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and soluble peroxidase under moderate Fe toxicity, which resulted in greater hydrogen peroxide detoxification and declined lipid peroxidation. Thus, silicon nutrition could ameliorate harmful effects of Fe toxicity possibly through reduction of plant Fe concentration and improvement of antioxidant enzyme activity.     

硅和干旱胁迫对水稻叶片光合特性和矿质养分吸收的影响

硅被认为是植物生长的有益元素,它能增强植物对非生物逆境和生物逆境胁迫的抗性。以抗旱性不同的一对水稻近等基因系w-14-和w-20为实验材料,采用盆栽实验,研究了干旱胁迫下硅处理对水稻生长性状、光合生理特性和矿质养分吸收的影响。结果表明,在正常水分条件下硅处理对水稻的生长及生理特性没有明显影响。干旱胁迫显著降低水稻植株的生长,叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm及Fv/F0值显著降低,光合作用受到明显抑制。加硅能提高干旱胁迫条件下水稻植株的生物量、水分利用效率、叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率和蒸腾速率,而气孔导度和细胞间隙CO2浓度则下降。无论干旱与否,施硅后水稻的叶片硅含量均显著上升。两个水稻品系叶片的无机离子含量在干旱胁迫条件下均呈显著增加的趋势,而硅处理后材料w-14的叶片K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe3+含量分别降低16.38%,24.50%,19.70%,21.52%,18.58%,w-20则分别降低11.64%,12.11%,16.06%,11.11%和19.15%,并使之回复到与对照更接近的水平。研究结果表明了硅提高水稻植株的抗旱性与光合作用的改善和矿质养分的调节有关。     

The effect of silicon on the kinetics of rice root iron plaque formation

Plant and Soil - Aquatic plants, including rice, develop iron (Fe) plaques on their roots due to radial oxygen loss (ROL), and these plaques accumulate both beneficial and toxic elements. Silicon...     

Silicon-Mediated Resistance in a Susceptible Rice Variety to the Rice Leaf Folder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée), is one of the most destructive rice pests in Asian countries. Rice varieties resistant to the rice leaf folder are generally characterized by high silicon content. In this study, silicon amendment, at 0.16 and 0.32 g Si/kg soil, enhanced resistance of a susceptible rice variety to the rice leaf folder. Silicon addition to rice plants at both the low and high rates significantly extended larval development and reduced larval survival rate and pupation rate in the rice leaf folder. When applied at the high rate, silicon amendment reduced third-instars’ weight gain and pupal weight. Altogether, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase and net reproduction rate of the rice leaf folder population were all reduced at both the low and high silicon addition rates. Although the third instars consumed more in silicon-amended treatments, C:N ratio in rice leaves was significantly increased and food conversion efficiencies were reduced due to increased silicon concentration in rice leaves. Our results indicate that reduced food quality and food conversion efficiencies resulted from silicon addition account for the enhanced resistance in the susceptible rice variety to the rice leaf folder.