秦岭太白红杉种群空间分布格局动态及分形特征研究

采用相邻格子样方法采集数据,应用计盒维数和信息维数研究了太白红杉种群空间格局的分形特征,结果表明,太白红杉种群有较高的计盒维数(1.8087)和信息维数(1.7931),表明其对空间占据程度较高.用分布系数法和Morisita格局指数法检验格局类型,发现不同年龄组太白红杉种群均呈聚集分布.运用Greig-Smith的方法研究格局规模,发现太白红杉种群在128m²和512m²处聚集,不同年龄组在不同规模尺度聚集.以区组分布格局强度(PI)检测聚集强度,发现太白红杉种群格局强度随尺度变化程度较高,个体分布不均匀,随着年龄的增大,其聚集强度呈下降趋势.太白红杉种群的空间分布格局特征是其对严酷生境长期适应的结果.     

云贵鹅耳枥种群分布格局的分形特征

应用分形理论中的计盒维数和信息维数探讨了贵阳喀斯特山地贵鹅耳枥种群分布格局的分形特征。结果表明,贵鹅耳枥种群的分布格局具有分形特征,其计盒维数为1．1853－1．7419,信息维数为1．1961－1．7051。集群型的贵鹅耳枥种群的计盒维数和信息维数均比随机型的高。计盒维数定量地反映了贵鹅耳枥种群占据生态空间的能力,信息维数则揭示了该种群格局强度的尺度变化程度和表征了种群个体分布的非均匀性。这两种维数方法都适用于贵鹅耳枥种群分布格局分形特征的定量描述。     

山西太岳山白桦种群结构和空间分布格局

白桦(Betula platyphylla)林是山西太岳山地区的常见植被类型之一。根据太岳山白桦林不同林龄结构设置3个典型样地,采用空间差异代替时间变化的方法,运用点格局和分形分析(计盒维数、信息维数和关联维数),对太岳山白桦种群结构以及不同发育阶段种群空间分布规律进行了探讨。结果表明:太岳山白桦种群径级结构呈典型的"纺锤"型,属于衰退型种群;在0~25 m内白桦种群以幼树、中龄树为主时呈聚集分布,而成熟树占多数时呈随机分布,即随着种群年龄的增加,呈现聚集分布向随机分布的转变;白桦种群空间占据程度为中龄林成熟林近熟林;白桦种群格局强度尺度变化程度为近熟林中龄林成熟林;白桦种群个体空间关联程度为中龄林成熟林近熟林。种群径级结构分析、点格局分析和分形分析结果一致,揭示了地带性顶极群落破坏后兴起的次生先锋群落的空间分布格局。     

元宝山南方红豆杉克隆种群分布格局的分形特征

南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var. mairei)是提取抗癌药物紫杉醇的珍贵资源植物。分布于广西元宝山自然保护区的南方红豆杉,自然状态下以克隆繁殖方式进行种群更新,研究其种群克隆生长的空间分布格局,可揭示种群克隆繁殖特性和生态适应机制,对南方红豆杉这一珍稀濒危物种的保护和管理具有重要意义。利用分形理论中的计盒维数和信息维数,对元宝山的南方红豆杉克隆种群空间分布格局的分形特征进行了分析,结果表明:种群空间分布格局存在分形特征,其计盒维数介于0.993 1~1.353 1之间,信息维数介于1.350 8~1.652 1。南方红豆杉克隆种群格局的计盒维数远离最大理论维数值2,种群总体对空间的占据能力较弱。克隆构型指数与种群计盒维数密切相关。分析结果显示,克隆构型趋于“密集型”的种群具有较强的空间占据能力,而克隆构型趋于“游击型”的种群其空间占据能力较弱。信息维数与种群的集聚强度密切相关,其差异反映了种群格局强度的变化,较大的信息维数反映种群个体的集聚强度较高,而较小的信息维数则反映出种群个体间的集聚强度较弱,其维数值大小与分株种群数量、分株种群斑块的空间配置密切相关。     

山西七里峪油松种群空间格局的分形特征

油松(Pinus tabuliformis)耐低温、干旱和瘠薄,是我国温性针叶林中分布最广的树种,也是我国北方广大地区最主要的造林树种之一。2013年7月,在七里峪林场设置一块100 m×100 m的油松天然林样地,逐一测量并记录了每株油松的胸径、树高和冠幅,并确定它们的坐标位置。应用分形理论中的计盒维数、信息维数和关联维数研究了样地内油松种群空间格局的分形特征。结果表明,油松种群格局具有自相似性,其有较高的计盒维数(1.785)和关联维数(1.826),个体空间相关程度较高,种内竞争激烈,对空间有较强的占据能力。油松种群格局的信息维数较低(0.262),其格局强度尺度变化程度较低,个体分布比较均匀。3个分形维数相辅相承、相互影响,研究结果对全面准确地解释油松种群的空间格局特征具有重要意义。     

