梨小食心虫性信息素田间应用技术研究

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是梨园、桃园重要的果树害虫。本文比较研究了梨小食心虫性信息素在梨园、桃园悬挂不同高度、设置不同密度对梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱捕效果的影响,结果表明:在梨树树冠范围内,梨小食心虫性信息素最佳设置高度为2 m;在桃树树冠范围内,梨小食心虫性信息素最佳设置高度为1.5 m;同时,田间诱捕效果与性信息素设置密度密切相关,梨园中,每0.067 hm2设置密度为6¹0个诱芯时,对梨小食心虫的诱捕效果影响不大,而桃园中每0.067 hm2设置8个诱芯时,有最好的诱集效果。本研究可为梨小食心虫性信息素田间应用提供指导。     

System of the performance evaluation criteria weighted per positions in the basketball game

Based upon the expertise performed by ten basketball professional relative importance coefficients with regard to positions in the game were determined for nineteen performance evaluation criteria. High degree of interobservers agreement was obtained concerning all positions (from 0.91 to 0.98). In concordance with the obtained results the particular play positions were explicitly described, as well as similarities and differences between them were determined from the aspect of the single criteria importance. The following criteria had an above average importance for the: Position 1--levels of defensive pressure, transition defense efficiency, the ball control, passing skills, dribble penetration, outside shots, and transition offence efficiency; Position 2--level of defensive pressure, transition defense efficiency, outside shots, dribble penetration, offence without the ball, and transition offence efficiency; Position 3--transition defense efficiency, outside shots, dribble penetration, offense without the ball, free throws, and transition offence efficiency; Position 4--defensive and offensive rebounding efficiency, inside shots, dribble penetration, efficiency of screening, and free throws; Position 5--defensive and offensive rebounding efficiency, inside shots, dribble penetration, efficiency of screening, drawing fouls and three-point plays, and free throws. The research results could be usefully applied by the basketball practitioners to selecting and following-up players, the teching-learning process directing and improving, the training process programming and the transformational effects controlling.     

Analysis of the transforming potential of the human homolog of mos

The human homolog, c-moshu, of the mouse cellular mos proto-oncogene (c-mosmu) transforms NIH 3T3 cells at low efficiency. Furthermore, the c-moshu-induced foci are less distinct, and transformed cells contain a high level of human mos protein. The transforming activity of hybrid mos genes derived from human and mouse sequences reveals three domains within the coding region, as well as a negative regulatory sequence upstream from the c-moshu ORF that reduces its transforming efficiency. The mos C-terminal region, however, which contains the src-kinase homology domain, appears to have the greatest influence on transforming efficiency. The low transforming efficiency of c-moshu may provide a selective advantage to the host, but it also may indicate a reduced or modified function of mos in humans.     

Investigation of the apparent inefficiency of the coupling between Photosystem II electron transfer and ATP formation

The maximum phosphorylation efficiency achieved with synchronous turnovers of Photosystem II (PS II) in spinach chloroplast lamellae is 0.3 molecules of ATP per pair of electrons transferred. This is the same as the efficiency observed for PS II operating alone in continuous light and would seem to indicate less than 50% coupling efficiency. Flash-induced ATP synthesis associated with both photosystems acting in unison closely approaches twice the flash-induced ATP synthesis associated with the Photosystem-I-dependent oxidation of duroquinol (itself 0.6) and comes close to equalling the highest efficiency observed in steady-state PS I + PS II electron transport. The anomalously low coupling efficiency seen when PS II is operating alone can be overcome by a ΔpH of two units imposed before flash illumination, or by a prior flash series involving the entire electron transfer chain. In contrast, prior electron transport through PS II alone is only slightly effective in enhancing the coupling efficiency of subsequent PS II turnovers. (It should be noted that in all cases where supplementary energy was provided, either by a proton gradient or by prior illumination, this supplementary energy was always below the energetic threshold for phosphorylation. Furthermore, the enhancement of PS II coupling efficiency by supplementary energy persisted even after a large number of subsequent PS II-inducing flashes). The efficiency of flash-induced ATP synthesis associated with whole-chain electron transfer or with PS-I-dependent duroquinol oxidation is also enhanced by the supplementary energy, but only during the first few inefficient flashes, suggesting that in this case the supplementary energy may simply be contributing to the initial build-up of an energetic threshold for ATP synthesis. This cannot be the case when the same supplementary energy contributes to the efficiency of the PS II reaction, since the enhancement then persists for a long time and contributes to an essentially constant flash yield of ATP. Our results imply that during electron transfer involving both photosystems, PS II participates in generating about half of the total ATP, whereas it operates inefficiently only when operating alone. Since hydrogen ions produced by PS I are able to raise the efficiency of subsequent PS-II-dependent phosphorylation, at least some cooperation between the two photosystems takes place and this suggests some donation of protons from PS I to PS II. However, the inability of PS II alone to achieve high efficiency, even with prolonged pre-illumination, would seem to indicate some functional distinction of protons from the two photosystems.     

