Esterase-23 (ES-23): Characterization of a new carboxylesterase isozyme (EC 3.1.1.1) of the house mouse,genetically linked to ES-2 on chromosome 8

Genetic variation of a carboxylesterase isozyme (EC 3.1.1.1) of the house mouse, designated ES-23, is described. ES-23 was found in kidney, liver, and intestine. The isozyme was resistant to inhibition by 10(-3) mol/liter eserine and was stained using alpha-naphthyl butyrate or 5-bromoindoxyl acetate as substrate. Five different phenotypes, ES-23A to ES-23E, could be distinguished by disc electrophoresis and by isoelectric focusing. ES-23 is controlled by a structural locus situated within the esterase gene cluster 2 on chromosome 8. An analysis of allele distribution among different strains suggested a separate structural locus for the isozyme, Es-23e, which is closely linked to the loci Es-2, Es-5, Es-7, and Es-11. Of the five phenotypes, only ES-23B was expressed in lung. This variation is apparently controlled by a cis-acting regulatory element, presumably a temporal locus, Es-23t, closely linked to the presumed structural locus Es-23e.     

Genetic study of pancreatic proteinase in mice (Mus musculus): Linkage of the Prt-2 locus on chromosome 8

The Prt-2 locus is linked with Es-1 and Es-2 loci on chromosome 8 (linkage group XVIII). Recombination frequencies were 8.2% between Es-1 and Es-2, 12.7% between Es-1 and Prt-2, and 4.5% between Es-2 and Prt-2. From these data, the map position of Prt-2 has been estimated on chromosome 8. The Prt-1 and Prt-3 loci, which are linked very closely on the same chromosome, were not determined.     

Gene mapping on mouse chromosome 8 by interspecific crosses: new data on a linkage group conserved on human chromosome 16q

A large conserved linkage group exists on mouse chromosome 8 and human chromosome 16q, including the loci for chymotrypsinogen B (Ctrb), haptoglobin (Hp), lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (Lcat), metallothionein-1,-2 (Mt-1,-2), tyrosine aminotransferase (Tat), and uvomorulin (Um). Using cloned gene probes, these six loci were mapped in M. m. domesticus X M. spretus interspecific crosses relative to a number of chromosome 8 anchor loci resulting in the gene order Es-1,Es-9-Mt-1,-2-Got-2-Es-2,Es-7,Lcat,Um-Hp,Tat,Ctrb-e. These results complement earlier studies and redefine the conserved segment on mouse chromosome 8, previously defined by the Hp-Tat interval, by the 24-cM interval between Mt-1,-2 and the conserved locus for adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, Aprt, mapped at 25 cM from Es-1 by T. B. Nesterova, P. M. Borodin, S. M. Zakian, and O. L. Serov (1987, Biochem. Genet. 25: 563-568). Within this segment, the gene order appears the same in man and mouse. While map distances between HP-TAT,HP-CTRB, and TAT-CTRB of respectively 7, 11, and 9 cM have previously been measured in man, no crossovers between Hp, Tat, and Ctrb were observed in over 100 meioses in the mouse.     

Genetic and biochemical characterization of a new chymotrypsin isozyme of the house mouse,CTRA-1

Genetic variation of a codominantly inherited pancreas protease, designated CTRA-1, was discovered in the house mouse by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. Phenotype CTRA-1A was found in MOLH/Fre and in the majority of common laboratory mouse strains. Phenotype CTRA-1B was found in PWD/Ph. It was characterized by the absence of a corresponding protease band. A third phenotype, CTRA-1C, was observed in IS/Cam and a fourth phenotype, CTRA-1D, was detected in SEG/1. CTRA-1 was found only in the pancreas and may represent the A form of chymotrypsin. The enzyme was shown to be controlled by the presumed structural locus Ctra-1 located on chromosome 8. From two backcross series, including a total of 274 animals, the gene order (Es-1, Es-9)-3.9 +/- 1.7%-Got-2-3.9 +/- 1.7%-(Es-2, Es-7, Es-23)-0.7 +/- 0.5%- Ctra-1-6.3 +/- 2.2%-Prt-2 was established.     

Genetic control of liver esterase forms in chickens

Six regions of esterase activity designated I to VI were resolved from liver extracts of chickens by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. These esterases were further characterized on the basis of their substrate affinities and differential responses to various inhibitors.
Genetic variation was found in esterases of region VI which appeared to be ali-esterase. Four phenotypes, A, B, AB and O, were observed. These phenotypes were shown to be controlled by one autosomal locus, designated Es-3 , with alleles Es-3 ^A, Es-3 ^B and Es-3 ^O. This locus is not closely linked to the blood group loci A and B , serum alkaline phosphatase ( Ap ), liver acid phosphatase ( Acp-2 ) and serum esterase ( Es-1 ) loci.     