基于Ripley的K(r)函数和分形维数的梭梭种群空间格局

应用Ripley的K(r)函数和分形维数,研究了古尔班通古特沙漠土质、沙质、盐土和石砾质4种生态类型梭梭在不同发育阶段的分布格局和分形特征.结果表明:沙质、盐土和石砾质生态类型中的梭梭种群呈显著聚集分布,而土质生态类型梭梭种群仅在1～18m范围内呈聚集分布,说明荒漠植物群落通过聚集分布适应其生存的环境;梭梭不同发育阶段的分布格局不同,幼苗和幼树呈聚集分布,成年树呈随机分布.与Ripley的K(r)函数相比,关联维数能反映种群的个体对空间占据能力的强弱,但不能直接反映干旱区种群的个体聚集/非聚集.此外,3种分形维数对样地内梭梭种群个体数量和植株大小较为敏感.     

大院资源冷杉种群的空间分布格局分析

资源冷杉是极度濒危的我国特有植物,其中的湖南省炎陵县大院资源冷杉种群是种群规模最大的种 群.该研究采用点格局分析方法分析了该种群的种群分布格局,用计盒维数和信息维数研究了种群格局的分形特征.结果表明:大院资源冷杉种群的空间分布格局总体上呈聚集分布;种群的计盒维数在1.047～1.354 之间,种群占据空间程度较弱;...     

后河自然保护区珍稀濒危植物种群分布格局的分形特征：计盒维数

通过4种优势树种和7种珍稀树种种群的计盒维数来反映种群分布格局的分形特征．结果表明,4种优势种群的计盒维数在1．346-1．414之间,在历研究的整个常绿落叶阔叶混交林群落中占据了较大的生态空间;其中尖连蕊茶种群的计盒维数最大,占据最大的生态空间．而7种珍稀树种种群的计量续数除了金钱槭种群大于1之外,其余6个种群的计盒维数都小于1,说明它们占据生态空间的能力较小．并且这11个种群的拐点尺度都出现在5-12．5m之间．根据分形的自相似性,可以推断种群在大于拐点尺度的所有尺度上都为同一分布类型,并且在拐点前后种群的格局类型夏发生变化．种群分布格局的判定结果部分地验证了这一观点,11个物种中有5个物种的种群格局在拐点前后发生变化,另6种没有发生这种变化。     

涪陵磨盘沟自然保护区桫椤种群分布格局的分形特征

利用分形理论中的计盒维数探讨了重庆市涪陵磨盘沟桫椤种群的分形特征。结果表明,桫椤种群的分布格局具有分形特征。桫椤种群在不同海拔高度分布格局的计盒维数各不相同,与生境密切相关。在6个不同植物群落中,桫椤种群的计盒维数大小依次为黄牛奶树淡竹叶>黄杞水麻>盐肤木腹水草>血桐芒>白栎扁穗莎草>毛叶木姜子火炭木。计盒维数定量地反映了该自然保护区桫椤种群占据生态空间的能力,随机型的桫椤种群对空间占有能力比聚集型的低。     

北京东灵山地区辽东栎林种群空间分布分形分析

通过植物个体的坐标点与模拟冠幅的分形维数的分析,对辽东栎林内不同种群沿海拔梯度变化的空间分布格局和种群动态进行了比较和讨论。结果表明:模拟冠幅分形分析方法更适于分析具有大小不等、复杂多样的冠幅的植物个体空间分布格局。随着海拔的升高,不同种群的空间占据能力也随之变化。辽东栎种群的空间分布占绝对优势地位,分形维数可达1.9811;五角枫种群则逐步下降,分形维数最低为0.1170。低海拔山坡六道木种群空间占据能力较强,高海拔山坡照山白种群有较大的空间占据能力。在一定的环境条件下,不同的种群可能具有相近的空间占据能力,但对乔木层与灌木层来说,相同的分形维数的内涵是不同的。冠幅的分形维数作为表征植物种群空间占据能力的工具,是种群动态分析和种群分布格局研究的的重要指标之一。     

森林景观生态研究现状与展望

综述了国内外森林景观及其动态研究的4个领域：森林景观管理与景观质量控制、森林景观格局与功能相互关系、森林景观生态过程模拟模型和决策模型、河岸景观生态的研究。并进一步指出了我国在森林景观生态研究领域中存在的问题：森林景观的研究基础不足,研究手段、方法相对落后,研究案例和成果有限。同时,还提出了森林景观生态研究的发展方向。     

Forest Structure and Biomass of a Tropical Seasonal Rain Forest in Xishuangbanna,Southwest China1