Set of criteria for the actual quality evaluation of the elite basketball players

The paper comprises a proposition of nineteen criteria for the actual quality (situation-related efficiency/performance) evaluation in the elite basketball players (seven criteria for the efficiency on defence and twelve for the efficiency on offence) regarding all the playing positions. Coaches and other practitioners connected to the domain of basketball could utilize this set of criteria for the individual and team aspects of the performance follow-up and assessment in players throughout their sports career, from the cadettes' to the senior selections. Proposed set of criteria is the pressumption for the exact scientific and expert approach to the basketball performance (situation-related efficiency) evaluation and prediction--criterion variable. Weighting factors (coefficients of significance) for each criterion in relation to the playing positions should be determined on the next stage of developing a system of the performance evaluation criteria.     

新生牛血清促牛肾细胞生长试验测定方法的建立

为了建立一种测定新生牛血清促牛肾细胞生长试验的方法,采用测定新生牛血清对原代牛肾细胞培养增殖的克隆率来评价新生牛血清的质量。结果显示,用克隆率大于25%的新生牛血清培养原代牛肾细胞至7～8d时均能形成良好单层,而克隆率小于25%的新生牛血清培养原代牛肾细胞时形成良好单层的时间将延长。由此可得出:对原代牛肾细胞培养增殖的克隆率大于25%的新生牛血清符合口服轮状病毒活疫苗生产的需要,依此结果可进行新生牛血清的筛选。     

长江中游城市群环境规制对旅游产业生态效率的影响及空间分异研究

随着旅游产业的快速发展,其对生态环境的负面影响逐渐增大。为缓解当前旅游经济发展与生态环境保护间存在的矛盾,政府有必要在制度层面发挥其对旅游企业的约束作用,减轻旅游环境压力,实现旅游产业可持续发展。基于此,首先采用超效率SBM模型测算2006-2017年长江中游城市群旅游产业生态效率。然后运用重心模型、标准差椭圆等地学方法刻画其空间格局演化特征。最后,以广义最小二乘法建立面板数据模型,分析环境规制对城市群旅游产业生态效率影响。主要结论为：1）2006-2017年长江中游城市群旅游产业生态效率总体始终处于生产前沿面以下,旅游产业生态发展的集约化程度较低。从区域尺度看,三大城市群间效率存在一定差异,环鄱阳湖城市群效率最大,而武汉城市圈最小。从空间格局上看,效率重心整体向东北方向移动,"东高-西低"的空间格局逐渐形成;2）三大子城市群环境规制与旅游产业生态效率间呈"U"型的非线性关系,表明当前总体环境规制水平仍然较低,对效率的增长起抑制作用,但从长远来看,随着环境规制的逐渐增强,其对旅游产业生态效率的影响开始向积极促进方向转变;3）三大子城市群环境规制对效率的影响程度不同,整体呈正向显著影响的城市数量较少,主要集聚在各子城市群的中心城市附近。     

供核细胞对体细胞核移植效率的影响

利用体细胞核移植技术克隆动物、生产转基因家畜具有极大的应用潜力。然而,核移植效率低下、克隆后代形态异常等问题仍然制约着体细胞核移植技术的产业化进展。影响体细胞核移植效率的因素很多,该文着重从供核细胞的类型、细胞体外培养、细胞凋亡及转基因操作等方面阐述其对体细胞核移植效率的影响。     

