n of 1 trials comparing a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with paracetamol in osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE--To evaluate the efficacy of paracetamol and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for symptom relief in osteoarthritis. DESIGN--Double blind, randomised, controlled trials in individual patients (n of 1 trials). Three treatment cycles with two weeks'' each of paracetamol (1 g twice daily) and diclofenac (50 mg twice daily) prepared in identical gelatin capsules. SETTING--General practices in metropolitan Sydney, Australia. SUBJECTS--25 patients (median age 64 years) with pain of osteoarthritis (median duration of disease eight years) considered by their general practitioners to require regular treatment. 20 were already taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Diary of pain and stiffness, function, and side effects. RESULTS--15 patients completed the study, five withdrew early but had made a therapeutic decision, and five dropped out very early. Results from 20 patients were analysed. Several patterns of response evolved. Eight of the 20 patients found no clear difference, symptoms being adequately controlled by paracetamol; five indicated a clear preference for the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; two showed control of symptoms after their initial two weeks of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which continued throughout subsequent treatment changes; in five the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug may have been better but neither agent gave satisfactory control. After three months nine of the 20 patients had adequate symptom control with paracetamol alone. CONCLUSIONS--Of 1 studies--that is, randomised trials in individual patients--are clinically useful in deciding treatment in heterogeneous conditions which require long term symptomatic relief. In osteoarthritis many patients currently receiving or being considered for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may achieve adequate control with paracetamol.     

1H n.m.r. study of geletin gels

Proton spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times have been measured in the gelatin-water system during gelatin at various concentrations and quenching temperatures. The spin-spin relaxation time is shown to be a good parameter for following the kinetics of gelation and can be related to the amount of helices measured by polarimetry. The results are analysed within the framework of the Zimmerman-Brittin theory.     

Erhardorina n. g., Ascogregarina polynesiensis n. sp., Eimeria golemanskii n. sp., Isospora tamariscini n. sp., Gregarina kazumii n. nom., New Combinations and Emendations in the Names of Apicomplexan Protozoa1

On the basis of a review of the approximately 4300 species of apicomplexan protozoa, the following new species, new names, new combinations, and emendations are given: NEW GENUS,Erhardovina; NEW SPECIES,Ascogregarina polynesiensis, Eimeria golemanskii, Isospora tamariscini; NEW NAME,Gregarina kazumii; NEW COMBINATIONS,Ascogregarina brachyceri (Purrini, 1980),Erhardovina euzeti (Lipa, 1981),E. scutovertexi (Erhardová, 1955),Haemorhormidium batrachi (Chaudhuri & Choudhury, 1983); EMENDATIONS,Selenidium francianum(Arvy, 1952) Tuzet & Ormières, 1965,Pyxinioides bolitoides D. P. Henry, 1938,P. japonicus H. Hoshide, 1951,P. kamenote H. Hoshide, 1951,P. kurofuji H. Hoshide, 1951,P. oshoroensis H. Hoshide, 1951,P. pugetensis D. P. Henry, 1938, Gregarina levinei Haldar & Sarkar, 1980,Retractocephalus halticae Haldar, Chakraborty & Kundu, 1982,Cnemidospora schizophylli Tuzet & Guerin, 1947,Grebneckiella indica (Merton, 1911) Watson, 1916,Quadruspinospora atractomorphae Haldar & Chakraborty, 1978,Haemogregarina acipenseri Nawrotzky, 1914,H. lobianci Yakimov & Kohl-Yakimov, 1912,H. yakimovikohlae Wladimiroff, 1910,Hepatozoon luehi (Sambon, 1909) Pessoa, Cavalheiro & de Souza, 1970,Eimeria beyerae Ovezmukhammedov, 1977, E. (?) gigantea (Labbé, 1896) Reichenow, 1921, E. (?) labbei Hardcastle, 1943, E. rufi Prasad, 1960, E. (?) scylii (Drago, 1902) Levine & Becker, 1933, Isospora corvi Ray, Shivnani, Oommen & Bhaskaran, 1952,I. melopsittaci Bhatia, Chauhan, Arora & Agrawal, 1973, I. seicerci Ray, Shivnani, Oommen & Bhaskaran, 1952,I. stomatici Chakravarty & Kar, 1944,I. triffitae Nukerbaeva & Svanbaev, 1973,Wenyonella mackinnonae Misra, 1947,Octosporetla sanguinolentae Ovezmukhammedov, 1975,Lankesterella millani Alvarez Calvo, 1975,Sarcocystis woodhousei Dogel', 1916,Haemoproteus lari Yakunin, 1972, Babesia ninakohlyakimovae (Yakimoff & Shokhor, 1916),Theileria ninakohlyakimovae (Yakimov, 1916) Krylov, 1974,Haemohormidium batrachi(Chaudhuri & Choudhury, 1983).     

