染色体倍数与杂种优势之关系初探

杂种优势是植物界的一个普遍现象,也是提高栽培作物产量的一个十分重要的途径。目前,除少数栽培作物外,大部分作物都已成功地利用了杂种优势。杂种优势的利用基本上集中在二倍体,在生产上大面积利用的以收获种子为目的的多倍体并不多,如小麦（异源六倍体）、大豆（异源四倍体）、花生（异源四倍体）等。其原因除制种较困难外,关键是杂种优势多不及二倍体,但到目前为止,尚未有一个完整的理论对此进行系统解释,本文将就这一问题进行讨论,以供同行参考。１　内源优势与外源优势笔者认为,多倍体作物杂种优势不强与其染色体组成有关。…     

分子标记在油菜杂种优势利用中的研究进展

杂种优势是一种普遍存在的生物学现象,是提高作物产量的重要途径,因而受到越来越广泛的重视。分子标记是近年兴起的一种新型的生物技术,国内外已利用RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、SSR、ISSR和SRAP等多种分子标记技术对油菜的杂种优势进行了广泛的研究,取得了很多有价值的研究成果。本文综述了分子标记在油菜授粉控制系统中关键基因标记、亲本遗传多样性分析、杂种优势群划分、杂种纯度鉴定和杂种优势预测中的研究进展。通过对不同作物间的比较,探讨了分子标记在油菜杂种优势利用中的研究深度,并对分子标记在油菜杂种优势预测中应注意的问题进行了讨论。     

分子标记在油菜杂种优势利用中的研究进展

杂种优势是一种普遍存在的生物学现象, 是提高作物产量的重要途径, 因而受到越来越广泛的重视。分子标记是近年兴起的一种新型的生物技术, 国内外已利用RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、SSR、ISSR和SRAP等多种分子标记技术对油菜的杂种 优势进行了广泛的研究, 取得了很多有价值的研究成果。本文综述了分子标记在油菜授粉控制系统中关键基因标记、亲本遗传多样性分析、杂种优势群划分、杂种纯度鉴定和杂种优势预测中的研究进展。通过对不同作物间的比较, 探讨了分子标记在油菜杂种优势利用中的研究深度, 并对分子标记在油菜杂种优势预测中应注意的问题进行了讨论。     

作物杂种优势利用国际学术大会

为了更好地总结作物杂种优势研究与利用的成果与经验,由中国工程院、国家外国专家局和陕西省人民政府主办,西北农林科技大学承办,"作物杂种优势利用国际学术大会"将于2012年8月19-22日在中国西安召开。会议宗旨:积极促进作物杂种优势利用领域国际间的学术交流与合作,着力推动作物杂种优势利用科学技术在全球的发展,全面推进作物杂种优势利用产业化进程,为全世界粮食安全和农产品有效供给做出新的更大的贡献。     

作物柱头外露性状研究进展

柱头外露作为一个能提高作物杂交制种产量的重要性状,被广泛应用于杂种优势利用育种中。柱头外露性状多数是数量性状,遗传规律因作物种类和基因型的不同表现出多样性,是近年来作物领域的研究热点。深入解析作物柱头外露的遗传控制机制和调控机理,对于提高作物杂种优势利用效率具有重要意义。本文从柱头外露性状的经典遗传学解析、相关基因的克隆与分析、育种利用及研究存在的问题与展望等几个方面,综述了作物柱头外露性状的研究进展。     

小麦品种间杂种优势与配合力分析

对９个冬小麦亲本１３个性状的杂种优势分析表明,产量性状的杂种优势较强,品质性状的杂种优势较弱。籽粒蛋白质含量、硬度和湿面筋、干面筋含量偏低亲或中亲遗传,沉淀值偏高遗传,存在较明显杂种优势（１６．１－２３．８％）。     

ipt基因定位表达对转基因烟草育性的影响

杂种优势是生物界的一种普遍现象。作物杂种优势的利用是培育高产、抗逆、优质新品种的重要手段之一。然而 ,常规育种技术获得配套三系的难度很大 ,由此限制了杂种优势利用的发展。近年来应用转基因技术创造雄性不育植株已有不少报道[1- 5] 。有研究表明 ,自然突变的雄性不育株     

棉麻纤维作物雄性不育研究进展及展望

棉麻是我国重要天然纤维作物。本文对我国棉麻作物雄性不育的类型、雄性不育的选育及雄性不育的机理等研究进展进行了综述,并讨论了棉麻作物雄性不育研究发展方向与杂种优势利用有关问题,同时提出了雄性不育系选育的思路。     

转基因雄性不育油菜选育的简介

转基因雄性不育油菜选育的简介彭仁旺,周雪荣,方荣祥,陈正华,莽克强（中国科学院微生物研究所,北京１０００８０;中国科学院遗传研究所,北京１００１０１）杂种优势的利用是作物生产中用以提高产量、改进品质的重要措施之一,通过雄性不育系培植杂种是杂种优势利用...     

玉米杂种优势分子基础研究进展

当今作物改良中杂种优势的广泛应用得益于杂交玉米的首先培育成功,对其分子基础的探讨已历经近一个世纪却尚未达成共识。关于杂种优势的经典解释曾聚焦于显性和超显性假说,现在看来似乎是借喻遗传学分子概念而无实际分子基础的实用性概念,籍此导致了一些研究结果的不一致是可以理解的。随着基因组时代的到来和相关分子技术的出现,文章回顾了过去的研究结果,分析了杂种优势分子机制研究的现状和问题,针对两亲本及其后代杂交后基因组构架和基因表达变化的研究趋势及方向进行了评价,并提出了由此资讯引发的SNPs单倍型用于玉米杂种优势分子基础研究的新策略。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.