Phylogenetic analysis of the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing region. Evidence for a secondary structure between the mooring sequence and the 3' efficiency element

Apolipoprotein (apo) B mRNA editing is the deamination of C(6666) to uridine, which changes the codon at position 2153 from a genomically encoded glutamine (CAA) to an in-frame stop codon (UAA). The apoB mRNA-editing enzyme complex recognizes the editing region of the apoB pre-mRNA with exquisite precision. Four sequence elements spanning 139 nucleotides (nt) on the apoB mRNA have been identified that specify this precision. In cooperation with the indispensable mooring sequence and spacer element, a 5' efficiency element and a 3' efficiency element enhance editing in vitro. A phylogenetic comparison of 32 species showed minor differences in the apoB mRNA sequence, and the apoB mRNA from 31 species was robustly edited in vitro. However, guinea pig mRNA was poorly edited. Compared with the consensus sequences of these 31 species, guinea pig apoB mRNA has three variations in the 3' efficiency element, and the conversion of these to the consensus sequence increased editing to the levels in the other species. From this information, a model for the secondary structure was formulated in which the mooring sequence and the 3' efficiency element form a double-stranded stem. Thirty-one mammalian apoB mRNA sequences are predicted to form this stem positioning C(6666) two nucleotides upstream of the stem. However, the guinea pig apoB mRNA has a mutation in the 3' efficiency element (C(6743) to U) that predicts an extension of the stem and hence the lower editing efficiency. A test of this model demonstrated that a single substitution at 6743 (U to C) in the guinea pig apoB mRNA, that should reduce the stem, enhanced editing, and mutations in the 3' efficiency element that extended the stem for three base pairs dramatically reduced editing. Furthermore, the addition of a 20-nucleotide 3' efficiency element RNA, to a 58-nucleotide guinea pig apoB mRNA lacking the 3' efficiency element more than doubled the in vitro editing activity. Based on these results, a model is proposed in which the mooring sequence and the 3' efficiency element form a double-stranded stem, thus suggesting a mechanism of how the 3' efficiency element enhances editing.     

The enhancement of the energetic efficiency by the cooperation of low-efficient flashing ratchets

The energetic efficiency of the classical flashing ratchet model is much lower (around 1%) than the experimental results (around 50%). Jülicher and Prost have provided a prototype of the cooperative ratchet model [Jülicher, F., Prost, J., 1995. Cooperative molecular motors. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 2618-2621], whose energetic efficiency is of the order of 50%. However, it remains an unsettled question how the low-efficient flashing ratchets cooperate with each other and achieve higher energetic efficiency. In this paper, we investigate two energy dissipation rates as well as the energetic efficiency for the single and the cooperative flashing ratchet model, close to and far from the equilibrium, based on the stochastic energetics. By comparing these quantities between the single and the cooperative ratchet, we provide an interpretation of the efficiency enhancement by the cooperation of low-efficient flashing ratchets.     

Effects of surrounding sequence on the suppression of nonsense codons

Using a lacI-Z fusion system, we have determined the efficiency of suppression of nonsense codons in the I gene of Escherichia coli by assaying beta-galactosidase activity. We examined the efficiency of four amber suppressors acting on 42 different amber (UAG) codons at known positions in the I gene, and the efficiency of a UAG suppressor at 14 different UGA codons. The largest effects were found with the amber suppressor supE (Su2), which displayed efficiencies that varied over a 35-fold range, and with the UGA suppressor, which displayed a 170-fold variation in efficiency. Certain UGA sites were so poorly suppressed (less than 0.2%) by the UGA suppressor that they were not originally detected as nonsense mutations. Suppression efficiency can be correlated with the sequence on the 3' side of the codon being suppressed, and in many cases with the first base on the 3' side. In general, codons followed by A or G are well suppressed, and codons followed by U or C are poorly suppressed. There are exceptions, however, since codons followed by CUG or CUC are well suppressed. Models explaining the effect of the surrounding sequence on suppression efficiency are considered in the Discussion and in the accompanying paper.     