Esterase-30 (ES-30) of the house mouse: Biochemical characterization and genetics of a new carboxylesterase isozyme linked to cluster-2 loci on chromosome 8

A new carboxylesterase isozyme (EC 3.1.1.1), designated ES-30, is described in mouse liver. Two phenotypes were distinguished, ES-30A, a possible null type, was found in SPE/Pas and in other lines derived fromMus spretus, and ES-30B was found in BALB/cJ and other laboratory inbred strains. ES-30B is characterized by a distinct electrophoretic band when stained using 5-bromoindoxyl acetate as the substrate. After isolation and purification from other esterases by ion-exchange chromatography and molecular sieving, the molecular mass was estimated by two independent methods to be 62 and 64 kDa, respectively. The activity of ES-30B is higher in adult males than in females and can be stimulatedin vivo by testosterone. The distribution of phenotypes on the progeny of a backcross series suggests a separate locus,Es-30, with the allele a for absence andb for presence of the isozyme. LocusEs-30 is shown to be closely linked toEs-2 and toEs-7 of cluster-2 on chromosome 8. The gene orderEs-9—Got-2—(Es-2, Es-7, Es-30) is suggested. This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. This is communication No. 72 of a research program devoted to the cellular distribution, genetics, and regulation of nonspecific esterases.     

Esterase-6 (Es-6) in laboratory mice: Hormone-influenced expression and linkage relationship to oligosyndactylism (Os), esterase-1 (Es-1), and esterase-2 (Es-2) in chromosome 8

Allelic differences at an esterase locus designated Es-6 exist between mouse strain C57 BL/6J and a laboratory stock of M.m. molossinus. Strain C57BL/6J has been assigned the allele Es-6a and M. m. molossinus the alternate allele Es-6b. Kidney expression of the electrophoretic esterase band controlled by the Es-6 locus is sex influenced, with increased activity apparently induced by testosterone. A four-point test cross established the gene order Os-Es-1-Es-6-Es-2 within a 10-cM segment on chromosome 8.     

Genetic characterization of esterase 28 (ES-28) of the house mouse

The genetics of esterase-28, the major esterase of cauda epididymidis of the house mouse, has been studied after separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Four phenotypes are distinguished. Segregation ofEs-28 in two backcross series indicated linkage to Es-1, Es-9, and Es-22. The Es-28 locus was placed into esterase cluster 1 on chromosome 8.This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.This is communication No. 69 of a research program devoted to the cellular distribution, genetics, and regulation of nonspecific esterases.     

Chromosomal Homology of Rabbit (ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS) Linkage Group VI with Rodent Species

Homologous portions of linkage group (LG) VI in the rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus, chromosome 8 in Mus musculus, and LG V of Rattus norvegicus have been observed. These linkage groups in Oryctolagus and Mus contain the extension locus (e), where recessive alleles are known in many species. Preliminary linkage data have added new loci to linkage group VI of the rabbit, revised the order and map distances on the linkage map, and by comparison with rodent species have strengthened the homology of LG VI in the rabbit with chromosome 8 of the mouse and with LG V of the rat. LG VI now contains five loci with the following order and intervening map distances: Es-1, Es-2 complex--6.3 +/- 2.1 cM--Est-1, Est-2 complex--18.5 +/- 3.7 cM--e.     

Assignment of the gene for adenine phosphoribosyltransferase on the genetic map of mouse chromosome 8

Two electrophoretic variants of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) were identified in a population of wild mice (Mus musculus bactrianus). Breeding tests demonstrated that the APRT variants are under the control of two alleles at an autosomal locus designatedAprt. We have examined the linkage relationships betweenAprt and the markers of chromosome 8 including esterase-1 and the centromere. The recombination distance between the centromere andAprt is 44 ± 7 cM, and that betweenEs-1 andAprt is 25 ± 2 cM, i.e., the probable order of the markers examined is cen-Es-1-Aprt on chromosome 8.     

Esterase-7, a common constituent of numerous mouse tissues.

1. Electrophoretic and staining techniques for the relatively specific demonstration of esterase-7 in mouse tissues are described. Esterase-7 was found to be a common constituent of most mouse tissues. 2. The electrophoretic polymorphisms determined by three alleles a, b and c were studied in nine mouse strains. 3. The banding pattern of esterase-7 is being described and the isoelectric points of the allelic bands are being estimated. 4. Recombination studies on a further 129 animals confirmed that the Es-7 locus is tightly linked to Es-2 and Es-11. 5. Esterase-7 precipitates with antiesterase-2 from the rabbit. 6. It differs from esterase-2 by its individual substrate preference and by its susceptibility to inhibition by acylating agents.     