Xishuangbanna is a region located at the northern edge of tropical Asia. Biomass estimates of its tropical rain forest have not been published in English literature. We estimated forest biomass and its allocation patterns in five 0.185–1.0 ha plots in tropical seasonal rain forests of Xishuangbanna. Forest biomass ranged from 362.1 to 692.6 Mg/ha. Biomass of trees with diameter at 1.3 m breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm accounted for 98.2 percent of the rain forest biomass, followed by shrubs (0.9%), woody lianas (0.8%), and herbs (0.2%). Biomass allocation to different tree components was 68.4–70.0 percent to stems, 19.8–21.8 percent to roots, 7.4–10.6 percent to branches, and 0.7–1.3 percent to leaves. Biomass allocation to the tree sublayers was 55.3–62.2 percent to the A layer (upper layer), 30.6–37.1 percent to the B layer (middle), and 2.7–7.6 percent to the C layer (lower). Biomass of Pometia tomentosa, a dominant species, accounted for 19.7–21.1 percent of the total tree biomass. The average density of large trees (DBH ≥100 cm) was 9.4 stems/ha on two small plots and 3.5 stems/ha on two large plots, illustrating the potential to overestimate biomass on a landscape scale if only small plots are sampled. Biomass estimations are similar to typical tropical rain forests in Southeast Asia and the Neotropics.     

中亚热带典型森林生态系统对降水中铅镉的截留特征

实验于2012年9月到2013年8月期间,在重庆市江津四面山对常绿阔叶林生态系统大气降水、林内降水、枯透水及土壤渗滤液中的铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)进行了持续一年的动态变化特征的研究。结果表明:研究期间,大气降水中Pb和Cd的质量浓度分别为(22.92±13.57)μg/L、(2.82±1.46)μg/L,月均沉降量分别为(3.06±2.74)mg/m2、(0.32±0.27)mg/m2,该林区降水受到轻度的Pb污染,但并未受到Cd污染;该林区重金属Pb和Cd的主要污染源为大气沉降,林区中常绿阔叶林对重金属Pb和Cd有很好的截留净化作用,总截留系数高达98.52%和99.09%,经过该系统各层次的净化后,重金属Pb和Cd含量均符合国家地面水环境质量标准(GB3838-88)的Ⅰ类水质标准;其中,林冠层的截留能力最强,对Pb和Cd的截留系数分别为91.67%和86.84%,枯落物层次之,分别为67.86%和79.74%;土壤层对Pb和Cd的截留特征截然相反,土壤层对Pb的解吸量大于吸附量,导致渗滤液中Pb的平均质量浓度相对枯透水升高。     

Impact of secondary forest management on ant assemblage composition in the temperate region in Japan

In Japan, the impacts of human disturbance on ant assemblages have been intensively studied mainly in suburban areas. In contrast, the impact on ant assemblages of long-term human management and abandonment of forests is not well studied even though forestry is viewed as a process that seriously impacts ant assemblages. Besides, the studies focused on the relationship between secondary forest management for producing the firewood and charcoal which is considered to be characteristic of Japan and ant assemblage is not well studied. Do the long-term impacts on the secondary forest alter the ant composition? The effects of forest management on ant assemblages were studied through comparisons of managed, unmanaged and clear cut forest plots in secondary tree stands that had been used previously for producing firewood and charcoal. Ant species richness did not differ among forest categories, but ant species composition varied among forest categories. The absence or presence of openland and woodland ant specialist species is considered a good indicator for secondary forest management.     

广西落叶栎林的分类研究

广西的落叶栎林属亚热带落叶阔叶林的一个群系组, 常见有栓皮栎林、麻栎林和白栎林３ 个群系。主要论述其类型划分和生境特点, 为其经营管理和合理利用提供基本材料和依据。     

日本的防护林

随着世界人口不断增长、自然资源的不断减少 ,人类所面临的环境挑战正日趋严峻。防护林以其防护性、资源性和可再生性等强大的森林功能作为迎接这一挑战的工具 ,在环境保护与资源管理中正在发挥着愈来愈大的作用 ,世界各国对此都给予了极为广泛的重视。中国的防护林建设经营历史悠久 ,尤其是自1978年启动了三北防护林体系工程以来 ,以防护林为主体的林业生态工程已在中华大地蓬勃发展起来 ,其数量之多、规模之大已为全球所瞩目 ;防护林的生态、经济和社会效益与日俱增 ,为保障西部开发 ,控制三北地区的风沙干旱、水土流失等自然灾害 ,提高农…     

Measuring the local community's participation in the management of community forests in Cameroon