少量制备大肠杆菌感受态细胞条件探索

目的:为了获得重复性好、转化率高的少量制备感受态细胞的方法,利用不同生长时期的大肠杆菌感受态细胞,进行转化比较。方法:根据普通实验室的实验条件,常规方法提取质粒,氯化钙法转化不同生长时期的大肠杆菌感受态细胞,比较转化率。结果:大肠杆菌感受态细胞的转化率与OD值显著相关,在OD600nm为0.39和0.55时转化率最高,在OD600nm为0.28~0.55之间均可得到理想的转化效果。结论:少量制备感受态细胞方法操作中无需添加任何保护试剂和细胞复苏培养,操作简便、重复性好,实验成本低廉。     

Effect of osmolarity and presence of serum on the efficiency of cell transfection using immunoporation.

Immunoporation is a novel method of cell transfection based upon the use of a new type of beads, Immunofect beads, that can be targeted to make holes in different types of cells depending on the type of bead used. It is known that the efficiency of transfection of cells by some techniques can be affected by the presence of serum and another important factor that appears to affect transfection efficiency and cell viability is the osmolarity of the transfection medium. This report presents studies on the effects of serum and varying osmolarity on the efficiency of transfection using immunoporation. The results clearly indicate that in hypertonic media the presence of serum decreases the efficiency of transfection. In the case of osmolarity, increasing the osmolarity of the immunoporation medium increases the efficiency of transfection but above about 650 mOsm this increasing efficiency is offset by the much lower viability of the cells.     

Critical evaluation of methods used to determine amplification efficiency refutes the exponential character of real-time PCR

Background  

The challenge of determining amplification efficiency has long been a predominant aspect of implementing real-time qPCR, playing a critical role in the accuracy and reliability that can be achieved. Based upon analysis of amplification profile position, standard curves are currently the gold standard for amplification efficiency determination. However, in addition to being highly resource intensive, the efficacy of this approach is limited by the necessary assumption that all samples are amplified with the same efficiency as predicted by a standard curve. These limitations have driven efforts to develop methods for determining amplification efficiency by analyzing the fluorescence readings from individual amplification reactions. The most prominent approach is based on analysis of the "log-linear region", founded upon the presumption that amplification efficiency is constant within this region. Nevertheless, a recently developed sigmoidal model has provided new insights that challenge such historically held views, dictating that amplification efficiency is not only dynamic, but is linearly coupled to amplicon DNA quantity. Called "linear regression of efficiency" or LRE, this kinetic-based approach redefines amplification efficiency as the maximal efficiency (E_max) generated at the onset of thermocycling.     

黄河三角洲县域绿色经济效率的时空演变与驱动机制

综合测度黄河三角洲地区的绿色经济效率,可为实现黄河三角洲地区生态保护和高质量发展提供参考依据。本研究依托多源遥感数据构建了县域绿色经济效率评价体系,采用考虑非期望产出的Super-EBM模型对黄河三角洲县域绿色经济效率进行了综合测度,运用核密度函数估计等方法刻画了时空演变特征,最后利用系统广义矩估计法识别其影响因素。结果表明: 2000—2015年黄河三角洲县域绿色经济综合效率和纯技术效率呈现波动上升态势,规模效率呈快速提升后保持平稳的类“Γ”型趋势,综合效率的提升由规模-技术驱动向技术主导转变;黄河三角洲县域绿色经济综合效率和纯技术效率呈现由“俱乐部收敛”向“整体收敛”演进趋势,低效率县区对高效率县区形成“追赶效应”,规模效率趋向均衡平稳发展;绿色经济综合效率及其分解效率空间上形成中部高、两翼低的“山”字型格局,高值区集中于黄河三角洲岬角处和莱州湾沿岸,且高值区呈西北-东南向偏移的特征,黄河三角洲东西两翼形成低值塌陷区;产业结构、人口集聚水平、固定资产投资强度对绿色经济效率具有正向影响,人口城镇化率对绿色经济效率具有负向作用,绿色经济效率与经济发展水平之间存在明显的“环境库兹涅茨”效应。     