Light and Electron Microscopic Description of a Colorless Euglenoid,Serpenomonas costata n. g., n. sp.1

ABSTRACT. A new genus of rigid, colorless, phagotrophic euglenoid is described from a standing pond on a salt marsh. The cell body measures 21–25 μm long, is about 18 μm wide, has a slight dorso-ventral flattening, and is marked by distinct pellicular ridges. The organism, described as Serpenomonas costata, has two unequal, antapically inserted, heterodynamic flagella. The shorter flagellum is anteriorly directed during swimming and the longer one trails posteriorly. Cells move along the substrate with a creeping motion. The ingestion apparatus is composed of separate ribs extending the length of the cell and is incorporated into the ventral pellicular ridge. The apparatus is independent of the canal and reservoir and is not protrusible. The taxonomic affinities of Serpenomonas with other euglenoids are discussed.     

Gloeococcus bavaricus n. sp. undCoelastrella compacta n. sp.

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Rhizochrysidopsis vorax,n. gen., n. sp.

Zusammenfassung Die Art ist durch eine bedeutende Variation der Zellgröße, damit auch des Chromatophors und des Kerns ausgezeichnet. Mit steigender Zellgröße nimmt die Zahl der kontraktilen Vakuolen von zwei auf mindestens acht zu. — Unter Umständen erfolgt exzessive animalische Ernährung; es werden auch im Vergleich zum Zellkörper sehr große Algenzellen aufgenommen und verdaut.     

The Coccidian Genus Calyptospora n. g. and Family Calyptosporidae n. fam. (Apicomplexa), with Members Infecting Primarily Fishes1

Calyptospora n. g. was erected for Eimeria funduli because the sporocyst of that species lacks Stieda and sub-Stieda bodies, has a veil supported by sporopodia, and has an anterior apical opening. A suture may be present, but it does not completely divide the sporocyst into two valves. Because C. funduli has an obligatory invertebrate intermediate host, we established Calyptosporidae n. fam. to accommodate Calyptospora and tentatively to accept Goussia. A new subgenus, Plagula, is erected for species of Goussia with a sporocystic veil not supported by sporopodia. We consider the family more primitive than Eimeriidae, Sarcocystidae, and possibly Lankesterellidae.     

A Light- and Electron-Microscopical Study of Protacanthamoeba caledonica n. sp., Type-Species of Protacanthamoeba n. g. (Amoebida,Acanthamoebidae)1

In its amoeboid stage, Protacanthamoeba caledonica n. g., n. sp. closely resembles the genus Acanthamoeba, on both light- and electron-microscopical levels, including possession of a centrosphere with a plaque-shaped centriole-like body. The cyst wall differs from that of Acanthamoeba in lack of preformed exit pores and in fine structure; the occasional apparent division into exocyst and endocyst is due to irregular splitting. The strain isolated from a Scottish estuary did not grow at 37°C and did not grow normally on agar made with 25% sea water, but cysts remained viable after a week in full-strength sea water. Protacanthamoeba n. g. is distinguished from Acanthamoeba on the basis of cyst structure, but it is assigned to the family Acanthamoebidae.     

Tylenchocriconema alleni n. g., n. sp. from Guatemala (Tylenchocriconematidae n. fam.; Tylenchocriconematidae n. superfam.; Nematoda)

Tylenchocriconema alleni n.g.n.sp, is described from soil about roots of a bromeliad from Guatemala City, Guatemala. It has characteristics of both the Tylenchoidea and Criconematoidea. Tylenchocriconematidae, n. fam., and Tylenchocriconematoidea, n. superfam., are proposed to express the relationship of this species to other taxa. Tylenchulidae and Paratylenchidae are considered closely related, and Tylenchulidoidea, n. rank, is proposed to indicate their relationship.