Esterase-25(Es-25): Identification and characterization of a new kidney arylesterase of the house mouse,genetically linked toLy-18 on chromosome 12

Genetic variation of a codominantly inherited kidney esterase, designated ES-25, has been discovered in the house mouse using disc electrophoresis. The ES-25A phenotype was found in A strains, AKR, and BALB/c. ES-25B was found in C57BL strains and several other laboratory strains. The enzyme was shown to be controlled by a presumed structural locus, Es-25. The high concordance in 48 RI strains of Es-25 with Ly-18 indicated the location of Es-25 on chromosome 12. The gene order Es-25-Ly-18-D12Nyul-Pre-1 was proposed.     

Mapping of theEs-4 locus and linear order of esterase genes (linkage group V; LGV) in the rat

There are three different linear orders of esterase loci of linkage group V (LGV) in the rat (Rattus norvegicus). The first is Es-2-Es-3-Es-1, the second Es-3-(Es-2,Es-4)-Es-1, and the third Es-3-Es-2-Es-1-Es-4. We carried out mating experiments to define the order clearly. Linkage analyses of the four esterase loci, Es-1, Es-2, Es-3, and Es-4, were carried out using two inbred strains carrying different alleles at the four loci. Six locus combinations examined in this study were as follows: Es-1-Es-2, Es-1-Es-3, Es-1-Es-4, Es-2-Es-3, Es-2-Es-4, and Es-3-Es-4. The recombination frequencies of each combination were 6.3, 6.3, 6.3, 5.2, 1.8, and 3.4%, respectively. The first recombination between Es-2 and Es-4 was observed. We propose that the esterase loci of LGV be classified into three clusters according to distances between the loci. The linear order of the four loci is shown to be as follows: [Es-3] (cluster II)-3.4 +/- 2.4%-[Es-4-1.8 +/- 1.7%-Es-2] (cluster III)-6.3 +/- 6.1%-[Es-1] (cluster I).     

Enzyme polymorphism in the European starling: Study on plasma esterases

In plasma of the European starling (Sturnus v. vulgaris L.), genetic variation was detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two esterase zones, of which one is polymorphic, had already been described earlier. In addition to these two zones (Es-1 and Es-3), we describe a third (Es-2) that also showed variations. The distribution of the phenotypes observed in the Es-2 zone closely fits the expected distribution according to the law of random mating so that the polymorphism of Es-2 is hereditary. This Es-2 locus is postulated to be a codominant system, controlled by two alleles.     

Linkage analyses among five esterase loci in the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus)

A cluster of esterase loci has been identified on a segment of a rat linkage group V; however, the linear order of all the loci has not been established. We estimated the recombination frequencies of two locus combinations among five esterase loci (Es-1, Es-2, Es-3, Es-4, and Es-Si) and the linear order of the loci by using three sets of backcross matings: (1) (K:W × IS) × IS, (2) (K:W × IS) × IS, and (3) (SHR × W) × W). The linear order was determined to be Es-1-Es-4-Es-2-Es-3-Es-Si, although the order of Es-2 and Es-4 remains tentative. The sexinfluenced esterase (Es-Si) was demonstrated to be distinct from Es-1 and was proposed to be Es-Si locus with two alleles of Es-Si ^a (positive) and Es-Si ^b (null).This work was partly supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, No. 339020 (1978), from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan.     

Esterase-29 (ES-29): Biochemical characterization and control by two independent gene loci of a testosterone-dependent mouse serum esterase

Biochemistry and genetics of a testosterone-dependent murine serum esterase designated esterase-29 (ES-29) are described. The enzyme was identified after disc electrophoresis and subsequent staining for esterase using -naphthyl acetate as the substrate. It was inhibited by bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate and was resistant top-chlorophenylsulphonate and hence was classified as carboxylesterase EC 3.1.1.1. The molecular mass was estimated to be about 130 kDa. It was shown that ES-29 is under the control of two independent genes. The first, termed Es-29, is suggested to be a structural locus, linked to the cluster-2 esterase loci on chromosome 8. Three alleles atEs-29, Es-29 ^a, Es-29^b, andEs-29 ^care distinguished, which determine absence (SEG/1), strong activity (BALB/cJ), and low activity (MOLH/Fre), respectively. The second locus, termedMse-1 (serum esterase modifying factor), was found to be closely linked toPre-2 on chromosome 12 and is suggested to be a modifying or regulatory gene. Two alleles were distinguished,Mse-1 ^a(BALB/cJ) andMse-1 ^m(MOL3/JA, CasBgr), which determine whether ES-29 appears as a single band or a double band, respectively.Mse-1 ^mis dominant toMse-1 ^a.This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. This is communication No. 70 of a research program devoted to the cellular distribution, genetics, and regulation of nonspecific esterases.     