武汉市医院效率动态变化的Malmquist指数分析

目的 了解武汉市医院2006—2008年3年间运行效率变化的情况,找出引起其效率变化的原因,有针对性地采取措施,以提高医院的整体效率。方法 通过Malmquist指数法分析了武汉市23家医院3年间的全要素生产率、技术效率、技术变化等方面的变化趋势。结果 23家医院全要素生产率普遍下降主要是由于技术退步所致,医院的纯技术效率和规模效率趋于稳定,发挥的促进作用较小。结论 医院不但需要提高管理水平、引进先进的管理模式、控制合适的规模以保证技术效率的提高;更应引进人才,加强技术培训与进修,鼓励医务人员在诊疗技术、诊疗过程上有所创新,以此来提高医疗技术水平,进而提升医院的运行效率。

     

生态补偿效率研究综述

作为一种处理环境问题的政策工具集,生态补偿的目的在于通过将生态系统外部价值转化为对参与者的财政激励而增加生态系统服务供给。因此,生态补偿项目能否实现预期目标就成为生态补偿理论研究者与实践者关注的焦点与热点。基于国际上生态补偿效率理论研究与实践进展,介绍了生态补偿效率分析框架,分析了生态补偿无效率状况,较为系统地总结了影响生态补偿效率的因素,提出应从建立准确的生态补偿基线、进行生态补偿对象空间定位、合理估算真实机会成本、降低交易成本等方面出发,提高生态补偿效率。提出了生态补偿效率研究中应进一步关注的问题。     

Evolution of water-use efficiency in the Yangtze River Economic Belt based on national strategies and water environment treatment

Over the past two decades, strategies for sustainable development and water environment governance have become the main ways to improve regional water-use efficiency. However, the evolutionary characteristics and drivers of the regional water-use efficiency remain unclear, and the effectiveness of national strategic instruments must still be evaluated. The study uses the minimum distance to the strong efficient frontier model (MinDS) to measure water-use efficiency in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, examines the evolutionary characteristics of water-use efficiency from spatial and temporal perspectives, and further investigates drivers of the evolution of the water-use efficiency. The results indicate that the water-use efficiency in the Yangtze River Economic Belt has greatly improved and been maintained at a high level, especially after the national strategy for this economic belt was established. Water-use efficiency improvement is closely related to water environment treatment. There exists a significant spillover effect on the water-use efficiency in the provinces of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. High-level provinces are helpful in driving neighboring provinces to improve their water-use efficiency, while low-level provinces play a negative role. This study confirms the effectiveness of the national strategy and provides a useful perspective for interprovincial water-use efficiency improvement.     

Lectin enhancement of the lipofection efficiency in human lung carcinoma cells

Poor transfection efficiency of human lung carcinoma cells by lipofection begs further development of more efficient gene delivery strategies. The purpose of this study was to determine whether lectins can improve the lipofection efficiency in lung carcinoma cells. A549, Calu3, and H292 cells grown to 90% confluence were transfected for 18 h with a plasmid DNA containing a beta-galactosidase reporter gene (pCMVlacZ) using lipofectin plus a lectin as the vector. Ten different lectins, which exhibit a wide range of carbohydrate-binding specificities, were examined for their abilities to enhance the efficiency of lipofection. The transfected cells were assessed for transfection efficiency by beta-galactosidase activity (units/microg protein) and % blue cells following X-Gal stain. Lipofectin supplemented with Griffonia simplicifolia-I (GS-I) yields largest enhancement of the lipofection efficiency in A549 and Calu3 cells (5.3- and 28-fold, respectively). Maackia amurensis gives the largest enhancement (6.5-fold) of lipofection efficiency in H292 cells. The transfection efficiency correlates with the amounts of DNA delivered to the nucleus. Binding of FITC-labeled GS-I and the enhancement of the lipofection efficiency by GS-I were inhibited by alpha-methyl-D-galactopyranoside, indicating an alpha-galactoside-mediated gene transfer to lung carcinoma cells. We conclude that lectin-facilitated lipofection is an efficient gene delivery strategy. Employment of cell type-specific lectins may allow for efficient cell type-specific gene targeting.