Cameroon revised its forestry policy and included the legal concept of community forests, a concept difficult to develop. This study aims to resolve this difficulty by understanding the concept as it is designed by the Cameroon Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MINEF). To this end, two formulae, the second simpler than the first, were developed to measure the percentage of involvement of the local community in the process of implementing a community forest. A questionnaire constructed to assess the importance of the activities in this process provided the coefficients for the first formula. The questionnaire was administered to five groups representing the possible participants in the implementation process. There are statistically significant differences among the mean ratings of importance by the five groups and for the various activities. Despite the latter differences, the numerical difference between the two formulae is negligible. Correlations of the ranking of the importance of the activities predict successful collaboration among MINEF, conservation project officials, and members of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). In contrast, the local communities are less likely to collaborate with the first three groups. There is a gulf between the communities and outside organizations (Ministry, conservation project officials and NGOs). Strategies for facilitating the process of implementing the community forest are suggested.     

Effect of Host Tree Traits on Epiphyte Diversity in Natural and Anthropogenic Habitats in Ecuador

Vascular epiphytes represent a highly diverse element of tropical rain forests, but they depend strongly on the structure and taxonomic composition of their tree communities. For conservation planning, it is therefore critical to understand the effect of host tree characteristics on epiphyte species richness in natural and anthropogenically transformed vegetation. Our study compares the effect of human land‐use on epiphyte diversity based on 220 study plots in a lowland rain forest and an Andean cloud forest in western Ecuador. We evaluate the relevance of host tree size and taxonomic identity for epiphyte species richness in contiguous primary forests, forest fragments, isolated remnant trees (IRTs), and secondary forests. At both study sites, epiphyte diversity was highest in primary forests, and it was lowest on IRTs and in secondary forests. Epiphyte species numbers of forest fragments were significantly reduced compared with the contiguous primary forest at the lowland study site, but not in the cloud forest area. Host tree size was a core predictor among secondary forests, but it had less significance within other habitat types. Taxonomic identity of the host trees also explained up to 61 percent of the variation in epiphyte diversity, especially for IRTs. The structural and taxonomic composition of the tree community in anthropogenically transformed habitat types proved to be fundamental to epiphyte diversity. This highlights the importance of deliberate selection of tree species for reforestation in conservation programs and the possible negative effects of selective logging in primary forests. Abstract in Spanish is available at http://www.blackwell‐synergy.com/loi/btp .     

Fire in the tropical gallery forests of Belize

ABSTRACT. Historical records of burning, field observations, and a manipulation experiment were used to evaluate the extent and impact of fire in a system of gallery forests in the Mountain Pine Ridge savanna, Belize. The outer boundaries of gallery forests are fire-prone zones, but fires rarely intrude into these forests. This is attributed to the existence of fire-tolerant trees in the outer zone, which preserve a forest interior of low flammability. Occasional fire incursions are patchily distributed and partially inhibited by slope convexities. Intrusions consume litter and root mats and destroy seedlings and saplings, but create a wide variety of subsequent light regimes depending upon the degree of canopy destruction. At most sites, partial canopy cover persists and seedlings of a subset of forest tree species establish preferentially. Early survivorship of these seedlings is comparable to those established in undamaged forest. Where canopy opening is severe, a secondary succession is initiated, with large numbers of herbaceous plants deriving from the seed bank. Gallery forests contain core zones into which fire very rarely intrudes, and peripheral zones that experience fire incursions that are patchily distributed in space and time. In the latter zones fire incursions play a role comparable to that of canopy gaps in continuous forests, but also create a unique class of micro-habitats to which a subset of tree species is specialized. The fire regime over the recent past in this gallery forest system appears to have had an enriching, rather than a depauperizing, effect on the forest communities, and such systems represent plausible refugia for forest species in fire-prone landscapes.     

Tropical seasonal forests in monsson Asia: With emphasis on continental southeast Asia

This paper is intended to provide a brief review of the tropical seasonal forest, one type of the tropical moist forests in monsoon Asia. It will also focus on and summarise issues of current concern in relation to their depletion and global environmental issues. Tropical moist forests occur in the rainy tropical and monsoon tropical climate types. The tropical moist evergreen forest or the tropical rain forest, which account for two-thirds of the tropical moist forests are rich in biodiversity and contain valuable tropical hardwood. The tropical moist deciduous forest or the tropical seasonal forest which lie along the fringes of tropical rain forest, are less complex than the tropical rain forest and have more distinct wet and dry periods. Broadleaved deciduous trees of the genera Tectona, Shorea, and Dipterocarpus are predominantly in this forest type. Currently estimates have found that more than 17 million hectares of forest mainly tropical moist forests are being lost each year. There is a widespread recognition that agriculture and the burning of tropical moist forests contribute to global warming but to a much lesser extent than the combustion of fossil fuels and industrial activities in the developed world.