Re-evaluation of LG V of the rat and assignment of 12 carboxylesterases to two gene clusters

Examining the strain distribution pattern of the recombinant inbred strain series LXB and DXE and of backcross progeny of (LEW X LE)F1 X LEW, (LEW X BN)F1 X LEW, and (LEW X BN)F1 X BN for esterase markers, including three carboxylesterase allozymes (ES-15, ES-16, ES-18), hitherto not studied genetically, revealed the existence of two esterase gene clusters within LG V: cluster 1, containing Es-2, Es-8, Es-10, Es-3, Es-7, Es-9, and separated by 8.8 +/- 1.3 cM from cluster 2, containing Es-1, Es-14 (formerly Es-Si), Es-15, Es-16, and Es-18. Analyses of 93 inbred strains of rats showed only 12 and 6 haplotypes for cluster 1 and cluster 2, respectively, indicating a strong linkage disequilibrium. These data and serotyping results of one backcross population for the RT2 blood group system lead to a re-evaluation of linkage group V. Including literature data the following gene order is suggested: RT2 - (7.1 +/- 1.8) Es-2, Es-4, Es-8, Es-10 (2.7 +/- 0.7) Es-3, Es-7, Es-9 (8.8 +/- 1.3) Es-1, Es-14, Es-15, Es-16, Es-18.     

A new polymorphic pepsinogen locus (Pg-2) in the rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Only two types of pepsinogens, which are products of the Pg-1 locus, are present in rat urine. In gastric mucosa, however, additional pepsinogen isozymes are expressed. We have found a polymorphism for rat gastric mucosa pepsinogen using agarose gel electrophoresis. Some inbred rat strains expressed a pepsinogen band, while others did not. The trait was found to be controlled by a single autosomal locus. We tentatively designated the locus as Pg-2 with two alleles, Pg-2a for the one controlling presence of the band and Pg-2o for the one controlling absence. Linkage analysis using BN and TM strains revealed that Pg-2 was closely linked to Pg-1 (3.7 +/- 1.8 cM), and that it did not belong to LG I (Hbb and p), LG II (Acon-1 and Mup-1), LG IV (Hao-1 and Svp-1), LG V (Es-1 and Es-3), LG VI (Gc and h), LG IX (RT1), LG X (Fh and Pep-3), nor a LG containing Ahd-2 (as yet undetermined).     

Occurrence of the heterozygosity at Es-1 locus in a sub-strain of the NZB mice]

In the course of inspection of the biochemical marker genes in inbred strains of mice maintained in our laboratory, a female mouse of the NZB strain was found to be heterozygous for the Es-1 locus. Namely, it was Es-1a/Es-1b type. After this finding, many heterozygous mice were found among her sisters and the descendants. However, these heterozygotes (Es-1a/Es-1b) showed no heterozygosity for other 11 characters, i.e., the 6 biochemical markers (Hbb, Trf, Es-2, Id-1, Mod-1, Gpd-1) and the 5 coat colour markers (A, B, C, D, AND S) were idential as those previously described. It was, moreover, observed that they possessed the immunological characteristics typical of the NZB mice. Therefore, it could be concluded that the heterozygosity had been originated from a single mutation at the Es-1 locus, i.e., from Es-1a to Es-1b or vice versa. With regard to the alleles at the Es-1 locus, an investigation was carried out in two sub-strains of the NZB mice having different breeding history and the followings were clarified. One substrain imported from Karolinska Institute, Sweden, had been fixed with the Es-1a allele and the other imported from England was found to be Es-1b/Es-1b type. The NZB mice which displayed the heterozygosity had been derieved from the Karolinska sub-strain. Importance of biochemical marker genes for inspection of proper maintenance of inbred strains has been discussed.     

Mapping of rabbit microsatellite markers using chromosome-specific libraries

Recently, rabbit microsatellite markers were developed from a chromosome 1-specific library, and seven new markers were incorporated into the genetic map of the rabbit. We have now developed microsatellite markers from chromosomes 3-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 12-, and 19-specific libraries. Linkage analysis was performed with use of these new markers, five recently physically mapped markers (PMP2, TCRB, ALOX15, MT1, and Sol33), microsatellite markers located in the HBA gene cluster, the MHC region and FABP6 gene, and seven biochemical markers (Es-1, Es-3, Est-2, Est-4, Est-6, Est-X, and HP). This analysis enabled us to verify the specificity of the libraries and to determine the position and orientation of the linkage groups on the chromosomes.